Smart Grid (MOOC) (21EEE1811) Question Bank (2024-2025)

B.N.M. Institute of Technology

An Autonomous Institution under VTU

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Sub Name: Smart Grid (MOOC) Sub Code: 21EEE1811

QUESTION BANK

Module-1
INTRODUCTION TO SMART GRID

Q. Bloom’s
POs /
Question Marks COs Cognitive
No. PSOs
Levels
1 Understan
What is an Electrical Grid? Explain its various components. 10 CO1 1,2 / 1
d

The energy grid or electrical grid, has generation stations, transmission lines and substation step down
transformers, connected across different type of loads. The generating station ideally transfer its energy
Ans through either EHV AC lines or HVDC lines the voltage rating of those EHV AC lines are either of
800/765 kilo volts, 400 kilo volts, 220 kilo volts and 132 kV whereas, the commonly used HVDC lines
are of 500 kilo volts. The customers especially the sub transmission customers connected at 33 KV,
primary customers at 11 kV, and secondary customers we residential are at 400 volts.
The different components of electrical grid consists of generation first, which is either of thermal type,
hydro type, nuclear type, and very recently renewable energy sources. The transmission as being told
recently it is either of high voltage AC or high voltage DC, the distribution system mostly it is AC type.
The consumers are industrial types, commercial types, and residential domestic types. The electrical
energy grid structure historically vertical in nature that is the energy is being produced at the generation
point or generation station, then being transmitted through transmission lines, distribution lines, and
reaches to the consumers, but with the new technology and the mega penetration of renewable energy at
low voltage levels may allow the energy to flow not necessarily from top to bottom, but it could be
from the bottom to top too The vertical structure currently may have 2 different forms, that is energy
flowing from generation to consumers and the energy may flow from consumers to generation stations

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 Smart Grid (MOOC) (21EEE1811) Question Bank (2024-2025)

to through transmission and distribution.

How has the Indian power grid evolved over time, and what
role have the development of the national grid and the Understan
2 10 CO1 1,2 / 1
establishment of regulatory authorities played in shaping d
the modern power sector in India?
The history of power grid refers back to Thomas Edison, considered to be the father of direct current
distribution or DC technology. Also Nicola Tesla again considered as a father of AC distribution
system. Tesla invention for long distance AC distribution, were commercialized in competition against
Thomas Edison’s short distance DC distribution system. Eventually AC systems or AC distribution
won the day due to its lower cost higher efficiency in distributing electricity over long distances. AC
distribution system is more economical compared to DC distribution especially when you are
transmitting through long distance.

Sir Adam Beck, the father of Ontario’s Electrical power system. Beck believed in the principle that
publically owned power at cost to the people. And, Beck built the power system with government debit,
which was paid back in user’s fees over the life time of the assets. In today’s scenrio the whole world is
depending on AC system, which is reliable robust working well for long distance transmission, but in
recent time there are 2 new things which are coming up. The first one is presence of renewable energy
at all the voltage levels and the DC technology cannot be discarded completely as it was before many
decades.
Ans
Looking at Indian national grid a quick glance in Early Sixties Grid management on regional basis
started, state grids were inter connected to form regional grid, India was demarcated into 5 regions
namely Northern, Eastern, Southern, Western as well as North Eastern regions.
In October 1991 North East and Eastern Grid, were connected and during March 2003 western region
and eastern region as well as north east region were inter connected.

August 2006 North and East Grids were inter connected thereby 4 main regional grid that is Northern,
Eastern, Western and North Eastern grids are synchronously connected forming central grid operating
at one frequency, considered to be great achievement during 2006.
Thirty first December 2013 Southern region was connected to central grid in synchronous mode with
the commissioning of 765 kilo volt Raichur Solapur Transmission line thereby achieving ‘one nation’
‘one grid’ ‘one frequency’. Thus, the energy grid of India achieved one frequency one grid in the month
of December year 2013.

The regulatory the authorities of Indian energy sector ministry of power, which is the major component

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 Smart Grid (MOOC) (21EEE1811) Question Bank (2024-2025)

deals with planning, policy formulation, processing and implementation of projects, enactment of
legislation in regards to power generation, transmission and distribution. Next important body which is
power Grid Corporation of India limited; responsible for national and regional power transmission
planning.

