[Music]
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ever wondered how some cars respond so
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well to the driver
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it because the steering system
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great handling makes you feel safe and
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in control
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a proper steering system mechanism is
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necessary
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to effectively control the vehicle with
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safety during its entire speed range
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without much effort
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it should also be able to tackle wide
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variations of road surfaces bumps and
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bounces to the vehicle
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it is the basic feature of the vehicle
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to be steered straight and maintained at
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that position or turned at the driver's
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will without putting much efforts to do
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so
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it is also necessary that the moving
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vehicle is under drivers perfect control
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in order to avoid any accident
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the system allows a driver to use only
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light forces to steer a heavy car
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steering is also possible by the turning
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of the rear wheels which is generally
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used in low-speed slow floor vehicles
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for lifting and transporting the heavy
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parts like in the forklift
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so in this video we will explain how a
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car steering system works and how the
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simple act of turning your steering will
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makes the car corner
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and also we look into steering basics
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acromand steering power steering and
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four wheel steering later in this video
How does the Steering System Works?
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the most conventional steering
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arrangement is to turn the front wheels
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using a hand operated steering wheel
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which is positioned in front of the
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driver via the steering column
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which may contain universal joints to
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allow it to deviate somewhat from a
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straight line
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other arrangements are found on
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different types of vehicles for example
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a tiller or rear while steering
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tracked vehicles such as bulldozers and
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tanks usually employ differential
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steering that is the tracks are made to
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move at different speeds or even in
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opposite directions using clutches and
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brakes to achieve a change of direction
Steering Mechanism
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do you know steering a vehicle is pretty
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easy stuff
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it seems so simple but it's really not
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let's take a look at what your vehicle's
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moving parts are actually doing
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a group of parts called the steering
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system transmits the movement of the
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steering wheel down to the steering
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shaft to move the wheels left and right
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although car wheels will don't turn at
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same angle
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as you turn the steering wheel the
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steering shaft rotates the pinion gear
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the teeth of the pinion gear and the
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steering rack interlock as the pinion
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rotate
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this rotation will push the rack when
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the rack moves the attached rods and
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steering knuckles act as pivot points
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and turn the front tires
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for examples rotating the steering wheel
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to the left will push the rack to the
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right pivoting the front tires to the
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left
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the more you turn the steering wheel the
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more rack is pushed and the sharper the
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turn will be
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little confusing well don't worry you
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don't have to be a mechanic to steer a
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vehicle but we wanted you to have visual
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of exactly that is occurring when you
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make that turn of the wheel
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although there are many moving parts and
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words you have never heard of with
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little effort and the help of your
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steering system it's easy to steer your
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vehicle
Physics of the Wheel
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when we turn the front wheels all the
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vehicle wheels turn in that direction
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but why does the car follow a precise
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curve after steering instead of
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proceeding in a straight line
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to find the answer to this question we
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need to know the physics of the wheel
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for a wheel to a work effectively the
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velocity of the wheel at the contact
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point should always be zero
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this will make sure that there won't be
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any slippage between the stationary road
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and the wheel at the contact point but
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how can a moving will have zero velocity
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at a point on its surface
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this condition is possible because it
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has two separate types of velocities
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acting on it one is the rotational
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velocity of the wheel and the other one
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is a translational velocity of the wheel
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here you'll notice that the rotational
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velocity of the car is inclined but the
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translational velocities is straight
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both the velocities have different
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magnitude and directions
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due to this the velocities will not
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cancel each other out and this will lead
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to skidding
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the only way to avoid this skidding and
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achieve the zero velocity condition is
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to make sure the translational velocity
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is also inclined and equal in the
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direction
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this is only possible when the whole car
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turns with respect to a particular
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center point
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but there's a problem when the whole car
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is turning the two front wheels of the
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car will not be covering the same
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distance here all four wheels meet the
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perfect conditions of rolling
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for such a perfect turn the
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perpendicular lines from the front
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wheels should meet rear-wheel axis at a
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common point
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here you'll notice that the wheels of
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the car have different parts of motion
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in the rear wheels this is done with the
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help of a differential gear
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and in front wheels this is done with
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the help of a design principle called
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the acroman steering
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if you observe carefully you will note
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that the angles turned by the left and
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right wheels are not the same
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this is done to compensate for the
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different distances each of these tires
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travel without slipping
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this means that for perfect steering the
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left and right wheels should turn at
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different angles
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[Music]
Basics of Steering System
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steering basics
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to obtain a good alignment it is
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necessary to understand the following
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factors
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camber caster
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kingpin inclination
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toen and toe out
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camber
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it is the angle between the vertical
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axis of a wheel and the vertical axis of
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the vehicle when viewed from the front
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or rear
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when the wheels are tilted outwards at
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the top is called positive camber
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and if tilted inward then it is called
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as negative camber
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an equal camber angle is provided on
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both the front wheels
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with the positive camber wheels become
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vertical under load on the tire will
