Laboratory Activity 3:
Title: Measuring Horizontal Distances Using Total Station
Objective: To measure horizontal distances between two points using a total station and verify the
accuracy of the measurement.
Apparatus:
Total Station
Tripod
Reflector Prism
Measuring Tape
Plumb Bob
Markers
Notebook and Pen for Recording
Theory
A Toatal Station is an instrument used for surveying that combines an electronic theodolite with an
electronic distance meter (EDM). It measures angles and distances electronically and process the
data to determine the horizontal distance between two points.
Principles of Distance Measurement
The total station emits an infrared light wave that reflects off the prism or the target point. The
phase difference between the transmitted and received signal is used to calculate the distance.
The horizontal distance (HD) between the total station and the target is given by:
HD = SD x cosZ
where:
HD =Horizontal Distance
SD = Slope Distance measured by the total station
Z = Zenith angle (angle measured from the vertical axis)
Procedure
Step 1: Setting Up the Total Station
1. Select the Station Point: Choose a stable open location for placing the total station.
2. Set Up Tripod: Extend the legs of the tripod and position it approximately over the survey station.
3. Attach the Total Station: Secure the total station onto the tripod using the mounting screw.
4. Level the Instrument:
a. Use the circular bubble level for rough leveling
b. Adjust the foot screw while observing the electronic bubble on the screen to achieve
precise leveling.
5. Center Over the Station Point:
a. Use a plumb bob or optical plummet to center the total station over the marked station
point.
Step 2: Target Setup
1. Place the Prism at the Target Point:
a. Fix the prism on a tripod at the second survey point.
b. Ensure the prism is at the same height as the tatol station (if necessary).
c. Level the prism stand.
Step 3: Measuring Horizontal Distance
1. Power on the Total Station
2. Set the Instrument to Measurement Mode : Select “Distance Measurement Mode’ from the menu.
3. Sight the Prism (or Target Point):
a. Use the telescope to align the crosshairs on the prism.
b. Adjust the focus for a clear view.
4. Record the Distance Measurement:
a. Press the “Measure” button.
b. The total station will display the slope distance (SD), Zenith angle (Z), and horizontal
distance (HD).
c. Record the HD value in your field notebook.
Step 4: Verification
1. Compare the Measurement: Use a measuring tape to verify the accuracy.
2. Repeat the Measurement: Take multiple readings to minimize errors.
5. Precautions
a. Ensure the total station is properly level before taking measurements.
b. Avoid obstructions between the total station and the prism to prevent signal loss.
c. Take measurements under stable weather conditions to minimize atmospheric errors.
d. Use a well-calibrated total station to ensure accuracy.
6. Tabulation
Station ID Target ID Slope Zenith Horizontal Tape Difference Relative
Distance Angle (Z) Distance Measured Precision
(SD) (m) (°) (HD) (m) Distance (m)
7. Conclusion/Suggestion/Recommendation:
