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Discrete Probability and Counting

The document covers key concepts in discrete probability and counting techniques, including probability theory, Bayes' Theorem, expected value, and variance. It discusses advanced counting techniques such as recurrence relations, generating functions, and the Inclusion-Exclusion Principle, along with their applications. Examples are provided to illustrate the concepts, including Fibonacci sequences and divide-and-conquer algorithms.

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Venky 12A
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35 views2 pages

Discrete Probability and Counting

The document covers key concepts in discrete probability and counting techniques, including probability theory, Bayes' Theorem, expected value, and variance. It discusses advanced counting techniques such as recurrence relations, generating functions, and the Inclusion-Exclusion Principle, along with their applications. Examples are provided to illustrate the concepts, including Fibonacci sequences and divide-and-conquer algorithms.

Uploaded by

Venky 12A
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Discrete Probability and Counting Techniques

4.2 Probability Theory


Probability theory is the mathematical study of randomness and uncertainty. It provides a
framework for quantifying the likelihood of events occurring. Key concepts include sample
spaces, events, and probability distributions.

4.3 Bayes' Theorem


Bayes' Theorem describes how to update probabilities based on new evidence:

P(A | B) = (P(B | A) * P(A)) / P(B)

where P(A | B) is the probability of A given B, P(B | A) is the probability of B given A, and
P(A) and P(B) are the independent probabilities of A and B.

4.4 Expected Value and Variance


The expected value (mean) of a random variable X is:

E[X] = Sum (x * P(X = x))

Variance measures the spread of a distribution:

Var(X) = E[X^2] - (E[X])^2

4.5 Advanced Counting Techniques: Recurrence Relations


Recurrence relations define sequences based on previous terms. They are useful in counting
problems and algorithm analysis.

Example: Fibonacci sequence:


F(n) = F(n-1) + F(n-2), with F(0) = 0, F(1) = 1.

4.6 Solving Linear Recurrence Relations


Linear recurrence relations can be solved using characteristic equations.

Example: Solve F(n) = 2F(n-1) + 3F(n-2).

Find characteristic equation: r^2 - 2r - 3 = 0.

4.7 Divide-and-Conquer Algorithms and Recurrence Relations


Divide-and-conquer algorithms break problems into smaller subproblems.
Example: Merge Sort:
T(n) = 2T(n/2) + O(n). Solve using recurrence techniques.

4.8 Generating Functions


Generating functions encode sequences as power series.

Example:
G(x) = Sum (a_n * x^n).

Useful in solving recurrence relations and combinatorial counting.

4.9 Inclusion-Exclusion Principle


Inclusion-Exclusion Principle counts elements in overlapping sets.

|A Union B| = |A| + |B| - |A Intersection B|.

For three sets:


|A Union B Union C| = |A| + |B| + |C| - |A Intersection B| - |A Intersection C| - |B Intersection
C| + |A Intersection B Intersection C|.

4.10 Applications of Inclusion-Exclusion


Applications include:
1. Counting surjective functions.
2. Counting derangements.
3. Probability of at least one event occurring.
4. Euler's Totient Function (coprime counting).
5. Hamiltonian Paths in Graph Theory.

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