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have full contact with the road and the
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tire wear will be uniform
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if the positive camber is excessive than
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tires outer edge will wear out faster
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if the negative camber is excessive the
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tires inner edge will wear out faster
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[Music]
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the caster angle is the angle formed by
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the forward or backward tilt of the
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steering axis from the vertical when
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viewed from the side of the wheel
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a backward tilt is known as a positive
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caster
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and a forward tilt is known as a
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negative caster
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if the caster is not equal on both sides
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it will cause the vehicle to pull to the
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side of the wheel having a lesser caster
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angle
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the main purpose of caster is to
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maintain directional stability and
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control to increase steering stability
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and to reduce drive effort to turn the
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vehicle
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kingpin inclination
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the angle between the vehicle line and
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center of the kingpin or steering axis
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when viewed from the front of the
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vehicle is known as kingpin inclination
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it must be equal on both sides
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it is greater on one side than the other
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the vehicle will tend to pull to the
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side having a greater angle
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the main functions of kingpin
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inclination is that it helps in
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self-centering of wheels after taking a
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turn
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to provide directional stability and
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also it reduces steering effort
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towing and tow out
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front wheels are slightly tilted inward
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the distance is less at the front and
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more at the rear when it is measured at
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the height of the hub level then it is
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called as toe in
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if the distance is more at the front and
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less at the rear then it is called toe
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out
Four Bar Steering
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and now let's find out how a four bar
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steering and ackerman steering mechanism
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works
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the four bar steering mechanism consists
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of a fixed link that is connected by two
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short pivot links and a tie rod
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there are wheels on both sides of the
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steering
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when the car turns only the tie rod
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moves
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in this if you rotate the steering wheel
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to the right the tie rod moves to the
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left and if you steer the vehicle to the
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left then the tie rod moves to the right
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like an opposite direction
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in this mechanism the slip angle will be
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the same
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the slip angle is the angle created from
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the center line of the wheel if both
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angles are equal then the vehicle will
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not turn properly it's because if a car
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completes a full turn the vehicle must
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be in motion of circle
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when the four wheels rotate on the axis
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of the center point it is known as the
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true rolling condition
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the true rolling condition is the front
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wheels are rotated with a minimum slip
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to turn the car
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in this situation the outer wheel of the
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car will have to travel more than the
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inner wheel
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for this reason we have to rotate both
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the wheels at different angles
Ackermann Steering
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in acromand steering the tie rod length
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will be reduced as compared to four bar
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steering
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as a result both the operative small
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link will be inclined in a way that its
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axis will be connected to the rear axle
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center
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when you turn the vehicle the wheels
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will be turn at the different slip
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angles when you release the steering the
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vehicle's straightening force helps to
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bring back steering to its initial
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position
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in this mechanism the wheel turns at the
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different slip angle the four wheel
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center axis will meet at the
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instantaneous center point at both sides
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which helps to turn the vehicle with the
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its true rolling conditions
Power Steering System
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power steering system
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the power steering is a system that
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reduces the effort required of the
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driver to turn the steering wheel
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without power assist the steering of
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most vehicles would be extremely heavy
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particularly during low speed maneuvers
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such as pulling into a parking spot
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turning a 90 degree corner in the city
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or driving in a crowded gas station
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the first power steering system fitted
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to a production car was in the 1951
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chrysler imperial and the competition
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quickly followed suit
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there are three types of power steering
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systems are available
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they are
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hydraulic power steering
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electric power or motor driven power
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steering
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and electro hydraulic power steering
Hydraulic Power Steering
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hydraulic power steering uses hydraulic
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fluid that's pressurized by a pump
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driven off the engine
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electric power steering system or eps
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uses electric motors that draws energy
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from the vehicle's electrical system to
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provide the steering assistance instead
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of hydraulic system
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yes you can drive without power steering
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that does not mean you should
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driving without power steering for a
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long time can damage your pump which be
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a lot more expensive to repair
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and also parking and quick steering
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become extremely difficult
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[Music]
Electric Power Steering
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the electric power steering is more
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efficient and works to the point
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it improves fuel economy by a few
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percent
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as the electric motor only draws power
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when needed it eliminates the hydraulic
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fluid maintenance and it also enables a
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variety of features
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steering is a system employed by some
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vehicles to improve steering response
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and to increase vehicle stability while
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driving at high speed or to decrease
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turning radius at low speed
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in an active four-wheel steering system
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all four wheels turn at the same time
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when the driver steers
Electro-Hydraulic Power Steering
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in most cases the rear wheels are
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steered by a computer and actuators
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the rear wheels generally cannot turn as
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far as the front wheels
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at low speed the rear wheels turn
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opposite to the front wheels reducing
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the turning radius is sometimes critical
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for large trucks tractors vehicles with
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trailers and passenger cars with a large
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wheelbase
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so that's it thanks for watching if you
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still have any questions let me know in
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the comments
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do you know suspension is one of the
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most important function in your car
Can drive without Power Steering
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but which type of suspension system will
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help your car to run smoother and more
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comfortable