 The central electricity authority advice on matters related to national electricity policy and
formulation of short term and perspective plans for development of power systems.
 The central electricity regulatory commission and state electricity regulatory commissions,
regulates tariff formulates policies regarding subsidies and promotion of efficient and
environmental policies at central and state level respectively.
 The central transmission utilities and state transmission utilities; develop efficient coordinated
and economical system of inter-state and intra-state transmission lines

Discuss the status of Indian Power scenario with reference

Understan
3 to Installed capacity and energy generated by renewable 10 CO1 1,2 / 1
d
energy sector.

The key figures of our country in 2016-17 the population is 1.32billion, which is huge. The total area
that we pose is close to 3.287 million kilo meters square and the energy mix that has energy from oil,
coal, gas, nuclear, hydro and renewable. The electricity consumption in Tera watt hour which is 1114
and whereas, electricity generation capacity as on march 2017 was 326.8 giga watt.

The very challenging component is overall network losses it is regionably high which is expected to be
far lower than what is being mentioned currently it is 22.7% which is extremely at higher end. Hence,
make sure the energy does not move along distance and it is efficiently being utilized such that the loss
can be dropped on by few percentages in near future.

Ans

In the Indian power sector the energy shared have the major share from coal, which is as high as 59
percent and then we do have renewable which had a wonderful stack of 17% followed by hydro, which
is 14 % and then we have nuclear and diesel are of single digit and gas is of double digit percentage
contribution respectively.

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 Smart Grid (MOOC) (21EEE1811) Question Bank (2024-2025)

The renewable energy contribution in India is close to 57 giga watt and that is close to 17 percent of the
total energy mix. As the renewable contributions increasing, in future to achieve the low carbon
footprints, in this country and contribute to the global challenge in achieving green energy in future.

The current status in this country the installed capacity, over last 10 years, the wind energy installation
is keep on increasing. The PVs also keep on increasing, the biomass is also keep on increasing, and the
hydro is keep on increasing. Hence, the hydro which is very close to 40 giga watt and wind which is
very close to 28 giga watt, and PV which is very close to 8 giga watt and biomass, which is close to 6
giga watt.
the year
In 2020 we can see that the PV installation is close to a 98 to 100 giga watt which is a great challenge
and followed by the wind which is close to 60 giga watt and then the hydro may go up to 78 giga watt
and then the biomass may be close to 10 giga watt. So, in 2022, it is high as 250 giga watt renewables
in the system.

Briefly discuss the various factors affecting the Understan

4 performance of exiting power grid and mention their 10 CO1 1,2 / 1
d
constraints.

Ans

Over the last few decades, the demand is keep on increasing the expectations from the public is keep on

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Smart Grid (MOOC) (21EEE1811) Question Bank (2024-2025)

increasing the per capita energy consumption is keep on increasing, and hence the one of the major
factor that puts us in risk today is increase in huge increase in demand of electricity, supply shortfalls of
electricity means there is a energy gap between what we produce and what we expected to deliver, the
energy production is slightly less compared to the energy expected during peak hours.

The need for reducing loses one of the major factor, very close to 22 percent of distribution loss that
need to be reduced, peak demand management; means today especially during peak hours we
experience peak shortage of close to 4 to 5 percent and that need to be reduced by putting maximum
generations. To reduce the peak energy gap by putting energy sources it is very difficult to go for huge
nuclear or hydro or thermal power plants that may take actually 6 to 10 years’ time from now.

Constraints:
Integration of renewable energy generation system also poses challenge. The solution to global
warming can be contributed by effective use of electric vehicles currently they are randomly being
manufactured and especially the electric vehicle in India. So, that the charging can be done during off
peak period and discharging is not possible but at least the charging can be respected, but in next 5
years’ time from now the electrical vehicles may contribute for discharging during peak hours.
Most of the thermal power plants today are getting old, aged, and their efficiencies are coming down
day by day. Potential of technological advancement in new business opportunities, aging assets and
lack of circuit capacity most of the assets in this country are 40 to 50 years old, they required quick
replacements and power network design life is need of replacement, which is a biggest challenge. The
capital cost of like for like replacement will be very high.

Security of supply need reliable electricity supply as more and more critical loads are connected.
Thermal constraint transmission and distribution lines at its limit. Most of the lines are congested or
over loaded, reduction in the life of the equipment, increasing incidence of faults we experience
frequent fault to different corridors given extreme loading conditions.

Operational constraints voltage and frequency limits uncertainty of renewable sources. The
conventional energy grid, the current status, challenges, that energy grid poses today, and the aim in
next 5 years, type of energy growth expected, type of sources, especially the integration of renewable
energy. By 2040 the huge amount of energy sources across different energy mix starting from thermal,
nuclear, hydro, renewable, all segments the energy installation has to grow though the majority may be
from renewable energy sources.

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 Smart Grid (MOOC) (21EEE1811) Question Bank (2024-2025)

What is a smart grid? Explain the Smart grid conceptual Understan

5 according to (NIST) National Institute of Standards and 10 CO1 1,2 / 1
d
Technology

The digital technology that allows for two-way communication; two-way communication between the
utility and its customers and the sensing along the transmission lines is what makes the grid smart.
According to customer perspective, if you already manage activities such as personal banking from
your home computer imagine managing your electricity in a similar way for example; customers will
no longer have to wait for monthly statement to know how much electricity he or she use. With the
smarter grid he can have a clear and timely picture of it through smart meters. How much electricity
you use when you use it and it is cost means combined with real time pricing this will allow you to save
money by using less power when electricity is most expensive. Means you can organize your
consumption pattern based on the energy cost time of used energy cost so, that your monthly energy
bill can be made minimum as possible. Smart grid has the potential to help you save money by helping
Ans you to manage your electricity and choose the best times to purchase electricity and you can save even
more by generating your own power by putting roof top solar.

The (NIST) National Institute of Standards and Technology provides the pictorial view of how the
smart grid conceptually works. It consists of bulk generation and transmission, then distribution, and
customers.
The operating center and the energy market have service providers. The coordination between the bulk
generation, transmission, distribution, customers is a significant factor, the secure communication
interface. The dotted lines the yellow dotted lines source the electrical interface and this clouds are the
domains. This is how the smart grid conceptually works, taking care of electrical energy flow interface
as well as communication interface. This energy and communication interface together perhaps

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 Smart Grid (MOOC) (21EEE1811) Question Bank (2024-2025)

conceptualize the smart grid operation.

Understan
6 Explain the Smart Grid Architecture and its components. 10 CO1 1,2 / 1
d

The first part of the smart grid system is the bulk generation and the second is the transmission system,
third is the distribution and fourth is the customer. In general the power is basically generated at the
generating station and this powers basically transformed from the generation station to the customers
end through the transmission distribution networks. And apart from this 4 sections we have other 3
sections if you could see here this markets operations and service provider. The smart grid architecture
or layout is as shown below:
The bulk generation basically generates the power and this generating stations, can basically be the coal
based generation, or hydro based generation or renewable sources as far as the smart grid is concerned.
Ans In this case the wind generation and solar generation systems are the major part of this block bulk
generation the system is to generate the electricity in bulk quantities. After this the generated electricity
or power is transformed to the transmission network and then distribution network and then the
customers.

The service provider are concerned basically the there are certain organizations which basically provide
service to the generation system, to the transmission system, to the distribution system and also to the
customers. And apart from that there are also operations sectors that have market. In the market
basically the participants they basically participate for selling or trading of the power
Discuss the Smart Grid Architecture for Customer domain Understan
7 10 CO1 1,2 / 1
and Market domain participators. d

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 Smart Grid (MOOC) (21EEE1811) Question Bank (2024-2025)

The customer domain may be commercial, or industrial or home type of customers with the common
thing is the metering facility and a gateway. For the Communication network dedicated communication
system is very essential for flow of the data from one customer end to other customer end or may be
from one part of the smart grid network to the other part of the smart grid network.
Energy Services Interface (ESI) is the primary service interface to the customer domain as far as the
communication is concerned for this ESI, this is very important. This ESI communicates with the
advanced metering infrastructure this is very important and this infrastructure advanced metering
infrastructure is very essential part of the smart grid system and this is basically interconnected to the
ESI and, the internet
Ans Also, the distributed generations that is also the part of customer domain. So, this distributed generation
means solar system, or wind system, or fuel cells, or batteries
The major part is the building and home automation, industrial automation, micro-generation and their
corresponding functions are defined very briefly. The major function of this building and home
automation is to control various functions which is happening inside a building of the smart grid.

