Crop Disease Detection Using ResNet-50

1. Introduction

1.1 Project Overview

The Crop Disease Detection project aims to automatically identify diseases

in crops using image processing techniques and deep learning models.
Early detection of diseases in crops is crucial to prevent crop loss,
optimize farming practices, and ensure food security. This project uses
ResNet-50, a convolutional neural network (CNN) model, to classify
images of crops and detect diseases.

1.2 Motivation

Farmers often struggle with identifying diseases in crops at an early stage.

This project provides an automated solution to detect diseases quickly and
accurately. By using machine learning, specifically ResNet-50, the system
can analyze plant images and classify them based on disease patterns,
which helps in timely intervention and treatment.

1.3 Objective

 Develop an image-based crop disease detection system.

 Train the model to classify different crop diseases using a dataset of

crop images.

 Utilize ResNet-50, a deep learning algorithm, for image

classification.

 Build a user-friendly interface to display disease predictions.

2. Dataset

2.1 Dataset Overview

The dataset used in this project consists of images of various crops

affected by different diseases. This dataset could include crops like
tomato, potato, apple, wheat, etc., with each image labeled based on
the disease type (or healthy). The dataset is essential for training and
evaluating the model.

Example Dataset

 Source: Kaggle Crop Disease Dataset

 Number of Classes: 10 (e.g., Healthy, Tomato disease, Apple scab,

etc.)
  Image Format: JPEG, PNG

 Image Size: Resized to 224x224 pixels for input to ResNet-50

2.2 Data Preprocessing

To prepare the dataset for training, several preprocessing steps are

performed:

 Resizing: All images are resized to 224x224 pixels to match the

input requirements of ResNet-50.

 Normalization: Pixel values are normalized between 0 and 1 to

improve training performance.

 Augmentation: Techniques such as rotation, zoom, and flipping are

used to increase the diversity of the dataset and avoid overfitting.

 Splitting: The dataset is split into training, validation, and test sets
(typically 70%, 15%, 15%).

3. Algorithm - ResNet-50

3.1 Introduction to ResNet-50

ResNet-50 is a deep convolutional neural network architecture with 50

layers. It is known for its use of residual learning, which helps in training
very deep networks by allowing gradients to flow through the network
more effectively. It is widely used in image classification tasks due to its
efficiency and accuracy.

Key Features of ResNet-50:

 Residual Connections: Helps solve the vanishing gradient

problem.

 50 Layers: It provides a good balance between depth and

performance.

 Pretrained Models: ResNet-50 can be fine-tuned with pretrained

weights on large datasets like ImageNet, which can be
advantageous in transfer learning.

3.2 Model Architecture

 Input Layer: 224x224x3 image.

 Convolutional Layers: A series of convolutional layers with skip

connections (residuals) that enable efficient training.
  Fully Connected Layer: After convolution layers, the network
flattens the feature maps and passes them through fully connected
layers.

 Softmax Layer: For multi-class classification (crop diseases in this

case).

4. Model Training

4.1 Training Process

The ResNet-50 model is trained using the training dataset. The following
steps outline the process:

 Loss Function: Categorical Cross-Entropy loss, as this is a multi-

class classification problem.

 Optimizer: Adam optimizer for efficient training.

 Metrics: Accuracy and F1-score to evaluate model performance.

4.2 Transfer Learning

Since ResNet-50 is a large model, we leverage transfer learning by

using a pre-trained ResNet-50 model on ImageNet and fine-tuning it with
our crop disease dataset. This significantly reduces the time required to
train the model and improves its performance.

4.3 Hyperparameters

 Batch Size: 32

 Epochs: 50

 Learning Rate: 0.0001

 Data Augmentation: Used to prevent overfitting.

5. Evaluation and Results

5.1 Evaluation Metrics

The model's performance is evaluated using:

 Accuracy: Percentage of correctly classified images.

