1.1.What is computer peripheral?

All the hardware that is connected to the computer and helps

to perform the function of the computer properly and increases the performance is called
computer peripheral. Tree types of peripheral device. 1.Input device 2.Output device 3. Storage
device.
2.What is the role of computer peripheral? There are three different types of peripheral, 1. Input
deices such as mouse, keyboards etc. 2.Output Devices such as monitors, printer 3. Storage
Devices such as hard drives, flash drives a. Input Devices: Input Device is peripheral Device used
to provide data and control signals to an information processing system Example of input Devices
Include keyboard, Mice, Scanners, digital camera and Joysticks. B. Output Device: An output
Device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results of data
processing carried out by computer which converts the information into Human- readable-form.
Storage Device: computer memory refers to the devices used to store information. Computer
memory are two category, these are volatile such as RAM and NON-volatile such as ROM, Flash
memory and hard Disk Drive.
3.Interfacing And importance of interfacing? The connection of peripheral device i.e.
Input/output device with the computer is called interfacing. Importance: a. Without computer
peripheral we cannot use extensive facilities of computer b. Without computer peripheral we
cannot control and command the computer. C. Without computer peripheral we cannot input
anything into the computer d. Without computer peripheral we cannot be show us any output
result. e. Without computer peripheral we cannot store anything to the computer. F. Why
peripheral interfacing in necessary.
4.The basic interfacing Unit with proper Diagram or Proper Interfacing Between a
microprocessor and I/o device? Interfacing is technology by which peripheral devices can be
connected to the computer. That is interfacing is a combination of by which a computer can
communicate with other devices for transfer and receive data. The diagram and basic interfacing
unit is given in bellow.PIC
5.What is DAM? DAM stands for direct memory access. Removing The CPU From the path and
letting the peripherals devices manage the memory buses directly Would improve the speed of
transfer. This techniques is know as DAM.
6.What Does PPI stand For? PPI stand for programmable peripheral interface for 8255. PPI 8255
is general purpose programmable I/o device designed to interface the CPU with its outside world
such as ADC, DAC , Keyboard etc. We can program it accounting to the given condition. IT can be
used with almost any microprocessor. It consists for three 8-bit bidirectional I/o ports I.E PORT
A, PORT B and PORT C. We can assign different ports as input or output function.
7.DAM controller , explain With block diagram How a DMA controller? DAM stands for direct
memory access. It is designed by intel to transfer data at the faster rate. It allows the device to
transfer the data directly to and from memory without any interference of the CPU. PIC
7.DMA generally have priority over the CPU in the case of accessing memory? We can transfer
data to and from memory without the need of the CPU. The transfer of data between a fast
storage device such as magnetic disk and memory is often limited by the speed of the CPU.
Removing the CPU from the path and letting the peripheral device manager the memory buses
directly would improve the speed of transfer. This transfer technique is direct memory
Access(DMA). The data transfer monitored by DMA controller which is called as DAM channel.
The CPU is included only at the starting and end of the transfer.
8,Between Memory Mapped I/O and Peripheral Mapped I/O ? a. 16 bit device address a. 8 bit
device address b. data transfer between any general purpose register I/O device and system
memory. B. Data is transfer only between accumulator and I/O port. C. the memory map is shared
between I/O device and system memory. C. the I/O map is independent of the memory map,256
input device and 256 output device can be connected. D. More hardware is required to decode
16 bit address. D. Less hardware is required to decode 8 bit address.
9. What is computer Highway, Describe all types of bus operations? Computer highway is
hardware system of a computer network to make a way, where computer bus run through.
Basically computer highway is cables inside computer hardware for communicating among
internal and external peripheral devices. Describe all types of bus operations: Data Sharing,
Addressing, Power, timing . Bus terminologies( System Bus, A number of I/O Buses)
2.1.8255 PPI or 8255 a programmable communication interface? 8255 a consist of data bus,
buffer, control logic and group A and B control. Data bus buffer: this tristate bi-direction buffer
is used to interface the internal bus of 8255 to the system data bus. input or output instruction
executed by the CPU either read data form or white data into the buffer. Output data from the
CPU to the ports or control register and input data to the CPU from the ports or status register
are all passed through the buffer. Pic
2.The major components of 8255A programmable communication interface? The 8255 A is a
programmable serial communication interface chip designed for synchronous and asynchronous
serial data communication. The basic characteristics of 8255 A programmable communication
interface is , a. It supports the serial transmission of data b. It is packed in a 28 pi DIP c. it is also
called USART( Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter). The major
components of 8251A programmable communication interface is given bellow, PIC
3..What is interrupt as well as different type interrupt explain? Interrupt is the method of
creating a temporary halt during program execute and allows peripheral devices to access the
microprocessor. the microprocessor responds to that interrupt with ISR which is a short program
to instruct the microprocessor on how to handle the interrupt. Two type of interrupt a.
Hardware interrupt: Hardware interrupts is causes by any peripheral device by sending a signal
through a specific pin to the microprocessor. the 80686 has two hardware interrupt pins, these
are 1.NMI 2.INTR B. Software Interrupt: Some interrupts are inserted at the desired position into
the program to create interrupt. INT- Interrupt instruction with type number INT3 _ Break point
interrupt instruction INTO- interrupt on overflow instruction.
4.Describe Block diagram of 8255 PPI A? PPI 8255 is a general purpose programmable I/O device
designed to interface the CPU with its outside world such as ADC, DAC, keyboard etc. We can
program it according to the given condition. It can be used with almost any microprocessor.
Mode 0 –In this mode all the three ports (port A, B, C) can work as simple input function or simple
output function. In this mode there is no interrupt handling capacity. Mode 1 – Handshake I/O
mode or strobed I/O mode. In this mode either port A or port B can work as simple input port or
simple output port, and port C bits are used for handshake signals before actual data
transmission. Pic
3.1.What is Scanner , Explain various types of Scanner? A scanner is essentially an input
contraption invented to take pictures of sources like posters, printed images, documents like
magazine pages, notices, or any other material produced on paper. These can be procured to
display the relevant information within seconds at another address or display point. Feed-in or
Sheet-fed Scanners, Flatbed Scanner, Handheld scanners, High- and low-resolution scanners,
Parts of a scanner, Role of a scanner .Feed-in or Sheet-fed Scanners: These are simple scanners
that have the limitation of scanning paper documents only as they have a feeder tray that takes
in the paper kept in the tray. Flatbed Scanner: This is very commonly used and available in the
markets readily. These have a flat surface for screening with a cover that must be lifted to place
the material that has to be scanned. Handheld scanners: These are essentially used to scan
barcodes, thus useful for business transactions and general use. High- and low-resolution
scanners: Simple jobs such as capturing plain images or scanning back and white paper can select
a low-resolution printer, but for high-resolution printing, high-resolution scanners are available.
2.What is Barcode? Barcode contains information about a product like; price & weight of the
product, date of manufacturing and expiry, name of the manufacturer etc. Barcode is allocated
by an international institution set up for this purpose. Every product has a unique barcode all
over the world.
3.Barcode Function? A. The commodity code and commodity to establish a one to one
relationship and stored in the business expert system. B. When the good are sold or retrieved ,
the goods are obtains by scanning quickly. C. Easy to identify the goods quickly, so that more
effective and fast D. input speed: Bar code input speed is 5 times the keyboard input, and can
achieve real-time data input compared to the keyboard input.
4.Write down the application of barcode? A. Even, travel & Movies: barcode is use in admission
ticket in movie theatres and others various events and gathering to uniquely identify and verify
of the ticket before the customer can enter the theatre or the event. It is also use to count sales
generated form the event and makes it a lot more convenient to keep track of revenue.
Advertising: Advertisers talking advantages of barcode by using them to reach out to customer
in a more interactive, interesting and unique way. Stock verification & cross-checking: stock
verification and cross checking is a very tedious and time consuming job in libraries and during
stock verification & cross checking the users are restricted to use the library facility. Here
barcode technologies used very effectively, and it is quicker and error free. Supper shop and
consumer industry: there is huge use of barcode is super shop and consumer industry. Every
super shop and consumer company use barcode for products identifying, pricing and stock
management.
5.Between OMR and OCR? a. It stands for Optical Mark Reader or Optical Mark Recognition. A
.It stands for Optical Character Reader or Optical Character Recognition. b.It is used to process
data from printed forms. b. It is used in scanning and converting different types of documents. c.
It is easy to implement. c. It is hard to implement as compared to OMR.
6.What is digitizer, explain the operation and application of digitizer? A digitizer tablet (also
known as a digitizer or graphics tablet) is a tool used to convert hand-drawn images into a format
suitable for computer processing. Images are usually drawn onto a flat surface with a stylus and
then appear on a computer monitor or screen. The advantages of an active digitizer are many:
Automatic palm rejection. With an active digitizer, you do not need to worry about drawing stray
lines when you rest the pad of your palm on the screen while writing
7.What is Encoding, Describe working principle a keyboard Encoder? Encoding is the process of
Converting data into a format required for a number of information processing needs , including:
A.Program compiling and Execution B. Data transmission storage and
compression/decompression ,C. Application data processing, such as file conversion
8.Explain the basic operation of barcode is given in bellow? A. Scanning head shines LED or laser
onto barcode B. Light reflects back off barcode into a light detaching electronic component called
a photoelectric cell. White areas of the barcode reflect most light, black areas reflect last. C. As
the scanner moves past the barcode, the call generates a pattern of om-off pulse that correspond
to the black and white stripes. D. An electric circuit attached to the scanner convert these on-off
pulse into binary digits E. The binary digits are sent to a computer attached to the scanner , white
detects the code as 111011011.
4.1.What is Transducer? Active and passive Transducer? A transducer is a device that converts
energy from one form to another. Usually a transducer converts a signal in one form of energy
to a signal in another. An active transducer is a self-generating type transducer that has the
ability to generate electrical voltage or current as its output without using any external source of
power. Passive transducer is a device which converts the given non-electrical energy into
electrical energy by external force. Resistance strain gauge, Differential Transformer are the
examples for the Passive transducers.
2.What is LCD, Working principle of LCD Monitor? LCDs are commonly used for portable
electronic games, as viewfinders for digital cameras and camcorders, in video projection systems,
for electronic billboards, as monitors for computers, and in flat-panel televisions. We always use
devices made up of Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) like computers, digital watches and also DVD
and CD players. They have become very common and have taken a giant leap in the screen
industry by clearly replacing the use of Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT). CRT draws more power than
LCD and are also bigger and heavier. LCD’s have made displays thinner than CRT’s. Even while
comparing the LCD screen to an LED screen, the power consumption is lesser as it works on the
basic principle of blocking light rather than dissipating. pic
3.Between LCD and LED? a. LCD stands for liquid crystal display a. LED stands for light-emitting
diodes. B. All LCDs are not a subset of LED TV. B. All LEDs are a subset of LCD TV. C. LCDs primarily
use fluorescent lights. C. LEDs use light-emitting diodes. D. Fluorescent lights used are usually
placed behind the screen. D. Light-emitting diodes are usually placed behind the screen or around
the edges.
4.Advantages of LCD, CRT? a. The LCD can be made in large sizes of over 60 inch or 150 cm
diagonal .b. It has no geometric distortion. c. It is very compact, thin, and light CRT displays .d. It
does not affect by the magnetic fields. e. Due to low power consumption, small heat emitted
during operation. f. It is much thinner than a CRT (cathode ray tube) monitor. A. Less expensive
than other display technology. b. Fast response time. c. It can operate at any resolution, geometry
and also for aspect ratio without the need for rescaling the image. d. Highest pixel resolutions
generally available. e. They produce more colors. f.CRT also suitable for use even in dim or dark
light.
5.Between Active matrix and passive matrix ? a. It uses thin film transistors that are arranged in
a matrix on a glass surface. To control the voltage tiny switching transistors and capacitors are
used at each pixel location. B .It uses grid of vertical and horizontal conductors such that the
intersection of two of those conductors allows for controlling a single pixel. b. The primary
constituent is silicon (allows for assigning one transistor for each pixel) b.T he primary constituent
is Indium Tin Oxide (referred to as ITO). c. Cost is usually higher. c. They are less costly. d. It has
a segments best viewed higher response time .d. It has a low response time. e. Used for Full
Graphic Displays. e. Used for segmented digits or character displays.
6.Basic component of CRT? The basic component of CRT is, a. Electronic Gun b. Deflection Plates
c. Fluorescent screen.
7. Describe Interfacing of 7 segment Led With 8255A?PIC .Statement Interface an 8-digit 7
segment LED display using 8255 to the 8085 microprocessor system and write an 8085 assembly
language routine to display message on the display. HARDWARE FOR EIGHT DIGIT SEVEN
SEGMENT DISPLAY INTERFACE Fig shows the multiplexed eight 7-segment display connected in
the 8085 system using 8255. In this circuit port A and port B are used as simple latched output
ports. For this circuit different addresses are: PA=00H PB=01H PC=02H CR=03H.
8. Explain how a 7-segment LED display can be multiplexed with microprocessor? Suppose you
need a three digit display connected to the 8051. Each 7 segment display have 8 pins and so a
total amount of 24 pins are to the connected to the microcontroller and there will be only 8 pins
left with the microcontroller for other input output applications. Also the maximum number of
displays that can be connected to the 8051 is limited to 4 because 8051 has only 4 ports. More
over three 3 displays will be ON always and this consumes considerable amount of power. All
these problems associated the straight forward method can be solved by A multiplexing.
9. What are the basic CRT operations? The working of CRT depends on the movement of
electrons beams The electron ga generate sharply focused electrons which are accelerated at
high voltage. This h velocity electron beam when strikes on the fluorescent screen creates
luminous spot.pic
10. The basic function of CRT? The cathode ray tube receives an electronic signals from a power
source which causes the cathode or negative electrode to release a set of electrons
corresponding to this signal which level toward the anode or positive electrode. These
transmitted electrons travel to the anode in a vacuum created through enclosure by a picture
tube and strike phosphor stripes which display a certain color according to the electric signal.
This signal must be constantly refresh, even if the color doesn't change, as the phosphor glows
for less than a second
11. Difference between LCD and CRT monitor? 1 LCD stands for "Liquid Crystal Display 1. CRT
stands for "Cathode Ray Tube. 2. Major component to build is Glass plates, nematic liquid crystal
and internal light source 2. Major component to build Vacuum glass tube, phosphor screen,
electron gun, deflection plates. 3. LCD is light, compact and thin in size. 3. CRT is weighted, bulky
and large in size. 4. Weight is Lighter 4. Weight is heavier 5. It consumes Low power 5. It consumes
High power
5.1.Between Impact and Non-impact printer? a. Impact printers create pictures and figures by
hitting a device such as a wheel or a print hammer against an inked ribbon. a. Non-impact printers
create figures and pictures without any connection between the printing device and the paper.
B. In impact printers, printing is executed by hammering a character dye or metal pin. B. by
hammering a character dye or metal pin. In non-impact printers, printing is executed by
dropping ink on paper in any manner. C. Impact printers are low in terms of speed. C. Non-impact
printers are comparatively fast in speed. They can print several pages in one minute. D. They
produce high-level noise as they have many moving parts. D. They have a low level of noise.
2.between Ink-jet printer & Laser printer? A .It is cheap in price. a. It is expensive than Inkjet
Printers. B. They have nozzle from which ink is sprayed onto paper and it gets printed. B. They do
not have nozzle. C. Ink in the cartridges is in liquid form, which dries if not used for a long time.
C. Ink is in the form of toner (powder), it does not dries up even if you don’t use it for a long time.
D. Ink should be refilled in a short span of time, which makes it quite expensive. D. Ink in these
printers lasts long. So, there is no need to refill the bar again and again.
3.What is printers? How many types of printer? A printer is a device that accepts text and
graphic output from a computer and transfers the information to paper, usually to standard-size,
8.5" by 11" sheets of paper. Printers vary in size, speed, sophistication and cost. Two types of
printer , A. Impact printer b. Non-impact printer . Impact- character printer: A type of printer
that produces characters and graphics on a piece of paper without striking. It prints by
hammering a set of metal pin or character set. Dot-matrix printer, Daisy wheel printers, line
printer are examples .line printer: A line printer is an impact printer which makes use of a
continuous feed of paper and prints one line of text at a time. Although they have been replaced
in most instances by high-speed laser printers, they are still used in some business as they are
low cost and have the ability to print on multi-part forms. Ink-jet printer: It is cheap in price. They
have nozzle from which ink is sprayed onto paper and it gets printed. Ink in the cartridges is in
liquid form, which dries if not used for a long time. Laser printer: A laser printer is a popular type
of computer printer that uses a non-impact photocopier technology where there are no keys
striking the paper. When a document is sent to the printer, a laser beam "draws" the document
on a selenium-coated drum using electrical charges.4.Working principle of laser printer,
advantages laser printer? A laser printer is a type of printer that makes use of an electrostatic
digital printing process. The working of a laser printer is quite similar to that of a photocopy
machine. It makes use of static electricity and toner powder in place of liquid ink. The application
of toner to specific areas of the paper is determined with the help of the charge difference or
static electricity. Laser printers are advantageous as they are comparatively more economical,
have a faster rate of operation, and are more efficient. Also, laser printers do not make noise and
are more stable. a. Performance b. Speed c. Reliability d. Overall Cost Disadvantages a.
Implementation Cost b. Paper Options c. Physical Size 5.Basic structure and operation of inkjet
printer? An inkjet printer is a computer peripheral that produces hard copy by spraying ink onto
paper. A typical inkjet printer can produce copy with a resolution of at least 300 dots per inch (
dpi ). Some inkjet printers can make full color hard copies at 600 dpi or more. Pic must be
6.1.what is optical disk, How many types of optical disk? An optical disk drive (ODD) uses a laser
light to read data from or write data to an optical disc. These include CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs.
This allows you to play music or watch movies using pre-recorded discs. Following are the major
types of optical disks: CD-ROM, DVD,WORM Disks, Re-Writable Optical Disks. CD-ROM: CD-ROM
stands for compact disk read-only memory. The data stored on CD-ROM can only be read. It
cannot be deleted or changed. WORM Disks: WORM stands for write once read many. It can only
be read and cannot be updated or changed. It can store greater volumes of information than CD-
ROM. Its capacity is 200 GB. Rewritable Optical Disks: It uses several technologies to combine
optical and magnetic disk technology to enable read and write storage. A 5 ½ inch rewritable disk
can store up to 5 GB. These are normally used for applications using large volumes of storage
with little update activity.
2. Describe magnetic Hard Disk and controller? A magnetic disk is a storage device that uses a
magnetization process to write, rewrite and access data. It is covered with a magnetic coating
and stores data in the form of tracks, spots and sectors. Hard disks, zip disks and floppy disks are
common examples of magnetic disks. A controller, in a computing context, is a hardware device
or a software program that manages or directs the flow of data between two entities. In
computing, controllers may be cards, microchips or separate hardware devices for the control of
a peripheral device.
