Index

Sr. Topic Page No. Remarks

No.

1. Information Communication
Technology

2. Introduction of Computer
3. Data Processing
4. Memory Unit
5. Types of Computer
6. Generation of Computers
7. MS Windows
8. Operating System
9. The Desktop
10. Windows Accessories
11. Hardware( Input and Output
Devices)
12. Software
13. Multimedia
14 Internet
15. WWW & Web Page
16. E-mail
17. E- Learning
18. Virus
19. Virtual Education
20. MS Word
21. MS Excel
22. MS PowerPoint
23. Smart Classroom
24. Microsoft Teams
25. Google Class
I.C.T. (Information Communication Technology)
Meaning and concept: -
Stands for "Information and Communication Technologies." ICT refers to technologies
that provide access to information through telecommunications. It is similar to
Information Technology (IT), but focuses primarily on communication technologies. This
includes the Internet, wireless networks, cell phones, and other communication mediums.

In the past few decades, information and communication technologies have provided
society with a vast array of new communication capabilities. For example, people can
communicate in real-time with others in different countries using technologies. Social
networking websites allow users from all over the world to remain in contact and
communicate on a regular basis.

Modern information and communication technologies have created a "global village," in

which people can communicate with others across the world as if they were living next
door.

Teaching and Learning with ICT

Introduction
This document explains how ICT can enhance teaching & learning, and also covers
strategies for classroom use of ICT. The unit is suitable for all teachers, but especially for
those who are new to the profession.

Why ICT?
Why should schools and teachers work towards increasing the use of ICT in education?
There are two main reasons. Firstly, consider the potential of ICT to change the nature of
work and leisure over the next twenty years. Today’s children need to develop the skills
which will enable them (and society as a whole) to benefit from new opportunities
offered by ICT. Secondly, there is a growing body of academic research, such as the
Interactive Education project at Bristol University in the UK which demonstrates how
ICT enhances the quality of teaching and learning in schools, and thus contributes to the
raising of standards of achievement in education.
Benefits of ICT in Education
General benefits
● Greater efficiency throughout the school.
● Communication channels are increased through email, discussion groups and chat
rooms
● Regular use of ICT across different curriculum subjects can have a beneficial
motivational influence on students’ learning (Cox 1997)

Benefits for teachers

● ICT facilitates sharing of resources, expertise and advice
● Greater flexibility in when and where tasks are carried out
● Gains in ICT literacy skills, confidence and enthusiasm
● Easier planning and preparation of lessons and designing materials
● Access to up-to-date pupil and school data, anytime and anywhere
● Enhancement of professional image projected to colleagues
● Students are generally more ‘on task’ and express more positive feelings when they use
computers than when they are given other tasks to do.
● Computer use during lessons motivated students to continue using learning outside
school hours.

Benefits for students

● Higher quality lessons through greater collaboration between teachers in planning and
preparing resources
● More focused teaching, tailored to students’ strengths and weaknesses, through better
analysis of attainment data.
● Improved pastoral care and behaviour management through better tracking of students
● Gains in understanding and analytical skills, including improvements in reading
comprehension
● Development of writing skills (including spelling, grammar, punctuation, editing and
re-drafting), also fluency, originality and elaboration.
● Encouragement of independent and active learning, and self-responsibility for learning
● Flexibility of ‘anytime, anywhere’ access.
● Development of higher level learning styles.
● Students who used educational technology in school felt more successful in school,
were more motivated to learn and have increased self-confidence and self-esteem
● Students found learning in a technology-enhanced setting more stimulating and
student-centred than in a traditional classroom.
● Broadband technology supports the reliable and uninterrupted downloading of web-
hosted educational multimedia resources
● Opportunities to address their work to an external audience.
● Opportunities to collaborate on assignments with people outside or inside school.
(Benefits for parents)
● Easier communication with teachers
● Higher quality student reports – more legible, more detailed, better presented
● Greater access to more accurate attendance and attainment information
● Increased involvement in education for parents and, in some cases, improved self-
esteem
● Increased knowledge of children’s learning and capabilities, owing to increase in
learning activity being situated in the home
● Parents are more likely to be engaged in the school community

You will see that ICT can have a positive impact across a very wide range of aspects of
school life.

ICT and Raising Standards

Recent research also points to ICT as a significant contributory factor in the raising of
standards of achievement in schools.

• Schools judged by the UK school inspectors Ousted to have very good ICT
resources achieved better results than schools with poor ICT.
• Schools that made good use of ICT within a subject tended to have better
achievement in that subject than other schools.
• Socio-economic circumstances and prior performance of pupils were not found to
be critical.

Advantages and Disadvantages of ICT tools for education

3 Main advantages of ICT tools for education
1‧ Through ICT, images can easily be used in teaching and improving the retentive memory
of students.
2‧ Through ICT, teachers can easily explain complex instructions and ensure students'
comprehension.
3‧ Through ICT, teachers are able to create interactive classes and make the lessons more
enjoyable, which could improve student attendance and concentration.

3 Main disadvantages of ICT tools for education

1‧ Setting up the devices can be very troublesome.
2‧ Too expensive to afford
3‧ Hard for teachers to use with a lack of experience using ICT tools
Classroom communication:
The use of information and communication technology (ICT) such as Internet
applications, CD-ROMs, video technology and various computer attachments and
software programs have caused many changes in society. Many of the major institutions
of our society have changed and the way we live our daily lives have been impacted.
However, the impact on education may just beginning to be felt as teachers integrate this
new technology into their teaching.
Concept of Tele-communication
Telecommunication is the exchange of information over significant distances by
electronic means. A complete, single telecommunications circuit consists of two stations,
each equipped with a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter and receiver at any
station may be combined into a single device called a transceiver. The medium of signal
transmission can be electrical wire or cable (also known as "copper"), optical fiber or
electromagnetic fields. The free-space transmission and reception of data by means of
electromagnetic fields is called wireless.

However, it is common for multiple transmitting and receiving stations to exchange data
among themselves. Such an arrangement is called a telecommunication network. The
Internet is the largest example. On a smaller scale, examples include:

• Corporate and academic wide-area networks (WANs)

• Telephone networks
• Police and fire communications systems
• Taxicab dispatch networks
• Groups of amateur radio operators.
 Computer System
Computer is an electronic device. It’s capable of solving lengthy and the difficult
calculations by accepting the data as the input and processes it at very good speed and
produce the desire information through output as its accuracy that is called computer.

Characteristics of computer
a. Speed: Computer can work very fast. It takes only few seconds for calculations
that we take hours to complete.
b. Accuracy: The degree of accuracy of computer is very high and every calculation
is performed with the same accuracy. The accuracy level is determined on the
basis of programming of computer. The errors in computer are due to human and
inaccurate data.
c. Diligence: A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration, fatigue, etc. It
can work for hours without creating any error.
d. Versatility: It means the capacity to perform completely different type of work.
You may use your computer to prepare payroll slips. Next moment you may use it
for inventory management or to prepare electric bills.
e. Storage: the computer has an in-built memory where it can store a large amount
of data. You can also store data in secondary storage devices as floppies, pen
drives, portable hard disks which can be kept outside your computer and can be
carried to other computer.