 Confusion Matrix: To visualize the performance across different

disease classes.
  Precision, Recall, and F1-Score: To assess the balance between
detecting true positives and minimizing false positives.

5.2 Results

 After training the ResNet-50 model, the accuracy on the

validation/test set is calculated. Typically, accuracy rates range
between 85% to 95%, depending on the quality and size of the
dataset.

 A confusion matrix is generated to understand the model's

performance in detecting specific diseases.

Example Result:

 Accuracy: 92%

 Precision: 90%

 Recall: 93%

 F1-Score: 91%

6. Deployment

6.1 Deployment Strategy

Once the model is trained and evaluated, it can be deployed as a web or

mobile application to help farmers. A typical deployment strategy might
involve:

 Flask API: For serving the model as an API.

 Frontend Interface: A simple user interface (UI) that allows

farmers to upload crop images and receive disease predictions.

 Cloud Services: Hosting the model and API on cloud platforms like
AWS or Google Cloud for scalability.

7. Challenges and Future Work

7.1 Challenges

 Limited Dataset: A larger dataset with more diverse crop images

would improve the model's robustness.

 Class Imbalance: Some diseases might be underrepresented,

affecting model accuracy for those classes.
  Environmental Variability: Images taken in different lighting or
weather conditions could affect model predictions.

7.2 Future Work

 Dataset Expansion: Incorporating more crop types and diseases.

 Model Enhancement: Experimenting with deeper or more

advanced models like EfficientNet or Vision Transformers.

 Real-Time Detection: Developing an app that allows farmers to

take real-time pictures of crops and get immediate disease
predictions.

8. Conclusion

The Crop Disease Detection project demonstrates how deep learning,

specifically the ResNet-50 algorithm, can be utilized to address critical
issues in agriculture. By automating the disease detection process, the
project provides a useful tool for farmers to protect crops, minimize loss,
and improve crop yield.

9. Software Requirement Specification (SRS)

9.1 Introduction

This section outlines the software and system requirements for the Crop
Disease Detection project, detailing the hardware, software, and
environmental specifications needed to successfully develop, deploy, and
maintain the system.

9.2 Functional Requirements

The functional requirements describe the specific behavior of the system,

the features to be implemented, and how the system will behave in
various situations.

9.2.1 Crop Disease Detection System

 Input: The system will accept images of crops as input (e.g., JPEG,
PNG format).

 Output: The system will output a prediction of the crop disease or

indicate that the crop is healthy. The prediction will be in the form of
a disease label and a confidence score.

 Classification: The system will classify the input image into

predefined categories, such as specific crop diseases or "Healthy."
9.2.2 User Interface

 Upload Functionality: Users can upload an image of a crop for

disease detection.

 Prediction Display: After image upload, the system will display the
predicted disease label along with confidence percentage.

 Model Accuracy Display: The system will display the accuracy of

the model and the respective predictions for each class (disease).

9.2.3 Model Training and Fine-tuning

 Training Support: The system should support the retraining or

fine-tuning of the model using new datasets.

 Hyperparameter Configuration: The system should allow for

setting and adjusting hyperparameters (such as learning rate, batch
size, number of epochs) for model training.

9.2.4 Performance Monitoring

 Metrics Display: The system will provide metrics such as accuracy,

F1 score, precision, and recall after training or inference.

 Logs: The system will log training and prediction events for
debugging and performance monitoring.

9.3 Non-Functional Requirements

Non-functional requirements focus on how the system performs its tasks

rather than what tasks it performs.

9.3.1 Reliability

 The system should be available and functional 99% of the time.

 In case of failure (e.g., system crash), an error message should be

displayed, and the system should be able to recover gracefully
without losing important data.

9.3.2 Scalability

 The system should be able to handle a large number of image

inputs for predictions.

 As new diseases are added or more crop images are available, the
system should be able to scale by incorporating new datasets into
the model.