3. Explain the full step operation of a stepper motor interfaced to a microprocessor? Full-step
operation is attained by energizing both of the motor's windings while alternately reversing the
current. A single pulse from the stepper motor's generator equals one step. Half-Step. In half-
step operation the stepper motor rotates at four hundred steps every revolution. Half-Step :In
half-step operation the stepper motor rotates at four hundred steps every revolution. One
winding is energizing after the other which makes the motor rotate halfway (point nine degrees).
While half-step operation offers smoother rotation than full-step, it provides roughly thirty
percent less torque. Micro step : Micro step operation divides each step into two hundred fifty-
six discrete micro steps which allow fifty-one thousand two hundred steps for each revolution
(point zero zero seven degrees per step). Micro stepping is generally used in situations where
one needs highly accurate positioning and fluid motion throughout a larger range of speeds. As
with half-step operation micro stepping improves motion control at the cost of reduced torque.
4.Magnetic Hard disk and controller? A hard disk controller's primary function is to translate the
instructions received from the computer into something that can be understood by the hard disk
and vice versa. It consists of an expansion board and its related circuitry, which is usually attached
directly to the backside of the hard disk. The instructions from a computer flow through the hard
disk adapter, into the hard disk interface and then onto the HDC, which sends commands to the
hard disk for performing that particular operation.
5.Diagram using a Rom and Ram? So, ROM is a Programmable Logic Device (PLD). A simple
example of ROM is the cartridge used in video game consoles that allows the system to run many
games. The data which is stored permanently on personal computers and other electronic
devices like smartphones, tablets, TV, AC, etc. is also an example of ROM. RAM memory stores
temporary data that means whenever you work on the computer all the working data is saved in
RAM and as soon as you shut down the computer all the data in RAM is deleted. Read Also - What
is RAM Memory? That device to Operated with the help of any operating system is the best
example of RAM Memory.
6.Describe the structure of Compact Disk(CD) briefly? The base of a CD is a clear, hard plastic ,
Known as polycarbonate. The CD is moulded from a master that form the pits and lands. The top
of the the plastic disc is coated with a reflective material, Such as aluminum, that reflects the
light of the reading laser. The entire disc is coated With a protective lacquer and a label is printed
on the top of the disc.
7.1.Between Rs23C and RS422A standards? Transfer type: a. Full duplex a. Full duplex. Maximum
distance: b.15 meters at 9600 bps b.1200 meters at 9600 bps Contacts in use: c. TxD, RxD, RTS,
CTS, DTR, DSR, DCD, GND c. TxA, TxB, RxA, RxB, GND etc. Topology: d. Point-to-Point d. Point-to-
Point. Max. Number of connected devices: E.1 E. 1 (10 devices in receive mode)
2.What is USART? 8251 universal synchronous asynchronous receiver transmitter (USART) acts
as a mediator between microprocessor and peripheral to transmit serial data into parallel form
and vice versa. It takes data serially from peripheral (outside devices) and converts into parallel
data. The UART block diagram consists of two components namely the transmitter & receiver
that is shown below. The transmitter section includes three blocks namely transmit hold register,
shift register and also control logic. Likewise, the receiver section includes a receive hold register,
shift register, and control logic.
3.Explain IC of 8251? Data bus buffer – This block helps in interfacing the internal data bus of
8251 to the system data bus. The data transmission is possible between 8251 and CPU by the
data bus buffer block. t receives a parallel byte for conversion into serial signal and further
transmission onto the common channel. TXD: It is an output signal, if its value is one, means
transmitter will transmit the data. Receive buffer –This block acts as a buffer for the received
data. RXD: An input signal which receives the data. Receive control –This block controls the
receiving data. RXRDY: An input signal indicates that it is ready to receive the data. RXC: An active-
low input signal which controls the data transmission rate of received data. pic
4.what is null modem, null used? A null modem is a specially designed cable that allows a “head-
to-head” connection between two nearby serial devices (computers) through their
communication ports (RS-232). Having a length limitation of up to 30 feet, it is most commonly
used to connect PCs within the same room for gaming and other purposes such as sending and
receiving files. A null modem is a specially designed cable that allows a “head-to-head”
connection between two nearby serial devices (computers) through their communication ports
(RS-232).