What are Smart Grid Standards? Explain briefly the Understan

8 classification of standards to support the development and 10 CO1 1,2 / 1
d
implementation of smart grid technologies?

Ans

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 Smart Grid (MOOC) (21EEE1811) Question Bank (2024-2025)

The standards are basically written agreements, containing the technical specification or other precise
criteria that may contain rules, guidelines, definitions of characteristics, of the smart grid contents or
the existing grid or the normal grid system. Where the loads along with that renewable sources and
storage.
For every aspect apart from this has control elements, monitoring elements, metering elements,
protecting elements. These devices should have certain standardized specifications for their operation.
And of course, some rules and guidelines should be maintained while connecting the solar to the
distribution network or transmission network, or to connect the wind system to distribution network,
one should follow certain rules and guidelines. This rules and guidelines is referred to as the standard.

Briefly explain the Smart Grid Standards for the Understan

9 interconnection of distributed energy resources - IEEE 10 CO1 1,2 / 1
d
1547.

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 Smart Grid (MOOC) (21EEE1811) Question Bank (2024-2025)

This IEEE 1547 series is used for interconnection of distributed energy resources, standards are
retained in this series IEEE 1547 This is the series of standards with 1547.1 0.2 0.3 0.4....and this
standards provide the criteria or requirements for the interconnection of distributed energy resources
(DER), into the power grid and these standards are published in 2003.
This starts the first one 1547.1 it is the standard IEEE standard, which provides the test procedures. It
provides the test procedures for equipment interconnecting these DERs to the electric system. It
includes: the test procedures to be maintained before connecting the equipments to the DERs or the
power network.
The IEEE 1547.2 describes the application guide and it provides the interconnecting distributed
resources with electric power systems. It provides the procedure to connect electric distributed
resources with existing power system with rules and regulations.
1547.3, provides the information about the monitoring information exchange and control of this DERs
interconnected with our electric power system. The 3 things one is monitoring information exchange
Ans and the control aspects of the distributed resources or DERs, which are basically going to be connected
to the adjusting system.
1547.4, is about the design, operation, integration of DERs Island systems, island system means the
distributed energy resources, which are disconnected from the main grid. Those DERs or those
microgrid systems are called as Island systems. In a smart grid system we have microgrids as a part of
the smart grid system, this microgrid is basically connected to the main grid if the main grid is absent.
The fifth series that is IEEE standard 1547.5 aims to provide the interconnecting rules, where the
electric power sources are more than 10 MVA those rules are under process.
1547.6 is basically recommended practices for interconnecting the distributed resources with electric
power systems, with distribution secondary networks, the primary network, and secondary network. It
consists of rules and regulations the secondary network to be connected to the DERs.

As a summary for IEEE 1547:

i) The microgrid must not actively regulate the voltage at the PCC. That is a grid with few
loads and a point connected to one solar system solar system with, this DG or DER, which is
connected to this particular grid. This bus is known as the PCC, stands for point of common
coupling, it refers or it states that the bus where the connection point where the DG is
connected to the grid or DG and the grid both are interconnected that is known as PCC. The
microgrid should not regulate the voltage at the PCC
ii) The local area power energy system (LAPES) must not create over voltages. And, which is
going to exceed the ratings of the equipment connected to the main grid, this is also another
vital rule for the interconnection of the DERs to the existing system.
iii) To maintain the grounding approach, because basically with the star connected loads star
connected sources. To choose in the star connected system the grounding system in such a
manner that, those grounding systems should not affect local area power energy system.
Local area power energy system means the small microgrids itself may act as a local area

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 Smart Grid (MOOC) (21EEE1811) Question Bank (2024-2025)

power energy system. Locally how much power and energy we are getting from the DERs
or batteries. It should not create must not create over voltages, that may exceed the rating of
the equipment connected to the main grid so; that means, of the main grid we have inside
the main grid we have many equipment’s
What is an Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)? Understan
10 10 CO1 1,2 / 1
Explain the components of AMI in detail. d

The basic block diagram of AMI is as shown in figure. It consists of three components. The first one is
the MDMS. This MDMS stands for Meter Data Management System and the second one is the smart
meters which is basically a located in the consumers periphery or premises and this MDMS basically
present inside the utility DCC’s. And this is the data control centers which is basically present at the
Ans periphery or the premises of the utility

And this two components, MDMS and smart meters are connected with each other or they
communicate to each other with help of a communication infrastructure. This basic block diagram
works as the advanced metering infrastructure of the smart grid system is concerned. This is very
important component or technology of the smart grid system
AMI, also has AMR. This AMR stands for Automated Meter Reading. Basically inside the customer,
there is an energy meter. They are smart meters. These smart meters readings, have to ne read; to
collect the data from those smart meters. But the purpose of this automated meter reading system
allows; any personnel will reach near to the customer premises. by wireless communication, they can
read the data of the meter which is basically located inside the customer premises. That is what this
AMR does.

This wireless communication of these smart meters to the AMR system, we can reduce the cost because
it is a wireless medium. If it is wired medium, so it will demand more cost. So, that is what it helps in
reducing the cost associate with the meter reading and also supports the billing process. Automatic the
smart meter readings will reach to the person. That is a very great benefit, great technology or you can
say great facility as far as the smart grid is concerned.

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Smart Grid (MOOC) (21EEE1811) Question Bank (2024-2025)

The smart meter is connected directly to the data control center or to the MDMS. So, which is this is
the utility side and this is the customer side. This two meter basically this two devices like meters and
the DMS are connected using a dedicated communication network. Each meter is assigned one
particular IP address and those rules are basically written in these standards, in this standards and C
12.19 and C.12.22. So, these are the two standards where everything is written; that how this basically
the meters are going to be connected to the utility side MDMS

This NAN is basically it is a communication infrastructure and it may be a power line communication
type or it may be radio communication type or it may also PLC the PLC stands for Programmable
Logic Controller ok. So, it looks like this. The PLC looks like this programmable logic controllers are
basically used mostly in industries to control the machineries. The operations of the machines and here
also we can use the PLC concept by connecting the secondary of the distribution transformer to the
consumer. So, basically it is a kind of wired or wireless communication system. So, this NAN helps in
connecting by connecting the smart meters to the utility section through this meter concentrator and
communication network.

The meter support a communication interface to connect this NAN and this interface may be integrated

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 Smart Grid (MOOC) (21EEE1811) Question Bank (2024-2025)

with meter, attached to the meters from the different vendor models. This concentrator helps in
connecting this NAN information through this communication network to the utility side. That is the
function of this meter concentrator.

This meter concentrator is responsible for supporting the communication with the meters over the NAN
to collect periodic measurements. This is important. It may be within 5 minutes 10 minutes. So, that
periodic measurements and alarms generated at the meters as well as send the commands or send the
DMS to the meters and receive corresponding responses. I want to explain further, this point.

Another element or device, that is head end. This head end is AMI solutions meter management system.
It manages the AMI solutions meter; whatever the data or information we exchange between the smart
meter and this utility MDMS. So, those exchange I mean the data exchange should be managed
properly
the head end communicates with the meter concentrator over an IP connection provided by the smart
grid. Basically some through this IP structure best communication system. This head end communicates
with your meter concentrator
Define Distribution Automation System. Explain the Understan
11 10 CO1 1,2 / 1
components of AMI in detail. d
The distribution system is basically automated as far as the operation is concerned; as far as the control
is concerned, as far as the monitoring is concerned. The distribution system that is automatic in nature
is referred distribution automation.
The distribution automation refers the automation of all functions related to the distribution system.
This automation is important. Using information collected from substation devices, deployed on feeders
Ans
meters, deployed at customer location. That this distribution automation system allows to collect the
data or information from the sensors which are basically located or devices which are located at the
consumer locations. And this basically consumers location data are sent to a central computer center,
and this center that is computational system will receive all the data all the information the devices or
sensors which are installed rather consumer premises or consumer locations.