Limitations of computer
a. Computer can’t do its work by own.
b. It depends upon the human beings.
c. It can’t execute more than one information at a time.
d. Computer is dumb machine and it can’t do any work without instruction from the user.
Data Processing
The task of using data to produced useful information is called Data Processing.
The data can be process by three ways:-
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Output

1. Input: This is the process of entering data and programs into the computer
system. Therefore the input takes data to the computer is an organized manner for
processing.
2. Processing: The input data when accepted by the C.P.U. for the result in that time
it will be first processed then it can able to give us the result. This result may be
right or wrong.
3. Output: After processing the data result given and that result when displays on
the monitor at that time it is output.
It we want to collect it through printer then it will be output device.
Secondary
Storage device

Memory Unit

Input Device Control Unit Output Device

Arithmetical
Logical Unit

(Data Processing Flow Chart)

Flow of Data

Flow of Control
 Memory Unit
Memory Unit:- This unit refers for storing the information and give the information at
real time. Memory is used to store both data and information.
Memory is divided into two parts:
(A) Primary Memory
(B) Secondary Memory

(A) Primary Memory: - It is also called Main memory or the central memory. This
memory is resides in the motherboard. It is volatile in nature.
This memory of the computer is two types:
(i) RAM
(ii) ROM

(i) RAM: - It stands for “Random Access Memory”. It is actual memory of the
computer which we can use for programming. The content of this memory is
temporary and will ripe out when it power goes off.

There are two types of RAM:-

(a) DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory):- Dynamic random-access

memory (DRAM) is a type of random-access memory that stores each bit of data
in a separate capacitor within an integrated circuit. The capacitor can be either
charged or discharged; these two states are taken to represent the two values of a
bit, conventionally called 0 and 1. It is a dynamic memory as opposed to SRAM
and other static memory.

(b) SRAM (Static Random Access Memory):- Static random-access memory

(SRAM) is a type of semiconductor memory that uses bistable latching circuitry
to store each bit. The term static differentiates it from dynamic RAM (DRAM)
which must be periodically refreshed.

(ii) ROM:- It stands for “ Read Only Memory”. By this memory computer can
only read the information. It made up of semiconductor materials. It is a
personal memory when to save our data directly represents ROM.
There are two types of ROM
(a) PROM: - It stands for “Programmable Read Only Memory”. If we want
to change the contents of ROM partly then it known as PROM. It
generally used by the computer manufacturer. We can use it in the
advance stage of the computer programming.
(b) EPROM:- It stands for “Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory”. If
we want to change the whole content of the RAM and programming of
that. It is known as EPROM.
 TYPES OF COMPUTERS
Computers can be classified based on their principles of operation or on their
configuration. By configuration, we mean the size, speed of doing computation and
storage capacity of a computer.

Types of Computers based on Principles of Operation

There are three different types of computers according to the principles of operation.
Those three types of computers are

• Analog Computers
• Digital Computers
• Hybrid Computers

Analog Computers
Analog Computer is a computing device that works on continuous range of values. The
results given by the analog computers will only be approximate since they deal with
quantities that vary continuously. It generally deals with physical variables such as
voltage, pressure, temperature, speed, etc.

Digital Computers
On the other hand, a digital computer operates on digital data such as numbers. It uses
binary number system in which there are only two digits 0 and 1. Each one is called a bit.

The digital computer is designed using digital circuits in which there are two levels for an
input or output signal known as logic 0 and logic 1. Digital Computers can give more
accurate and faster results.

Digital computer is well suited for solving complex problems in engineering and
technology. Hence digital computers have an increasing use in the field of design,
research and data processing.
Based on the purpose, Digital computers can be further classified as,

• General Purpose Computers

• Special Purpose Computers

Special purpose computer is one that is built for a specific application. General purpose
computers are used for any type of applications. They can store different programs and
do the jobs as per the instructions specified on those programs. Most of the computers are
general purpose computers.

Hybrid Computers
A hybrid computer combines the desirable features of analog and digital computers. It is
mostly used for automatic operations of complicated physical processes and machines.
Now-a-days analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters are used for transforming
the data into suitable form for either type of computation.

For example, in hospital’s ICU, analog devices might measure the patients temperature,
blood pressure and other vital signs. Hybrid computers are mainly used for specialized
tasks.

Types of Computers based on Configuration

There are four different types of computers when we classify them based on their
performance and capacity. The four types are -

• Super Computers
• Mainframe Computers
• Mini Computers
• Micro Computers
Super Computers
When we talk about types of computers, the first type that comes to our mind would be
Super computers. They are the best in terms of processing capacity and also the most
expensive ones. These computers can process billions of instructions per second.
Normally, they will be used for applications which require intensive numerical
computations such as stock analysis, weather forecasting etc. Other uses of
supercomputers are scientific simulations, (animated) graphics, fluid dynamic
calculations, nuclear energy research, electronic design, and analysis of geological data
(e.g. in petrochemical prospecting).

As of July 2009, the IBM Roadrunner, located at Los Alamos National Laboratory,
is the fastest super computer in the world.

Mainframe Computers
Mainframe computers can also process data at very high speed i.e., hundreds of millions
instructions per second and they are also quite expensive. Normally, they are used in
banking, airlines and railways etc for their applications.

Mini Computers
Mini computers are lower to mainframe computers in terms of speed and storage
capacity. They are also less expensive than mainframe computers. Some of the features
of mainframes will not be available in mini computers. Hence, their performance also
will be less than that of mainframes.

Micro Computers
The invention of microprocessor (single chip CPU) gave birth to the much cheaper micro
computers. They are further classified into

• Desktop Computers
• Laptop Computers
• Handheld Computers(PDAs)

Desktop Computers

Today the Desktop computers are the most popular computer systems. These desktop
computers are also known as personal computers or simply PCs. They are usually easier
to use and more affordable. They are normally intended for individual users for their
word processing and other small application requirements.
Laptop Computers

Laptop computers are portable computers. They are lightweight computers with a thin
screen. They are also called as notebook computers because of their small size. They can
operate on batteries and hence are very popular.

Handheld Computers

Handheld computers or Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) are

pen-based and also battery-powered. They are small and can be
carried anywhere. They use a pen like stylus and accept
handwritten input directly on the screen. They are not as powerful
as desktops or laptops but they are used for scheduling
appointments, storing addresses and playing games. They have
touch screens which we use with a finger or a stylus

Generation of Computers
Generation Year Physical Memory Size Speed Main
Size Components
1st 1946-55 Largest Smallest Slowest Vacuum Tube

2nd 1956-65 Larger Smaller Slower Transistors

3rd 1966-75 Large Small Slow Integrated

Circuits
4th 1976-85 Small Large Fast L.S.I.C.

5th 1986- Smaller Larger Faster V.L.S.I.C.

onwards
 Windows
&
Operation System and its functions
MS Windows: -
Windows is an operating system that runs on your pc. It provides very friendly
Graphical User Interface.
Windows runs each program or document in its own separate window and a window
is box or frame on the screen.

Introduction to Operating System: -

Computer is a machine which can understand only electrical pulse, but the user gives
instructions in language not understood by the computer and therefore there is a gap
bridged. This bridging is done by special software known as the Operating System.
This is the only interface that the user has with the computer.

An operating system is a set of programs to control the hardware and mange the
computers resources.

The Various functions performed by the operating system are:-

1. It conducts a process called as booting.
(a) Cold booting
(b) Warm Booting

“The starting process of the computer system is called Booting.”