5.IEEE 488 bus structure, IEEE488 instrumentation interface? The IEEE 488 (GPIB) bus is an 8-bit
parallel multi-master interface bus that is used for short-distance communications. As the bus
became the key interface meeting multiple standards, it was termed as General Purpose
Interface Bus. Because of its flexibility, the data transmission can take place between any
instruments present in the bus having a speed appropriate for the slowest active instrument.
Advantages-This interface is widely used in most bench instruments. b. bus allows connecting
multiple instruments for a single controller. c. The hardware interface is not complex and
standard also. Disadvantages-These are hard to maintain as they occupy heavy spacing and are
bulky too. b. When compared with modern-day interfaces, IEEE 488 bus offers minimal
bandwidth. EE 488 Bus Applications A few of the applications of GPIB are: a. Used in computers
and measuring devices. b. Employed for application debugging purposes. c. Used for RS232
interfacing.
51.Explain the method of parallel data transfer? The parallel transmission defines a transmission
structure that shares multiple data bits at a similar time over separate media. In general, parallel
transmission can be used with a wired channel that uses multiple, separate wires. he figure given
below shows the concept and shows why engineers use the term parallel to characterize the
wiring. High speed − It can transmit N bits at the same time. A parallel interface can work N times
quicker than an equivalent serial interface. Match to underlying hardware − Internally, computer
and transmission hardware use parallel circuits. Thus, a parallel interface matches the internal
hardware well .- Data is sent much faster as parallel transmission can increase the transfer speed
by a factor of n over the serial transmission.
52.What are the advantages of USART? Benefits or advantages of UART: Following are the
benefits or advantages of UART: ➨Hardware complexity is low. ➨As this is one to one
connection between two devices, software addressing is not required. ➨Due to its simplicity, it
is widely used in the devices having 9 pin connector.
53.Define DTE And DCE? Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) : It includes any unit that functions
either as a source of or as a destination for binary digital data. At physical layer, it can be a
terminal, microcomputer, computer, printer, fax, machine or any other device that generates or
consumes digital data. DTEs do not often communicate information but need an intermediary to
be able to communicate. Data Circuit Terminating Equipment (DCE): It includes any functional
unit that transmit or receives data in form of an analog or digital signal through a network. At
physical layer, a DCE takes data generated by a DTE, converts them to an appropriate signal, and
then introduces signal onto telecommunication link. Commonly used DCEs at this layer include
modems. In any network, a DTE generates digital data and passes them to a DCE.
54.Explain The methods of parallel data transfer? Data transmission refers to the process of
transferring data between two or more digital devices. Data is transmitted from one device to
another in analog or digital format. Basically, data transmission enables devices or components
within devices to speak to each other. transmission: When data is sent or received using serial
data transmission, the data bits are organized in a specific order, since they can only be sent one
after another. The order of the data bits is important as it dictates how the transmission is
organized when it is received. It is viewed as a reliable data transmission method because a data
bit is only sent if the previous data bit has already been received.pic parallel transmission: When
data is sent using parallel data transmission, multiple data bits are transmitted over multiple
channels at the same time. This means that data can be sent much faster than using serial
transmission methods.pic
55.Why RS-232-C Equipment connect With a NULL MODEM Connection? Connecting Two
Devices With a serial Cable: The RS-232 standard defines the two devices connected with a serial
cables as the data terminal Equipment (DTE) and Data circuit terminating Equipment (DCE). This
terminology reflect the RS-232 origin as a standard for communication between a computer
terminal and mode.