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Smart Grid (MOOC) (21EEE1811) Question Bank (2024-2025)

Consider a feeder, basically it is a substation and with 4 buses and this is a feeder with loads. If any
fault is incepted, consider line to ground fault is incepted in this section of the feeder, then particularly
we have relays protective relays to protect every section. Over current relay means if the current the set
current, that is the relay will see the current is beyond the set value of the current the relay will react. It
will just trip. It will give a trip signal to the circuit breaker. This is the circuit breaker. This is also one
circuit breaker. The circuit breaker basically opens the section.
Any fault is incepted in the section, relay will receive the current. So, the secondary of the CT current
transformer and it will send a trip command to this circuit breaker and the circuit breaker will try to
open that particular section so; that means, those relay information should reach to our central unit;
either from the relay or may be the circuit breaker has one device will talk about the intelligent
electronic devices. Those electronic devices are installed near to the circuit breaker and the circuit
breaker status will be same to the central controller to take some decision. Whether this circuit breaker
is going to open or not? I mean from the remote place, I mean the circuit breakers feeders are far away
from the central place. The central place is the place where we have to take some action by gathering
the information from the relays from CTs from PTs.
With the availability of very advanced infrastructure of the communication system and very high
computational technologies signal processing technologies, that should be cost effective, that should be
very economic. The smart operation very automated operation, we can design our technology for the
smart grid system. So, that is for this the SCADA system is one. Within this distribution automation,
the SCADA system is one which helps in monitoring and accessing the data and further controlling the
equipment’s which are basically placed in the feeders, throughout the feeders.
SCADA systems monitors and controls the distributions substations and is considered as a DA
function. The distribution of automation is limited to the acquisition of data measurements from IEDs.
This IEDs stands for Intelligent Electronic Devices basically which are connected to the devices on the
feeder and control of those feeder devices will see more about this the infrastructure

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 Smart Grid (MOOC) (21EEE1811) Question Bank (2024-2025)

The architecture or the layout of distribution automation system is as shown in figure. This system
consists of distribution substation, transformer, circuit breaker and switch with capacitor bank. The
capacitor bank is used inside the distribution system to improve the power factor and sometimes also to
improve the voltage profile. The capacitor basically provides the leading current and it injects the
reactive powers to the circuit. Also, very frequently the capacitor banks are used inside the distribution
system and we have also reclosers and distribution transformer. The distribution transformer basically
steps down the voltage to 400 to 440volt level. This is a 11 kv substation, that step down to 440 volt.
IED is connected near to the distribution transformer or near to the switch or near to the recloser or near
to the capacitor bank. It will collect the data from those devices. So, these are the devices which are
basically present inside distribution system. This is our, this whole system is our distribution system
and this is your distribution substation from where will get the power to the subsequent sections and
feeders.
This IED will communicate through this communication network to the data and control center. This is
basically the master control center of the distribution automation system that stands for DBA master
control. And also we have another section here that DA data concentrator that is alternate distribution
automation, data concentrator at the substation label
Recloser monitors and breaks the feeder, if suddenly the current magnitude exceeds the set value or
certain threshold value or it exceeds the predefined value.
IEDs will send the data to this DA master control center, basically this data sent 2 to 5 seconds as for
the SCADA systems are used with PMU technology. PMU technology PMU means Phasor
Measurement Units and those devices are very accurate. PMUs are placed for collecting the data and to
have a very good monitoring and control system. And also we are planning this NAN technologies for
this AMI, which is used for the AMI. We have discussed during our AMI part. So, those I mean
technologies can also be used for DA.
Briefly explain the SCADA (Supervisory control and data Understan
12 acquisition) System and its components with suitable block 10 CO1 1,2 / 1
d
diagram.
The function of this SCADA is basically to collect the data from various sensors at a plant or in other
remote locations and sends this data to central computer system. It then manages, controls the data
remotely controls devices in the field. Basically in broad sense the SCADA helps in monitoring and
Ans collecting the data from the devices; which are located inside the distribution system, may be
transmission system and data are sent to the Central Computers System CCS.
There are three major components which are present inside the SCADA system. The first one is the
Master station and the second one is RTUs the RTU stands for Remote Terminal Unit and the third one

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Smart Grid (MOOC) (21EEE1811) Question Bank (2024-2025)

is the communication system.

The master station is basically energy control center; the master station is also known as energy control
center. Basically this RTUs play great role inside this SCADA system; this RTUs send the data to the
control center, collects the data from all the devices which are located inside the customer premises or
in the distribution system. With reference to distribution automation; the data are basically connected to
the control center using this RTUs. And sometimes we call it also this RTU also known as remote tele
control unit; sometimes this RTUs are also called as remote tele control units.
With help of a tele system or communication system, these units communicate the data to the control
center of the SCADA system. And of course, the communication system is a very essential part of the
SCADA system; without communication. So, these RTUs cannot communicate to the control center.
This EMS stands for Energy Management System and with the field devices. The field devices are like
you have circuit breakers, we have relays; digital relays we have this reclosers.
And these devices will communicate to the data acquisition server front end processor through this
communication system. Now, the question comes that what is this data acquisition server or the front
end processor. This is how this is basically a master station is a computer system responsible for
communicating with the field equipment and includes human machine interface in the control room or
elsewhere.
HMI that is the Human Machine Interface technology communicates and basically this master station
or the computer system; communicates with the field equipments. All the field equipments data will be
sent to the master station. These master stations have five components.

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 Smart Grid (MOOC) (21EEE1811) Question Bank (2024-2025)

Discuss briefly the SCADA (Supervisory control and data Understan

13 10 CO1 1,2 / 1
acquisition) System with the RTU software architecture. d

RTU stands for Remote Terminal Unit , The main function of RTU is the data from the field
equipments will be sent to the master station. This RTU is basically, a microprocessor based device and
that interfaces with the SCADA system by this transmitting the telemetric data to the master station. It
interfaces with the SCADA system by transmitting this telemetric data to the master station. This is the
main function this is the part of this RTU and changing the state of connected devices.
The data or information from the devices which are located inside the distribution network and it will
send to the master station

The other function is the changing state of connected devices based on control messages received from
the master station and commands generated by the RTU itself. It will also receive a signal from the
master station; the master station will generate some signals and those signals will be also sent to the
RTU.
And again RTU will itself also can generate some signal. The RTU after receiving the signal from the
master station, it will generate a signal by itself and those signals are sent to the corresponding devices.
Based on control accordingly the actions will be taken care. In single RTU we have 16 bit digital input,
8 bit digital output and 8 bit analog input and 4 bit analog output. These are the basically the
specification of the digital and analog inputs and outputs; we have the 16, 8 and 4. That means to this
particular RTU that can provide 16 bit digital inputs. And similarly from the RTU as 8 bit digital
output. It can apply 8 bit analog inputs to the RTU and get from the RTU the 8 bit analog output.
the software architecture has field equipment with D I and DO; DI stands for Digital Input and DO;
Digital Output and this AI stands for Analog Input. This is the architecture of the RTU software and
also there is IED (Intelligent Electronic Device), this IED also will communicate with this SCADA
collection application part; with the help of this communication infrastructure
Data processing application unit DPA; this DPA presents the data to be to the master station or HMI,
here it is data processing application. Basically this data are sent to the master station. Now, we have
data translation application part that is DTA

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 Smart Grid (MOOC) (21EEE1811) Question Bank (2024-2025)

The remote tele control unit, where it will just connect the data from the different devices in the
distribution system to the main control center of the SCADA system.
The data flow is bidirectional here and the master station will also send the data or information through
this supervisory control section. And it will send to the RTU then the RTU. RTU will react to the
corresponding devices through this analog out or control out ports. These are the two way data flow one
is from the field devices to the master station and other one is from master station to the devices.