2. It loads the user program into memory.
3. Gives instructions to display the result on the monitor.
4. Provides the means for the proper use of the resources like memory, input and
output device, etc.
5. The operating system software controls the computer hardware.
6. The operating system software allows the user to interact with the hardware to
obtain results.
My computer- My computer gives you quick access to all the major parts of your
computer including the hard disk, floppy, CD-ROM, and networked, etc.

Desktop: When you start windows the large area you see is called Desktop. You can
customize the desktop by adding shortcuts to your favorite programs, documents and
printers and changing its look to fit your mood and personality.
To adjust setting such as desktop color and background, use your right mouse button to
click anywhere on the desktop and then click on properties.

Title bar: The title bar displays the name of the currently active word document. It can
be used to alter the size and location of the window.

Scroll bar.: The Scroll bar helps you scroll the content or body of document. You can do
so by moving the elevator button along the scroll bar, or by click in on the buttons with
the arrow marked on them to move up and down and left and right of a page.

Status Bar: - the Status bar displays information about the currently active document.
This includes the page number that you are working, the column and line number of the
cursor position and so on.

Shortcut: to start the explorer you know that you have click start button, select program
and click on the windows explorer option. Instead of doing all such things you can create
a shortcut on the desktop window to easy job of activating to any application.

Recycle Bin: the Recycle Bin is the Trash Can for windows. Anything you delete in
windows goes into Recycle Bin and stays there until you either retrieve the delete items
or empty the Recycle Bin.

Folder: - Your documents and programs are stored in folders in order to remember the
storage of your files easily. These folders can be seen either in My Computer or in
Windows Explorer.

Windows Explorer:- In w\Windows Explorer, you can see both the hierarchy of folders
on your computer and all the files and folders in each selected folder. This is especially
useful for coping and moving files.

Windows Accessories: -
1. Calculator: - Calculator is meant for solving mathematical, scientific & statistical
problems.
There are tow different calculators:-
a. Standard
b. Scientific
2. Notepad:- Notepad is just like your normal paper. In computer you can use Notepad
to create or edit text files. It is one of the Text Editors
You can make New files, Save Files, Cut the matter, Copy the matter, Paste the
matter, Delete/clear the matter, Search a letter and a word and a line. You can insert
the system date and time also.
3. Paint: - Paint is the one of the important tool in windows. Using this you can
(i) Design picture
(ii) Edit dialog boxes
(iii)You can make your drawing as a back ground for your desktop of windows.
4. WordPad: - WordPad also one of the text editor like notepad. It is simple word
processing program. Though better than Note Pad, it is still falls short of full fledged
word processing software.
5. clipboard:- The clipboard is a software facility that can be used for short-term data
storage and/or data transfer between documents or applications, via copy and paste
operations. It is most commonly a part of a GUI environment and is usually
implemented as an anonymous, temporary data buffer that can be accessed from most
or all programs within the environment via defined programming interfaces. A typical
application accesses clipboard functionality by mapping user input (key bindings,
menu selections, etc.) to these interfaces.

Icons: Icons are small, pictorial symbols with meaningful names representing folders,
documents, programs, my computer, etc.

Icons are of four types which are follows:

1. DISK DRIVE Icons
2. Application Icon
3. Shortcut Icon
4. Document Icon

Setting System Date and Time:-

This option allows you to change Date, Time and other information which you have fed
in the computer at the time of installing Windows or otherwise.

Change the Date and Time:-

Clicking on this icon would lead to the dialog box of Date and Time from which you
make various changes.
Hardware (Input and Output Device)
INPUT DEVICES
The input unit is formed by the input devices attached to the computer. Ex -
Keyboard, Microphone etc. An input unit takes the input & converts it into
binary form so that it can be understood by the computer.

KEYBOARD:- This is most commonly used device which acts as input device. Its
structure is like typewriter. It contains no. of keys which have some specific ASCII
values. Like ‘A’ has ASCII value 65. When this is pressed, it is converted into 65 & this
65 is sent to CPU in the form of Binary language (i.e. 1000001). Then operations are
done on this data.

MOUSE:- This is a pointing device which contains a roller in its base. When the
mouse is moved on any surface, the pointer on the screen is also moved. It contains a
potentiometer coupled with the roller. This potentiometer senses the motion of mouse &
converts it into digital value. A mouse may contain two or three buttons. Now a day's
optical mouse is very popular.

BAR CODE READER: - It is a device which is used to read the code from the
products which are usually in the form of Bars. It contains a light sensitive detector which
identifies the values of the bars on the product & converts them into numeric code. These
bar readers are used in Shopping malls on a very large scale.

DIGITAL CAMERA:- As the name specifies, these camera stores the data
digitally, which then can be stored in the computer & can be stored for a long time. But it
has very limited storage capacity. These are very popular because of less expensive
photographs & Speed.

LIGHT PEN:- It is a pointing device which contains a photocell mounted at its tip. It
senses the light from the screen when it becomes closer to the screen, & generates a
pulse. So for identifying a particular location on the screen these light pens are very
useful. But this is not in very much in use these days.

SCANNER: -The scanner is an input device like the photocopier machine which
makes the electronic copy of the picture or document which can be further edited.

MIC's or MICROPHONES: -The scanner is an input device like the photocopier

machine which makes the electronic copy of the picture or document which can be
further edited
 Output Devices
The devices which are used to display the data to the user either in the form of hard copy
or soft copy are called output devices.

SPEAKERS

Speakers receive the sound in the form of electric current from the sound card & convert
it to sound format. These are used for listening music, chatting , seminars for
presentations etc.

VDU (Visual Display Unit)

This is also called monitor. It is used to get the data in the form of soft copy. Their
functioning is exactly similar to the television. It contains a CRT which emits the
electrons to trace a regular pattern of horizontal lines on the screen.

PRINTER

These devices give the hard copy of the output. These are in different types.
✓ Impact - Have mechanical contact in between paper & printing head
✓ Non Impact - No mechanical contact between paper & printing head

IMPACT :

Line Printers - print line wise (E.g. Drum Printer)

Character Printer - print character wise (E.g. Daisy Printer)

NON IMPACT -
• Electromagnet Printers
• Thermal Printers
• Electrostatic Printers
• Inkjet Printers
• Laser Printers

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

These screens are used in laptops & notebook sized PCs. A special type of liquid is
sandwiched between two plates. The top plate is clear & bottom plate is reflective. The
molecules in these liquids are normally aligned & the computer signals are used to align
these molecules
Software
Software represents the set of programs that govern the operation of a computer system
and make the hardware run.
Software can be classified into three categories:
1. Operating System
2. Language Processors
3. Application Software

OPERATING SYSTEM
An operating system is a program which acts as an interface between a user & the
hardware (i.e., all computer resources).An operating system is an important component of
a computer system which controls all other components of the computer system.
The operating system performs the following function:
1. Provide the instruction to prepare user- interface.
2. Loads necessary program which are required for proper computer functioning.
3. Manages the way information is stored on & retrieved from disks.

LANGUAGE PROCESSORS
ASSEMBLER: This language processor converts the program written in assembly
language into machine language.
INTERPRETER: This language processor converts a HLL program into machine
language by converting it line- by- line. If there is any error in any line, it reports it at the
same time & program execution can not resume until the error is rectified.
COMPILER: It also converts the HLL program into machine language. It converts the
entire HLL program in one go, & reports all the errors of the program along with the line
numbers. After all the errors are removed, the program is recompiled, & after that the
compiler is not needed in the memory as the object program is available.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Application software is the set of programs necessary to carry out operations for a
specified application.

