GORKHA INT’L PUBLIC HIGHER SEC.
SCHOOL
GHORAHI – DANG
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2080-81 BS
A PHYSICS PROJECT ON
“Projectile Motion”
CLASS – 11, SCIENCE
SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:
BENUP SHARMA MR. SWOTANTRA HAMAL THAKURI
SECTION: DALTON GIPSS, GHORAHI-DANG
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
This is to certify that the project work entitled
“Projectile Motion” by Benup Sharma of Grade:
ELEVEN, Section: DALTON, Year 2080-81 BS has
been successfully completed under my guidance
and supervision.
Mr. Swotantra Hamal Thakuri
SUPERVISOR
(Coordinator)
External Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my sincere gratitude and deep
respect to my supervisor " Mr. Swotantra Hamal Thakuri “,
Physics Teacher for his continuous inspiration and
constructive guidance.
I would like to express my deep respect and gratitude to
Department of science "GORKHA SCHOOL" for providing me
an opportunity to conduct this project work, I would like to
extend my deep regards to all my respectful faculty
members and non-teaching staffs of the department of
science.
I cannot forget endless love, support and encouragement of
my parents and teachers. Without them, I wouldn’t have
been the person I am today.
INTRODUCTION
Projectile motion is a fundamental concept in
physics that describes the motion of an object
thrown or projected into the air, moving under
the influence of gravity alone. In this type of
motion, the object follows a curved path known
as a trajectory. This trajectory can be analyzed
independently in the horizontal and vertical
directions. In the absence of air resistance, the
horizontal motion of the projectile remains
uniform, while its vertical motion is affected by
the force of gravity, causing it to accelerate
downwards. As a result, the path of the projectile
forms a symmetrical parabolic shape.
Understanding projectile motion is crucial in
various fields, including physics, engineering, and
sports, as it provides insights into the behavior of
objects in flight and enables accurate predictions
of their motion and trajectory.
I
TABLES OF CONTENTS:
1. INTRODUCTION
• Projectile and Projectile Motion
• Parabolic Motion of Projectiles
• Total Time of Flight
• Horizontal Range
• Maximum height of Projectile
• The Equation of Trajectory
2. Important Points of Projectile Motion
3. FORMULAS OF PROJECTILE MOTION
4. CONCLUSION
5. REFERENCES
• Projectile
The motion of objects soaring through the air has
been a source of fascination for scientists and curious
individuals throughout history. In physics, projectile
motion is a fundamental concept that unveils the
captivating nature of objects propelled into the air,
guided solely by the force of gravity. This article
explores projectile motion, unravelling its core
principles, delving into its mathematical formulations
and shedding light on its practical applications in the
real world.
What Is Projectile?
A projectile is any object thrown into space upon which the
only acting force is gravity. The primary force acting on a
projectile is gravity. This doesn’t necessarily mean that
other forces do not act on it, just that their effect is minimal
compared to gravity. The path followed by a projectile is
known as a trajectory. A baseball batted or thrown is an
example of a projectile.
What Is Projectile Motion?
When a particle is thrown obliquely near the earth’s
surface, it moves along a curved path under constant
acceleration directed towards the center of the earth
(we assume that the particle remains close to the
earth’s surface). The path of such a particle is called a
projectile, and the motion is called projectile motion.
In a Projectile Motion, there are two
simultaneous independent rectilinear
motions:
1. Along the x-axis: uniform velocity, responsible
for the horizontal (forward) motion of the
particle.
2. Along the y-axis: uniform acceleration,
responsible for
the vertical (downwards) motion of the particle.
Acceleration in the horizontal projectile
motion and vertical projectile motion of a
particle: When a particle is projected in the air
with some speed, the only force acting on it
during its time in the air is the acceleration due
to gravity (g). This acceleration acts vertically
downward. There is no acceleration in the
horizontal direction, which means that the
velocity of the particle in the horizontal direction
remains constant.
Parabolic Motion of Projectiles: Let us
consider a ball projected at an angle θ with
respect to the horizontal x-axis with the initial
velocity u as shown below:
The point O is called the point of projection; θ is
the angle of projection and OB = Horizontal
Range or Simply Range. The total time taken by
the particle from reaching O to B is called
the time of flight.
For finding different parameters related to
projectile motion, we can make use of
differential equations of motions:
Total Time of Flight
Resultant displacement (s) = 0 in Vertical direction.
Therefore, the time-of-flight formula is given by using
the Equation of motion:
gt2 = 2(uyt – sy) [Here, uy = u sin θ and sy = 0]
i.e. gt2 = 2t × u sin θ
Therefore, the time-of-flight formula (t) is given by:
Horizontal Range
Horizontal Range (OA) = Horizontal component of
velocity (ux) × Total Flight Time (t)
R = u cos θ × 2u×sinθg
Therefore, in a projectile motion, the Horizontal
Range is given by (R)
Maximum Height of Projectile
After understanding what a projectile is, let us know
the maximum height of the projectile. The object’s
maximum height is the highest vertical position along
its trajectory. The horizontal displacement of the
projectile is called the range of the projectile. The
range of the projectile depends on the object’s initial
velocity.
If v is the initial velocity, g = acceleration due to
gravity and H = maximum height in meters, θ = angle
of the initial velocity from the horizontal plane
(radians or degrees).
The maximum height of the projectile is given by the
formula:
The Equation of Trajectory
The trajectory equation is the path taken by a particle during
projectile motion. The following is the equation:
y = x tanθ – gx2/2u2cos2θ
Because this equation is similar to the parabola (y = ax + bx2),
it is concluded that that projectile motion is always parabolic
in character.
Important Points of Projectile Motion
• The linear momentum at the highest point is mu cos
Θ and the kinetic energy is (1/2) m (u cos Θ)2
• After t seconds, the horizontal displacement of the
projectile is x = (u cos Θ) t
• After t seconds, the vertical displacement of the
projectile is y = (u sin Θ) t – (1/2) gt2
• The equation of the path of the projectile is y = x
tan Θ – [g/ (2(u2 cos Θ)2)]x2
• The path of a projectile is parabolic.
• At the lowest point, the kinetic energy is (1/2) mu2
• At the lowest point, the linear momentum is = mu
• Throughout the motion, the acceleration of
projectile is constant and acts vertically downwards
being equal to g.
• The angular momentum of projectile = mu cos Θ × h
where the value of h denotes the height.
• The angle between the velocity and acceleration in
the case of angular projection varies from 0 < Θ <
180 degrees
FORMULAS OF PROJECTILE MOTION:
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the study of projectile motion unveils
fundamental principles governing the motion of objects in
the presence of gravity. Through our project, we have
explored the trajectory, velocity, and range of projectiles
launched at different angles and initial velocities. Our
findings underscore the significance of understanding the
interplay between horizontal and vertical motion
components in determining the path of a projectile. By
employing mathematical models and experimental data, we
have demonstrated the predictability and consistency of
projectile motion. Furthermore, this knowledge extends
beyond theoretical understanding, finding practical
applications in fields such as engineering, physics, and
sports. As we conclude our project, we emphasize the
enduring relevance and utility of comprehending projectile
motion in various real-world scenarios.
REFERENCES:
• https://byjus.com/
• https://www.toppr.com/
• unacademy.com