9.3.3 Usability
  The system should be easy to use for farmers with minimal technical
knowledge.

 The user interface should be intuitive, guiding the user step by step
through the image upload and disease detection process.

 Clear instructions and tooltips should be provided in the interface.

9.3.4 Security

 The system should ensure the privacy and security of the images
uploaded by users.

 The user data should not be stored without consent, and any
personal data should be encrypted.

9.3.5 Performance

 The system should be able to process and provide predictions for

each image within a reasonable time frame (typically under 5
seconds per image).

 The model should be optimized to run efficiently, reducing

computation and memory consumption.

9.3.6 Maintainability

 The system should be modular and maintainable, allowing for future

updates, bug fixes, and additions of new features.

 Documentation should be provided to enable easy maintenance and

system upgrades.

9.4 System Architecture Requirements

The architecture describes the design and structure of the system, its
components, and how they interact.

9.4.1 Frontend

 Technology: The frontend can be developed using HTML, CSS,

JavaScript (React or Angular).

 User Interface: A simple, clean interface with the following

features:

o A button to upload crop images.

o A display area for prediction results (disease name and

confidence score).
 o Performance statistics like accuracy, F1-score, and other
metrics.

o A login or registration system (optional, depending on

deployment).

9.4.2 Backend

 Technology: The backend can be built using Python with

frameworks like Flask or Django for serving the model and
handling API requests.

 Model Serving: The ResNet-50 model will be loaded and used to

predict the disease from the uploaded image.

 Prediction API: An API endpoint that receives image data and

returns the disease prediction in JSON format.

 Database (optional): A database (e.g., PostgreSQL, MongoDB)

may be used to store user interaction data, logs, and system
performance metrics.

9.4.3 Model

 Technology: The model will be implemented using TensorFlow or

PyTorch.

 Pre-trained Model: ResNet-50 will be loaded with pre-trained

weights (from ImageNet) and fine-tuned on the crop disease
dataset.

 Model Inference: The model will perform inference on the

uploaded crop images and return predictions.

9.4.4 Deployment

 Cloud Hosting: The system will be hosted on cloud platforms like

AWS, Google Cloud, or Azure for scalability and reliability.

 Containerization: Use of Docker containers to package the

application for easy deployment.

 Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD): A

pipeline for automated testing, deployment, and model updates.

9.5 Hardware Requirements

 CPU: Minimum 4 cores for running the backend services and model
inference.

 RAM: 16 GB minimum for handling large datasets and smooth

performance.
  GPU: A GPU (NVIDIA with CUDA support) is recommended for
training the model. For inference, a GPU is optional but will speed up
predictions.

 Storage: Sufficient disk space for storing the dataset, model

weights, and logs (minimum 100 GB).

9.6 Software Requirements

9.6.1 Operating System

 Linux (Ubuntu) or Windows 10/11 for development and

deployment.

9.6.2 Libraries and Frameworks

 Python (version 3.6 or above)

 TensorFlow or PyTorch for model implementation.

 Flask or Django for backend server.

 OpenCV or PIL for image processing.

 NumPy and Pandas for data manipulation.

 Matplotlib or Seaborn for visualization (optional).

9.6.3 Other Tools

 Git for version control.

 Docker for containerization.

 Jupyter Notebook for model experimentation and visualization.

 Nginx or Apache for web server setup (optional).

9.7 External Interface Requirements

The system will interact with users, databases, and external APIs in
various ways.

9.7.1 User Interface

 Web-based interface accessible through a browser.

 Accessible on both desktop and mobile platforms.

9.7.2 API

 RESTful API for image upload and disease detection predictions.

  Input: JSON object containing the image data.

 Output: JSON object containing the disease name, confidence score,

and additional model metrics.

10. System Implementation

10.1 Libraries Used

In this section, we outline the core libraries and tools used for developing
the Crop Disease Detection system, which utilizes the ResNet-50 deep
learning model.