CUSTOMIZED APPLICATION SOFTWARE

This type of software is tailor- made software. The software is developed to meet all the
requirements specified by the user.

GENERAL APPLICATION SOFTWARE

This type of software is developed keeping in mind the general requirements for carrying
out a specific task. Many users can use it simultaneously as it fulfills the general
requirements.
 Multimedia
Meaning, Concept, Required Software and use in the
education

Meaning: -Multimedia is media and content that uses a combination of different

content forms. This contrast with media that use only rudimentary computer displays
such as text-only or traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material. Multimedia
includes a combination of text, audio, still images, animation, video, or interactivity
content forms.

Multimedia is usually recorded and played, displayed, or accessed by information content

processing devices, such as computerized and electronic devices, but can also be part of a
live performance. Multimedia devices are electronic media devices used to store and
experience multimedia content.

Some hardware requirement: Monitor, keyboard, mouse, sound card, memory,

processor, graphics display card.

Some software requirement: Windows XP/Vista, Video for Windows, Quicktime, etc

Hardware Requirement
Multimedia computers should support the capture, editing and viewing of video and
audio data and provide facilities for the transfer of these data types between computers
either through modems or through local and wide area networks.

To develop the system of multimedia we use the various hardware/ software components
are:

The CPU: The CPU, which is recommended for a multimedia computer should be
Pentium IV or other advanced chips.

The Monitor: The multimedia PC should be equipped with a monitor having Super
Video Graphics Arrays (SVGA) card. The basic advantage of having SVGA is that it has
a better resolution, thus display will be of better quality for the graphics and pictures.

Input- Output Devices: Keyboard and mouse are two important components for any
multimedia PC.

CD- ROM: Multimedia uses digitized audio and video, which not only take huge amount
of storage space but also require high-speed storage media, which can send large amount
of data back and forth quickly to keep audio and video playing and recording smoothly.

DVD: Digital Video Disk technology improves the storage capacity to 4.7 to 17 Gbytes.
Sound Card: Sound output from a computer has been a feature of machines usually used
for sending warning error message or games. If better quality and capabilities for sound
output or inputs are required, then there must be a device, which can be added to the
basic machine. This device is known as sound Card, which is added to the basic machine.

Photo CD: It is used to save photos in the compressed form. The compression allows for
100 photos to be recorded in one CD.

Software for multimedia

We can classify multimedia software as system software and authoring tools used to
develop multimedia applications. The former sets up the communications between the
system resources and the application programs. Examples are:

• Video for Windows

• Quicktime
• Indeo and Digital Video Interactive
• Microsoft Multimedia Technologies

Some of the recent software used in multimedia industry is:

• Photoshop: Industry standard digital imaging software.

• Director: Authoring multimedia for CD-ROM and the web.
• Premiere: Digital video and postproduction tool.
• Sound Edit: Sound capture and editing for multimedia.
• Flash: Vector capture and editing for multimedia.
• Front-page: Authoring tool for Internets and the www.
• Alias/Wave front: 3d tools for games, films.

Usage / Application: -
Multimedia finds its application in various areas including, but not limited to,
advertisements, art, education, entertainment, engineering, medicine, mathematics,
business, scientific research and spatial temporal applications
Multimedia in Education:-
In Education, multimedia is used to produce computer-based training courses (popularly
called CBTs) and reference books like encyclopedia and almanacs. A CBT lets the user
go through a series of presentations, text about a particular topic, and associated
illustrations in various information formats. Edutainment is the combination of education
with entertainment, especially multimedia entertainment.

The idea of media convergence is also becoming a major factor in education, particularly
higher education. Defined as separate technologies such as voice (and telephony
features), data (and productivity applications) and video that now share resources and
interact with each other, synergistically creating new efficiencies, media convergence is
rapidly changing the curriculum in universities all over the world.

Components of Multimedia:
Text

Most multimedia systems use a combination of text and other media to deliver
functionality. Text in multimedia systems can express specific information, or it can act
as reinforcement for information contained in other media items. This is a common
practice in applications with accessibility requirements. For example, when Web pages
include image elements, they can also include a short amount of text for the user's
browser to include as an alternative, in case the digital image item is not available.

Images

Digital image files appear in many multimedia applications. Digital photographs can
display application content or can alternatively form part of a user interface. Interactive
elements, such as buttons, often use custom images created by the designers and
developers involved in an application. Digital image files use a variety of formats and file
extensions. Among the most common are JPEGs and PNGs. Graphic design software
programs such as Photoshop and Paint.NET allow developers to create complex visual
effects with digital images.

Audio

Audio files and streams play a major role in some multimedia systems. Audio files
appear as part of application content and also to aid interaction. When they appear within
Web applications and sites, audio files sometimes need to be deployed using plug-in
media players.. Web services can also stream audio, so that users can begin playback
before the entire file is downloaded.

Video

Digital video appears in many multimedia applications, particularly on the Web. As with
audio, websites can stream digital video to increase the speed and availability of
playback. Common digital video formats include Flash, MPEG, AVI, WMV and
QuickTime. Most digital video requires use of browser plug-ins to play within Web
pages, but in many cases the user's browser will already have the required resources
installed.

Animation

Animated components are common within both Web and desktop multimedia
applications. Animations can also include interactive effects, allowing users to engage
with the animation action using their mouse and keyboard. The most common tool for
creating animations on the Web is Adobe Flash, which also facilitates desktop
applications.

Software for Multimedia:

Microsoft Publisher is an entry-level desktop publishing application from Microsoft,
differing from Microsoft Word in that the emphasis is placed on page layout and design
rather than text composition and proofing. The current version is Microsoft Publisher
2010 for Windows.

Microsoft PhotoDraw 2000 is a vector graphics and raster imaging software package
developed by Microsoft. PhotoDraw fills a hole in the Office productivity suite, which
includes software programs for word processing, spreadsheet, presentation and alike.

Microsoft FrontPage (full name Microsoft Office FrontPage) is a discontinued HTML

editor and Web site administration tool from Microsoft for the Microsoft Windows line
of systems. Microsoft FrontPage has since been replaced by Microsoft Expression Web.

ADVANTAGES
❖ Creativity: It brings more life to discussions.
❖ Variety: It caters all types of learners.
❖ Cost-effective: Multimedia mostly requires only a one-time purchase of devices
and software, which can be used unlimited times thereafter.
❖ Evaluation: It offers ideal learning assessment tools which are also entertaining
for the students.
❖ Realistic Approach: It provides approaches which make learning more realistic.
❖ Wide Variety of Support: Multiple media formats are available for use, with
different models being able to create multimedia.
❖ Trendy: The current trend of culture leans toward technology, and a great
number of resources are being made available for different media formats.
DISADVANTAGES
➢ Accessibility: Multimedia requires electricity to be operated, which may not be
available in some rural areas or may not be consistently available due to shortages
and blackouts.

