1.
BFD for carbon capture using N-methyl diethanolamine (MDEA) absorption
2. The PFD appears to have some key elements, but it is missing the following
components:
a) Equipment Labels and Names: The vessels, heat exchanger, pump, and
reactor (if that’s what they are) need proper labels like "E-101" for exchangers,
"P-101" for pumps, or "R-101" for reactors.
b) Stream Information: The flow streams are numbered, but they’re missing
essential details like flow rate, pressure, temperature, and composition. These
are critical for a complete PFD.
c) Valves and Instrumentation: There are very few control valves and
instruments shown. PFDs usually have control loops (e.g., flow, pressure,
temperature) to regulate the process.
d) Utility Streams: If the heat exchanger is working, it likely needs cooling water,
steam, or another utility, but that’s not shown.
e) Reactor Details: If the central vessel is a reactor, it may need heating/cooling,
agitator details, or even input/output ports for catalysts, etc.
f) Equipment Specs: The size, duty, power ratings (for pumps), and other design
parameters are missing.
3. Given:
Material Amount (kg/year) Cost ($/kg)
Cinnamon 20 2
Rapeseed Oil 100 0.60
Honeycomb 1000 10
Soybeans 500 2
Product: Waxmelts = 250 kg/year ($500/kg)
Required: Gross Potential Income
Solution: BASIS: 1 YEAR PRODUCTION
$ 500
Total Income = 250 kg ( ) = $125 000
kg
$2 $ 0.6 $ 10 $2
Total Expenses = 20 kg ( ) + 100 kg ( ) + 1000 kg ( ) + 500 kg ( ) = $11 100
kg kg kg kg
Gross Potential Income = $125 000 - $11 100 = $113 900
4.
A) PFD:
5.
6. Process Flow Diagram:
LEVEL 2
LEVEL 3
7. The PFD illustrates a crude oil distillation process, where crude oil is separated into
different fractions based on their boiling points.The process includes the following:
a. Crude Oil Preheating: Crude oil enters the system and passes through a
series of heat exchangers, where it is heated by exchanging heat with product
streams. This reduces energy consumption by utilizing the heat from outgoing
products to warm up the incoming crude oil.
b. Desalting and Further Heating: After preheating, the crude oil enters a
desalter, where water is added to remove salts and impurities. The crude is then
further heated, possibly in multiple stages, before entering the fired heater.
c. Fired Heater: The heated crude oil passes through a fired heater, raising its
temperature to around 370–400°C. This high temperature ensures that most of
the crude components vaporize when entering the distillation column.
d. Atmospheric Distillation Column: The heated crude oil mixture flows into the
main distillation column, where it starts to separate into different fractions based
on boiling points. The heavier components stay at the bottom, while lighter
components rise to the top.
e. Product Separation: Inside the column, multiple trays and side draws help
collect different fractions:
- Top of the column: Light gases (methane, ethane) and naphtha exit. The
gases may pass through an air-cooled condenser to separate liquid
naphtha from gas.
- Upper side draws: Kerosene and light gas oil fractions are extracted.
- Middle side draws: Heavy gas oil is removed.
- Bottom of the column: Residue (fuel oil) is collected as the heaviest fraction.
f. Pump-Around Systems and Reflux: Several pump-around loops circulate
intermediate products to control temperature and improve separation efficiency.
A portion of the condensed top product is returned as reflux to maintain steady
operation.
g. Steam Injection: Steam is injected at various points to reduce the partial
pressure of hydrocarbons, lowering their boiling points and improving
separation, especially for heavier components.
h. Product Cooling and Storage: The separated products pass through heat
exchangers to cool them down before storage or further processing. Residue
may go to a vacuum distillation unit for further fractionation.
1.