10.1.1 Python Libraries

 TensorFlow/Keras: For building, training, and fine-tuning the

ResNet-50 model.

o Used for the deep learning part of the project, including model
creation and optimization.

 OpenCV: For image preprocessing, such as resizing and

augmenting crop images.

o Provides functionality to load, process, and augment images

before feeding them into the model.

 Matplotlib/Seaborn: For visualizing model performance metrics,

loss curves, and confusion matrices.

o Helps display training progress and evaluation metrics in an

easy-to-understand manner.

 NumPy: For numerical operations and manipulating image data

(such as arrays).

 Pandas: For data manipulation, particularly in handling datasets for

training and testing the model.

 Flask/Django: For building the backend API to serve the trained

model and handle user requests (image uploads, predictions).

o Flask is chosen here for its simplicity and efficiency in serving

machine learning models.

 scikit-learn: For calculating classification metrics such as accuracy,

precision, recall, and F1-score.

o Helps evaluate model performance with several metrics.

 Matplotlib (optional): For plotting graphs, training loss curves, etc.

10.1.2 Tools for Deployment

 Docker: For containerization, which allows packaging the

application with all necessary dependencies into a container that
can be easily deployed across different environments.

 Git: For version control to manage code changes and collaboration

with team members.

 AWS/Google Cloud: For deploying the system in a cloud

environment, enabling scalability and handling a large number of
requests.

 Nginx/Apache: For web server setup to manage HTTP requests and

deploy the application on a production server.

10.2 Sample Code

Below is a sample code demonstrating how to implement the ResNet-50

model in Keras (part of TensorFlow), and how the image prediction can be
handled.

10.2.1 Model Creation and Prediction Example (Python)

10.2.2 Model Training (Fine-Tuning)
10.3 Summary

The system implementation involves using the ResNet-50 model for crop
disease detection by leveraging transfer learning. Keras (TensorFlow) is
used for building and fine-tuning the model, while image preprocessing is
done using OpenCV. For deployment, a simple API is created using Flask
to accept image uploads, make predictions, and return the result.
Additionally, Docker is used for containerization, and cloud services like
AWS or Google Cloud are employed for hosting the application.

12. System Testing

12.1 Introduction

System testing is a critical phase in the software development lifecycle

that ensures the developed system meets the requirements and performs
as expected under various conditions. In this chapter, we will focus on
testing the Crop Disease Detection system, which uses the ResNet-50
model for predicting crop diseases.

The goal of testing is to verify that the system behaves correctly, delivers
accurate predictions, and handles edge cases gracefully. This chapter
includes details on the purpose, types, methods, and test cases used to
ensure the system's robustness, reliability, and overall functionality.

12.2 Purpose of Testing

The main purposes of testing the Crop Disease Detection system are:

 Verify Functional Accuracy: Ensure that the system correctly

classifies crop diseases and returns accurate predictions.

 Performance Validation: Check if the system performs well under

various workloads, including response time and prediction accuracy.

 Error Detection: Identify and fix bugs, system crashes, or

unexpected behavior during various use cases.

 User Experience Assurance: Test the usability of the system,

ensuring that the user interface is intuitive and functions as
expected.

 System Integration: Ensure that all components (frontend,

backend, model, and deployment infrastructure) work seamlessly
together.

12.3 Types of Testing

Several types of testing are conducted to evaluate the system's

functionality, performance, and stability:

1. Unit Testing:

o Tests individual components of the system to ensure they

work in isolation.

o Example: Verifying that the image preprocessing functions

(like resizing and normalization) work as expected.

2. Integration Testing:

o Ensures that different components of the system (backend,

frontend, model) work together seamlessly.
 o Example: Ensuring the backend API correctly interfaces with
the trained ResNet-50 model and returns the right predictions
to the frontend.

3. Functional Testing:

o Tests whether the system’s functions meet the specified

requirements.

o Example: Verifying that the system can accept an image,

process it, and return the correct crop disease prediction.

4. Performance Testing:

o Tests the speed, responsiveness, and scalability of the system

under load.

o Example: Checking if the system can predict diseases for 100

images per minute.

5. Usability Testing:

o Ensures that the user interface is intuitive and easy to

navigate.

o Example: Asking users (farmers) to upload images and

evaluate if they understand the process and get accurate
predictions.

6. Security Testing:

o Ensures that the system is secure and that user data is

protected.

o Example: Verifying that uploaded images are encrypted and

not stored without user consent.

7. Regression Testing:

o Verifies that new changes (like model updates) do not break

existing functionality.

o Example: After updating the model, running tests to ensure

predictions are still accurate and that the frontend still
displays results properly.

12.4 Methods of Testing

There are various methods to carry out testing, including automated

testing and manual testing. Below are the methods used in this project:

1. Automated Testing:
 o Automated testing uses pre-written scripts to perform
repetitive tests and check system performance.

o Example: Using Python’s unittest framework to test functions

like image preprocessing and predictions.

o Tools: pytest, unittest, and Selenium for testing the frontend.

2. Manual Testing:

o Manual testing involves human testers evaluating the system

by interacting with it directly.

o Example: Manually uploading test images to verify that the

crop disease predictions are correct.

o It is also used to test the user interface and assess usability.

3. Load Testing:

o Load testing involves simulating multiple users to see how the

system handles large amounts of traffic.

o Example: Running a script to upload multiple images in

parallel to test how the system handles high loads.

12.5 Test Cases

Test cases are designed to verify that the system behaves as expected in
different scenarios. Below are some sample test cases for the Crop
Disease Detection system:

12.5.1 Test Case 1: Image Upload and Prediction

 Objective: Verify that the system accepts an image and returns the
correct prediction.

 Input: Image of a tomato with early blight.

 Expected Output: The system returns "Tomato Early Blight" with a

confidence score of 95%.

 Status: Pass

12.5.2 Test Case 2: Incorrect Image Format

 Objective: Verify that the system handles unsupported image

formats.

 Input: An image in .bmp format.

 Expected Output: The system displays an error message,

"Unsupported file format. Please upload a .jpg or .png file."
  Status: Pass

12.5.3 Test Case 3: Slow Response Time

 Objective: Verify the system's response time for disease prediction.

 Input: A standard crop image.

 Expected Output: The system should return the prediction within 5

seconds.

 Status: Pass

12.5.4 Test Case 4: Usability of User Interface

 Objective: Ensure that users can upload an image and receive the
prediction without confusion.

 Input: A farmer uploads an image of an apple tree.

 Expected Output: The system displays an easy-to-understand

result, with a disease name and confidence score.

 Status: Pass

12.5.5 Test Case 5: Model Accuracy

 Objective: Verify that the ResNet-50 model correctly classifies a

crop disease with high accuracy.

 Input: A dataset of 100 test images with known labels.

 Expected Output: The model should classify at least 90% of

images correctly.

 Status: Pass

12.6 Summary

System testing is essential to ensure that the Crop Disease Detection

system functions correctly and meets the requirements outlined in earlier
chapters. Various types of testing, such as functional, performance, and
usability testing, were conducted to verify the accuracy, reliability, and
user-friendliness of the system.

The testing methods included both automated and manual tests, with
careful attention to edge cases and error handling. Test cases
demonstrated that the system correctly processes images, provides
accurate predictions, and performs within acceptable limits for response
time. Additionally, usability tests confirmed that the system is easy to use
for farmers with minimal technical expertise.

12.7 Images
Here are some visual aids that can be included in the System Testing
chapter:

 Figure 1: A screenshot of the user interface where a farmer uploads

an image for disease detection.

 Figure 2: A flowchart of the testing process, from image upload to

prediction.
 Figure 3: A sample confusion matrix for model evaluation.

 Figure 4: A performance graph showing the model’s accuracy over

time during training and testing.