➢ Distracting: Multimedia may take away the focus from the lesson due to its
attention-grabbing formats.
➢ Costly: Production of multimedia is more expensive than others because it is
made up of more than one medium. Production of multimedia requires an
electronic device, which may be relatively expensive. Multimedia requires
electricity to run, which adds to the cost of its use.
➢ Time Consuming: Creating multimedia requires more time.
➢ Requires Mastery: Multimedia requires consistent and long practice to master,
which may take a lot of time and energy from the user.
➢ Limited Support/Compatibility: There is a wide variety of gadget models which
arouses incompatibilities of media formats.
➢ Fragile: The device used for multimedia must be used with care; exposure to
moisture or other elements could cause expensive, irreparable damage which
would require another purchase of a device.
Internet
A means of connecting a computer to any other computer anywhere in the world via
dedicated routers and servers. When two computers are connected over the Internet, they
can send and receive all kinds of information such as text, graphics, voice, video, and
computer programs.

The high-speed, fiber-optic cables (called backbones) through which the bulk of the
Internet data travels are owned by telephone companies in their respective countries. The
Internet grew out of the Advanced Research Projects Agency's Wide Area Network (then
called ARPANET) established by the US Department Of Defense in 1960s ARPANET
growing beyond everyone's expectations and acquiring the name 'Internet.' The
development of hypertext based technology (called World Wide web, WWW, or just the
Web) provided means of displaying text, graphics, and animations, and easy search and
navigation tools that triggered Internet's explosive worldwide growth.

ADVANTAGES of the INTERNET:

1. Easy and cheap communication:
Communicating with your friends and loved ones has been easy through e-mail and
social communication sites like Face book and My Space. You don’t have to pay even a
single cent just to chat with them because these services are free of charge!

2. Send small or big files to others easily:

If you have to send a file, for example, a video to your friend who’s living in other
country, it isn’t practical nowadays to send him a package with the video cd. Instead, you
can send him the video from your e-mail, or upload it in You Tube or other video sharing
sites.

3. Lots of information:
As I have mentioned earlier, internet has a lot of information that is very essential for the
students so they don’t have to buy books or go to the library anymore. Search engines
like Google and Yahoo! are always available when you need them.

4. Entertainment:
Entertainment is one of the most popular reasons why many people prefer to surf the
internet. There are a lot of games to play, videos to watch, and etc.

5. Services:
Internet is making our easy by offering different services like online banking, online
booking, hotel reservations, online shopping, and many more!

6. Earn money:
Aside from entertainment, internet also lets you earn money while at the same time,
enjoying what you’re doing! At the same time, you can earn money.

7. Promote your product:

Internet is one of the best and cheapest ways to promote your business or product.
Starting from 10$, you can by your own website start reaching your potential customers.

DISADVANTAGES of INTERNET:

1. Virus Threat:
Most of the viruses came from the internet so be very careful when visiting or
downloading from a site. If you are using Firefox, you can install Web Of Trust add-on
so you can get warnings about online scams, sites with adult content, and spam. With
this, It can help keep your computer safe from online threats like spyware, adware, and
viruses.
2. Theft of Personal Information:
If you use the internet, there is a great risk of stealing your personal information such as
name, address, credit card no., by those culprits.
3. PORNOGRAPHY:
This is probably the worst disadvantage of the internet especially for the parents who
have kids

Some more disadvantages: -

1) There is a lot of wrong information on the internet. Anyone can post anything, and
much of it is garbage.
2) There are predators that hang out on the internet waiting to get unsuspecting people in
dangerous situations.
3) Some people are getting addicted to the internet and thus causing problems with their
interactions of friends and loved ones.
4) Pornography that can get in the hands of young children too easily.
5) Easy to waste a lot of time on the internet. You can start surfing, and then realize far
more time has passed than you realized. Internet and television together of added to the
more sedentary lifestyles of people which further exacerbates the obesity problem.
6) Internet has a lot of "cheater" sites. People can buy essays and pass them off as their
own far more easily than they used to be able to do.
7) There are a lot of unscrupulous businesses that have sprung up on the internet to take
advantage of people.
8) Hackers can create viruses that can get into your personal computer and ruin valuable
data.
9) Hackers can use the internet for identity theft.
10) It can be quite depressing to be on the internet and realize just how uneducated so
many people have become in today's society.
WWW
The World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW or W3, commonly known as the Web), is
a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web
browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other
multimedia, and navigate between them via hyperlinks.

Tim Berners-Lee, a British computer scientist and former European Organization for
Nuclear Research (CERN) employee, is considered the inventor of the Web. On March
12, 1989, Berners-Lee wrote a proposal for what would eventually become the World
Wide Web. The 1989 proposal was meant for a more effective CERN communication
system but Berners-Lee eventually realized the concept could be implemented throughout
the world. Berners-Lee and Belgian computer scientist Robert Cailliau proposed in 1990
to use hypertext "to link and access information of various kinds as a web of nodes in
which the user can browse at will", and Berners-Lee finished the first website in
December of that year. The first test was completed around 20 December 1990 and
Berners-Lee reported about the project on the newsgroup alt. hypertext on 7 August
1991.

{Hypertext is text displayed on a computer display or other electronic devices with

references (hyperlinks) to other text which the reader can immediately access, or where
text can be revealed progressively at multiple levels of detail (also called StretchText).
The hypertext pages are interconnected by hyperlinks, typically activated by a mouse
click, keypress sequence or by touching the screen. Apart from text, hypertext is
sometimes used to describe tables, images and other presentational content forms with
hyperlinks. Hypertext is the underlying concept defining the structure of the World Wide
Web, with pages often written in the Hypertext Markup Language (aka HTML). It
enables an easy-to-use and flexible connection and sharing of information over the
Internet.}

{In computing, a hyperlink is a reference to data that the reader can directly follow
either by clicking or by hovering or that is followed automatically.[1] A hyperlink points
to a whole document or to a specific element within a document. Hypertext is text with
hyperlinks. A software system for viewing and creating hypertext is a hypertext system,
and to create a hyperlink is to hyperlink (or simply to link). A user following hyperlinks is
said to navigate or browse the hypertext.

A hyperlink has an anchor, which is the location within a certain type of a document from
which the hyperlink can be followed only from the homepage; the document containing a
hyperlink is known as its source code document. For example, in an online reference
work such as Wikipedia, many words and terms in the text are hyperlinked to definitions
of those terms. Hyperlinks are often used to implement reference mechanisms, such as
tables of contents, footnotes, bibliographies, indexes, letters, and glossaries.}
Web page
A web page or webpage is a document or information resource that is suitable for the
World Wide Web and can be accessed through a web browser and displayed on a monitor
or mobile device. This information is usually in HTML or XHTML format, and may
provide navigation to other web pages via hypertext links.

Web pages may be retrieved from a local computer or from a remote web server. The
web server may restrict access only to a private network, e.g. a corporate intranet, or it
may publish pages on the World Wide Web. Web pages are requested and served from
web servers using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

Web pages may consist of files of static text and other content stored within the web
server's file system (static web pages), or may be constructed by server-side software
when they are requested (dynamic web pages).

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application protocol for distributed,

collaborative, hypermedia information systems.[1] HTTP is the foundation of data
communication for the World Wide Web.

Hypertext is structured text that uses logical links (hyperlinks) between nodes containing
text. HTTP is the protocol to exchange or transfer hypertext.

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the set of markup symbols or codes inserted
in a file intended for display on a World Wide Web browser page.
 Email
Email is shorthand term meaning Electronic Mail. Email much the same as a letter, only
that it is exchanged in a different way. Computers use the TCP/IP protocol suite to send
email messages in the form of packets. The first thing you need to send and receive
emails is an email address. When you create an account with a Internet Service Provider
you are usually given an email address to send from and receive emails.

Email is an information and communications technology. It uses technology to

communicate a digital message over the Internet. Users use email differently, based on
how they think about it. There are many software platforms available to send and receive.
Popular email platforms include Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo! Mail, Outlook, and many
others.

V. A. Shiva Ayyadurai is an Indian-born American scientist and entrepreneur.

Ayyadurai is notable for his controversial claim to be the "inventor of email", based on
the electronic mail software called "EMAIL" he wrote as a New Jersey high school
student in the late 1970s.

Raymond Samuel Tomlinson (April 23, 1941 – March 5, 2016) was a pioneering
American computer programmer who implemented the first email program on the
ARPANET system, the precursor to the Internet, in 1971; he is internationally known and
credited as the inventor of email.[5][6][7][8] It was the first system able to send mail between
users on different hosts connected to ARPANET. Previously, mail could be sent only to
others who used the same computer. To achieve this, he used the @ sign to separate the
user name from the name of their machine, a scheme which has been used in email
addresses ever since. The Internet Hall of Fame in its account of his work commented
"Tomlinson's email program brought about a complete revolution, fundamentally
changing the way people communicate".

Until 1971, SNDMSG was the mail program used to leave messages for other users of the
same computer. When Ray Tomlinson had to send a file to a user on a different computer,
he combined SNDMSG with CPYNET, a file transfer program.
Thus e-mail was born. But he had to invent a way of addressing the other user. He looked
for a character that would separate the user's name from the name of the computer. '@'
does not occur naturally in people's names and isn't a digit.
It is also an indicator of the location of a user and has been found to be the most
convenient separator between the user name and server name.

Email Addresses

An e-mail address typically has two main parts:

[email protected]
The first field is the user name (editor) which refers to the recipient's mailbox. Then there
is the sign (@) which is the same in every email address. Then comes the host name
(internet-guide), which can also be called the domain name. This refers to the mail server
address, most usually having a individual IP address. The final part of an email address
includes the top-level domain (TLD). For the above address this is 'co.uk', which is for
commercial sites based in the UK.

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic communication

language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a communications protocol in
a private network (either an intranet or an extranet). When you are set up with direct
access to the Internet, your computer is provided with a copy of the TCP/IP program just
as every other computer that you may send messages to or get information from also has
a copy of TCP/IP.
 E-Learning
E-Learning means "electronic learning" — it refers to a wide range of applications and
processes designed to deliver instruction through electronic means. Usually this means
over the Web, however it also can include CD-ROM or video-conferencing through
satellite transmission. The definition of E-learning is broader than, but includes, "online
learning," "Web-based training," and "computer-based training." Most importantly, it
signals the paradigm shift in education and training that is in progress.

The following list is a quick summary of E-Learning modalities currently in use:

1. Use of technology to enrich classroom/workplace learning (Internet, CD-ROM,,

interactive multimedia, games/simulations, social networks)
2. Online instruction for distance learning cost savings (no face-to-face meetings)
3. Blended instruction (combining online and face-to-face learning events)
4. Synchronous: real-time, multiple students online, instructor-led
5. Asynchronous: students and instructor in intermittent interaction
6. Instructor-led group work (combining both synchronous and asynchronous
events)
7. Self-study (online tutorials, research and discovery learning events). Self-study
with subject matter expert (tutoring, mentoring, coaching)
8. Web-based tutorials (individual or group using self-paced online resources)
9. Computer-based tutorials (individual or group using CD-ROM resources)
10. Video and audio resources (distributed by tape, CD, DVD, online streaming,
download, or pod-cast, etc.)

in general, e-learning can be classified in four categories, from simple to complex:

• Knowledge databases: This is the most basic kind of electronic training. These
databases include detailed sets of instructions for tasks or indexed explanations to
questions.
• Online support: It is similar to a knowledge database, but usually comes in the
form of e-mail, forums, chat rooms, online bulletin boards or live instant
messaging.
• Asynchronous training: This is self-paced training usually based on CD-ROMs
or the Internet. It can be totally self-contained or feature access to online
instructors.
• Synchronous training: This happens in real time with an instructor online.
Learners log in at the same set time and communicate directly with each other and
the instructor. It works much like an online conference, and is the closest to
traditional classroom instruction.
 The Advantages of E-Learning
1. Flexibility, Accessibility, Convenience

Learners can proceed through a training program "at their own pace and at their own
place." They can also access the e-Learning course at any time, and only as much as they
need. This is also known as "Just in time and just enough."

2. Cross-platform Support

E-Learning courses are accessible by Web browsers on any platform: Windows, Mac,
UNIX, OS/2, Amiga, etc. You can deliver your training program to any machine over the
Internet or intranet without having to author a program specifically for each platform.

3. Browsers and Internet Connections are Widely Available

Most computer users have access to a browser, such as Netscape or Internet Explorer, and
are connected to a company's intranet and/or have access to the Internet.

4. Inexpensive Worldwide Distribution

No separate distribution mechanism is needed. E-Learning courses are accessible from

any computer anywhere in the world, which keeps delivery costs low.

5. Ease of Updates

After the e-Learning course is released, any changes can be made on the server hosting
the program and everyone worldwide can instantly access the update. Courses can be
designed to access designated current information, such as the latest new product
specifications, from any other server worldwide for an on-the-fly update whenever the e-
Learning course is run.

6. Savings in Travel Cost and Time

There are no travel costs for bringing remote employees to a centralized workshop
because the Web is available from all desktops. According to some analysts, the actual
time required for training by computer averages about 50% to that of instructor-led
training, further saving money.
 Virus
A computer virus is a program or piece of code that is loaded onto your computer without
your knowledge. Viruses can also replicate themselves. All computer viruses are man-
made. A simple virus that can make a copy of itself over and over again is relatively easy
to produce. Even such a simple virus is dangerous because it will quickly use all available
memory and bring the system to a halt. An even more dangerous type of virus is one
capable of transmitting itself across networks and bypassing security systems.

Some people distinguish between general viruses and worms. A worm is a special type of
virus that can replicate itself and use memory, but cannot attach itself to other programs.

Types of virus:- There are many types of viruses. Some of these are:-

a. File
b. Macro
c. Boot Sector a& Partition Sector
d. Companion
e. Overwriting
f. Multipartite

Prevention: - the most common reason for losing data is human error. Next is hardware
failure, followed by problems and bugs. Viruses come a poor fourth.

Anti-virus software will help protect your data from all kinds of loss, including viruses.

There are three types of protection from viruses: -

6. Prevention: - To limit the spread of viruses.

7. Detection: - To ensure that if a virus does get through the defenses, it is
discovered as quickly as possible.
8. Recovery: - TO ensure tat if any files are lost or damaged, they can be
restored as quickly as possible.

To prevent the viruses, maintain the following precautions:-

1. Maintain backups
2. check software sources
3. Take care with floppy disks, pen drives and other media.
4. Try to avoid encryption and password protect.
Anti-virus software: -

There are much Anti-virus software in the market. The Anti-virus software detects the
possible existing system virus and clears them out of your system after detecting.

The Following are some of the Anti-virus software:-

1. Quick heal
2. Avira
3. Norton
4. MacFee
5. K7
6. AVG
 Virtual Education
Virtual education refers to instruction in a learning environment where teacher and
student are separated by time or space, or both, and the teacher provides course content
through the use of methods such as course management applications, multimedia
resources, the Internet, and videoconferencing. Students receive the content and
communicate with the teacher via the same technologies.