Explain the functional Block diagram of Smart metering Understan

14 10 CO1 1,2 / 1
system. d

The basic building block of the smart metering system is as shown in figure. The first one is the
convection smart metering structure and the second one is the recent smart metering infrastructure. The
convectional metering do not have this NAN or WAN structure communication infrastructure. Usually
the residential building, have convectional meters. The smart metering structure has home area
network, with NAN that is Neighborhood Area Network; WAN, Wide Area Network, with gate way,
the meter data management and the database. The NAN or WAN, the communication structures allow
us to use these smart metering structures or we can easily implement this smart metering concept. That
is the basic difference between this conventional and present smart metering architecture

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Smart Grid (MOOC) (21EEE1811) Question Bank (2024-2025)

Signal acquisition will access the signal either voltage signal or current signal.Signal conditioner,
passes this acquired signal for processing inside the smart meter; to the next block that is analog to
digital conversion block; ADC requires the power network, the signals are not purely sinusoidal; first of
all the signals are not purely sinusoidal. It is not having only the fundamental frequency component that
is 50 hertz; the signal may have other frequency components harmonics.
It senses to remove the high frequency components and harmonics. And also have aliasing effect inside
the signal, aliasing effect means sometimes very high frequency signal components will behave as a
fundamental signal component, the difficulties which are present on desired signals which are present
inside the fundamental frequency component of the voltage current those signal should be removed.

CT as measuring instrument in a smart meters, it will sense the current which is flowing through the
feeder and it will scale down to secondary through the secondary winding up the CT and that particular
secondary current is basically connected to the our respective smart meters.

Signal conditioning prepares the input signal for the next process – ADC, based on Nyquist criteria,
hence the frequency of the input signal. will be greater than or equal to the Nyquist frequency that is the
half of the sampling rate of the ADC. These criteria we have to maintain while processing this signal
from the ADC section.

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 Smart Grid (MOOC) (21EEE1811) Question Bank (2024-2025)

The measurements which are basically done by these smart meters, include arithmetic operations on
input signals; or time stamping of the data, for communication, storage of the data, system updates and
coordinating different functions. Smart metering functions or computation inside the processor the
smart meter can do different computations, estimations, the end of the task of the smart meters the it
depends on our own logic or algorithm running inside the process of the smart meter; It can calculate
the current, power, power factor frequency; with the further requirement of control or monitoring, the
processor we use basically has volatile memory. And this memory is used for temporary use of the data
to support the processor as operations are undertaken. And certain type of non-volatile memory is also
required to store specific information’s such as unit serial number or maintenance access key codes;
these two are important.
smart meter can communicate with customers, the technologies have updated for the smart grid
environment, where the smart meter also can communicate with mobile phone. This communication
part of this smart metering section we have the wired options which include the public switch telephone
network – PSTN. The power line carrier communication infrastructure, cable, modems and internet. are
the communication infrastructure used inside the smart metering system. The wireless options include
Zig-Bee and infrared and GSM and CDMA Cellular. These are the basically the communication
infrastructures which support the smart metering system.

What are the key principles and components of

15 Distributed Energy Resources (DER), and how do 10 CO1 1,2 / 1 Understand
they contribute to modern power systems?

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Smart Grid (MOOC) (21EEE1811) Question Bank (2024-2025)

The distributed energy resources are the smaller power sources that can be aggregated provide power
necessary to meet the regular demand. This DER includes any non-bulk electric system resources like
generating unit, multiple generating units at a single location and energy storage facility and microgrid.
Basically located within the boundary of any distribution utility. This DER basically stands for the
Distributed Energy Resource or DR Distributed Resources.
The energy resources are basically renewable sources and that have storage devices, referred to as
distributed energy resources. This DER generally interconnected to a distribution system. In the range
of voltage 1 kilo volt, 200 kilovolts; it may also it can be also connected to less than 1 kV also. The
distribution system, has voltage level of 440 volts. This renewable sources or battery storage can be
also connected to the distribution system.
The distributed energy resources are present as far as the commercial and industrial sectors, residential
sectors, with solar disk water photovoltaic
The emergency backup generators mostly diesel based generators and natural gas fired fuel cells. So,
these are the DERs which are connected near to the residential sectors. The planning hybrid solar and
wind systems, with solar facility, solar generation system, wind generation system, together connected
to the customer end.
These small hydro power plants can be connected to our commercial and industrial customers, along
with this, biomass and combine heat power plants, fuel cells; these are the DERs or distributed energy
resources which are connected to the residential commercial and industrial sectors

Dr. Priyashree S, Assoc. Prof, Dept. of EEE, BNMIT, Bengaluru 21