Characteristics of Virtual Education:-

a. Virtual Education is a term describing online education using the internet. This term
is primarily used in higher education where so called virtual university has been
established.
b. Virtual courses are online courses and are delivered on the internet.
c. Virtual means that the course is not taught in the class room face to face but through
some substitute mode that can be associated with class room teaching that means
people do not have to go to the real class to learn.
d. A virtual program is a study program in which all courses or at least a significant
portion of the courses are virtual courses.

Instruction mode for virtual education:-

Many virtual study programs are mainly text base using HTML, PowerPoint, Multimedia
technology has been investigated for many years and found their way in its practice.
Some Instruction modes are available:-
1. Virtual Classroom:- Virtual classroom is a teaching environment created in the
virtual space. The objectives of a virtual classroom are to improve access to
advance educational experiences by allowing students and instruction to
participate using personal computer and to improve the quality.
2. Hyper text courses: - Structured course material is used as a conventional
education program. All materials are provided electronically and can be viewed
with a browser. Hyper links connect text multimedia parts and exercise in
meaning ways.
3. Video Based Courses :- Video based courses are like face to face class room
courses with a lecture speaking and PowerPoint slides or online example use for
illustration. Video streaming technology is used students watch the video by
means of all free war. Example:- Window Media Player.
4. Audio Based Courses: - Audio Based courses are similar but instead moving
pictures only the sound track of the lecture is provided.
5. Animated Courses:- Audio Based courses material by animated courses or by
animation is generally a good way of making the contents and its appearances
more interesting. These animations help to understand key concept and also
allowed for retention of learning.
 MS WORD
Introduction to a Word Processor:-
MS- Word is an application of software which is designed for processing in GUI mode. It
is alternative of other word store word processor. MS-Word provides a lot of additional
facilities such as create designed name, insert predefined pictures.

MS-Word performs following operation:

1. Create new document.
2. Edit or modify the edited document file.
3. Search the string and replace search string with new string.
4. Create data file or table.
5. Sort data file in ascending or descending order.
6. Formatting the paragraphs.
7. Set the margins.
8. Set the tab-stop.
9. Print the document in picture.
10. Marge printing.
11. Define the key-board macro.
12. Insert the pre-defined picture.

Save:-Save the active file with different name, location, file format and password.

Editing and Formatting a Document:-

(i)Font Type Size:-It is up to you to select the same font for the whole text or have
different fonts for different paragraphs.
Let us see how it is done.
1. Click at any place in the text with the mouse.
2. Click at Select All in the Edit menu or simply press Ctrl and then A. This will
highlight the whole text in the document.
3. Now you can select the font of your liking in the whole text. You can also change
the size of the size of the font too.
4. Select Arial for font and size 12 for the whole text in the Formatting toolbar.
5. This will make the whole text 12 points and will have Arial as the font.
6. The previous changes made by you in terms of Bold, Italics, will remain intact
and will not be disturbed by doing this.
7. Now if you want you can change the font of particular items like address, etc., to
make it more decorative.
(ii) Alignment of Text:-
Left aligned : This line is left aligned
Right aligned : This line is right aligned.
Centralized: This line is centrally aligned.
Justified: This line has been justified.
All the four alignments are there on the formatting toolbar. You can choose any one
of them.
Adding Headers and Footers:-
1. Click the View menu and select Header and Footer. The document appears in the
Print Layout view with the header area indicated by a nonprinting dashed line
box, as shown on next page. Regular document text is gray, and the header and
footer toolbar is displayed.
2. Type the header or footer text. Edit and format the text as you would anywhere
else in the document. Both the header and the footer have two tabs set to help you
align your text a centre tab at the center of the page and a right tab at the right
margin.
3. Use the toolbar buttons, as shown on next page, to add page numbers, total page
numbers, date, time, etc.
4. Choose Close on the Header and Footer toolbar to return to the document.
5. A header would like the one shown below.
Numbering Pages:-
1. Click the Insert menu and select page numbers to open the page numbers dialog
box.
2. From the Position drop-down list, select the position on the page where you want
your page numbers to appear.
3. From the alignment drop-down list, select Left, Center, or Right to specify the
horizontal position of the page number in relation to the right or left margins.
4. If you want the page numbers to appear on the first page, Show number on first
page to place check mark there. Deselecting this option creates a separate header or
footer for the first page.
5. Click Ok.

Using Grammar and Spell Check: - To check the spelling whether it is match with
computer.
1. Click on Tools Menu.
2. Click on Spelling and Grammar Option.

Print Preview: Show how a file will look you prints it.
1. Click on File Menu.
2. Click on Print Preview Option.

Printing a document:- Print the active file or selected matter.

1. Click on File Menu.
2. Click on Print Option.
Page Setting: - there are number of ways that you change the setup of a page.

1. Click on File Menu.

2. Click on Print Option.
 MS POWERPOINT
Microsoft office has a powerful presentation program called PowerPoint. It helps in
creating charts, graphs, slides, handouts, overheads and various other formats of
presentation which any office would require. You can also create a slide should of the
presentation you create.

Concept of Slide Show:-

Definition: Slide shows have come a long way since those shown on the slide projectors
of old. Many digital presentations, such as those created in PowerPoint or Open Office
Impress are composed of several slides.

The slide show can be enhanced using transitions and animations. Music, sounds or
narration can be added to these slide shows and they can run unattended by using custom
timings. The slide show is most often projected on a screen using a digital projector.

Basic Elements of a Slide

A slide may contain text, pictures, charts, tables etc. Quite often a combination will make
an effective slide. You can use text to present subjective information while charts can be
used to represent numeric information. Listed below are some of the basic elements of
components that make up a slide.

• Title: It is a descriptive heading, which identifies a slide. It describes the contents

of the slide in limited words.
• Sub-title: It is a distinctive message or brief description of the slide’s data.
• Footnote: It indicates the source of the slide’s data or any other explanatory text.
• Border: It is a frame for the slide. It is similar to a frame on a painting.

A slide, which contains a chart, may include the following:

• X-axis title: A title that describes the data that is displayed along the X-axis.
• Scale: The range of numbers or values that is equal to one unit.
• Y-axis title: The title describing the numbers or values used on the Y-axis.
• Series: A set of numerical data. Sometimes a chart depicts more than one series.
• Series label: A label identifying a group of series

Different types of slide layouts: -

When you first open PowerPoint, your screen should resemble the diagram above.

Areas of the Screen

Section 1. Each page of the working area of the presentation is called a slide. New
presentations open with a Title slide in Normal view ready for editing.
Section 2. This area toggles between Slides view and Outline view. Slides view shows a
tiny picture of all the slides in your presentation. Outline view shows the hierarchy of the
text in your slides.

Section 3. The area to the right is the Task pane . Its contents vary depending on the
current task. Initially, PowerPoint recognizes that you are just starting this presentation
and lists appropriate options for you. To give yourself more room to work on your slide
close this pane by clicking on the small X in the upper right corner.

There are 6 different views you can use to look at your PowerPoint presentation

Here is an explanation of how you should use the different views:

PowerPoint
Description
View
This is a great place to view the slides in your presentation as thumbnail-
sized images while you edit. The thumbnails make it easy for you to
Slides View
navigate through your presentation and to see the effects of any design
changes. You can also easily rearrange, add, or delete slides here
This is a great place to start writing your content, to capture your ideas,
Outline View plan how you want to present them, and move slides and text around. The
Outline tab shows your slide text in outline form.
Normal view is the main editing view, where you write and design your
Normal View
presentations.
Slide Sorter view gives you a view of your slides in thumbnail form. This
Slide Sorter view makes it easy for you to sort and organize the sequence of your slides
View as you create your presentation, and then also as you prepare your
presentation for printing.
Use reading view to deliver your presentation not to an audience (via a
large screen, for example), but instead to someone viewing your
presentation on their own computer. Or, use Reading view on your own
Reading
computer when you want to view a presentation not in full-screen Slide
View
Show view, but in a window with simple controls that make the
presentation easy to review. You can always switch from Reading view to
one of the other views if you want to change the presentation.
Use Slide Show view to deliver your presentation to your audience. Slide
Show view occupies the full computer screen, exactly like an actual
Slide Show
presentation. In this view, you see your presentation the way your audience
View
will. You can see how your graphics, timings, movies, animated effects,
and transition effects will look during the actual presentation.
Editing and Formatting a slide: -

1. Make a Slide/ presentation.

2. Select an item.
3. Click on Format menu.
4. Select your option.

Animating Picture and Text with Sound Effects:-

1. Make a Slide/ Presentation

2. Click on Slide Show Menu.
3. Click on Slide Transition Option.
4. Select your item/ text matter / picture.
5. Click on sound option in Slide Transition dialog box.
6. Then click on Slide Show Button.
7. Now again Click on Slide Show Menu.
8. Click on Custom Animation.
9. Select your item/ text matter / picture.
10. Click on Add Effect option in Custom Animation dialog box.
11. Select your animation effect.
12. Then click on Slide Show Button
 MS EXCEL
Spreadsheet:-

A spreadsheet (or spreadsheet program) is software that permits numerical data to be

used and to perform automatic calculations on numbers contained in a table. It is also
possible to automate complex calculations by using a large number of parameters and by
creating tables called worksheets.

Workbook: -

A workbook is a spreadsheet file. By default, each workbook in Excel contains three

pages or worksheets.

The term spreadsheet is often used to refer to a workbook, when in actual fact,
spreadsheet refers to the computer program, such as Excel.

So, strictly speaking, when you open the Excel spreadsheet program it loads an empty
workbook file consisting of three blank worksheets for you to use.

Statical FunctionS: (sum ( ), average ( ), max ( ), min ( ), if ( ) )

1. Sum( ) :- used to sum select values.

Ex. =sum(a1+a2+a3)

2. Average( ):-

Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of the arguments.

Syntax

AVERAGE(number1,number2,...)

Number1, number2, ... are 1 to 30 numeric arguments for which you want the
average.

3. MAX ( ): - The MAX function returns the largest value from the numbers provided.

Syntax

The syntax for the MAX function is:

MAX( number1, [number2, ... number_n] )

4. Min ( ): -

The MIN function returns the smallest value from the numbers provided.

the syntax for the MIN function is:

MIN( number1, number2, ... number_n )

number1, number2, ... number_n are numeric values - they can be numbers, named
ranges, arrays, or references to numbers. There can be up to 30 values entered.

5. IF( ) the IF function returns one value if a specified condition evaluates to TRUE, or
another value if it evaluates to FALSE.

Syntax

The syntax for the IF function is:

IF( condition, [value_if_true], [value_if_false] )

condition is the value that you want to test.

value_if_true is optional. It is the value that is returned if condition evaluates to TRUE.

value_if_false is optional. It is the value that is return if condition evaluates to FALSE.

Charts: (BAR, PIE, LINE , SCATTER)
1. Bar charts

A bar chart illustrates comparisons among individual items. Bar charts have the following
chart sub-types:

• Clustered Bar This type of chart compares values across categories. It is also
available with a 3-D visual effect. In the following chart, categories are organized
vertically, and values horizontally, to place focus on comparing the values.

• Stacked Bar This type of chart show the relationship of individual items to the
whole. It is also available with a 3-D visual effect.

• 100 % Stacked Bar This type of chart compares the percentage each value
contributes to a total across categories. It is also available with a 3-D visual effect.
2. Line charts

A line chart shows trends in data at equal intervals. Line charts have the following chart
sub-types:

• Line This type of chart displays trends over time or categories. It is also
available with markers displayed at each data value.

• Stacked Line This type of chart displays the trend of the contribution of each
value over time or categories. It is also available with markers displayed at each
data value.
• 100% Stacked Line This type of chart displays the trend of the percentage
each value contributes over time or categories. It is also available with markers
displayed at each data value.
• 3-D Line This is a line chart with a 3-D visual effect.

3. Pie charts
A pie chart shows the size of items that make up a data series, proportional to the sum of
the items. It always shows only one data series and is useful when you want to emphasize
a significant element in the data. Pie charts have the following chart sub-types:

• Pie This type of chart displays the contribution of each value to a total. It is
also available with a 3-D visual effect, as shown in the following chart.
 • Exploded Pie This type of chart displays the contribution of each value to a
total while emphasizing individual values. It is also available with a 3-D visual
effect.
• Pie of Pie This is a pie chart with user-defined values extracted and combined
into a second pie. For example, to make small slices easier to see, you can group
them together as one item in a pie chart and then break down that item in a
smaller pie or bar chart next to the main chart.

• Bar of Pie This is a pie chart with user-defined values extracted and combined
into a stacked bar.

4. Scatter chart:-

Scatter chart has two value axes, showing one set of numerical data along the x-axis and
another along the y-axis. It combines these values into single data points and displays
them in uneven intervals, or clusters.

For example, let's examine how the same daily rainfall and particulate data of the
following worksheet is displayed in a Scatter chart and a Line chart.
When you use this worksheet data to create a Scatter chart, the daily rainfall values from
column A of the worksheet will be displayed as x-values on the horizontal axis, and the
particulate values from column B will be displayed as y-values on the vertical axis, as
shown in the following picture.

The first data point to appear in the Scatter chart represents both a y-value of 137
(particulate) and an x-value of 1.9 (daily rainfall). These numbers come from both
columns of row 9 on the worksheet.
 Smart Classroom
Smart classrooms are the classrooms enhanced with technological equipments for the
purpose of better learning and teaching. Based on the equipments available smart
classroom can be categorized as follow:
➢ Basic smart classes: the classrooms with basic smart technology include gadgets
like laptops or computers, projector, DVD or VCD player and a viewing screen
etc.
➢ Intermediate smart classes: the intermediate smart classrooms are one step
ahead of the basic technology smart classrooms. They include gadgets like a
podium with control panel in addition to laptop, projector, screen and DVD or
VCD player etc.
➢ Advanced smart classes: the advanced smart classrooms have all the gadgets of a
basic or intermediate smart classroom but their features are very advanced, that is,
they use the newest technology.

A Smart classroom provides:

• Students and teachers use their computers to go to a virtual meeting place

instead of a classroom.
• A list of students is recorded.
Lecture:
Teachers can choose from a variety of synchronous technologies including:
• Slide presentation
• Audio and video conferencing
• Application sharing
• Shared whiteboard

Interaction with students: Students can indicate when they want to speak by virtually
raising their hand. Teachers can let students speak through audio and video conferencing.
Teachers and students can use instant messaging and chat Teachers can present questions
to students. Students can work together in groups.

What are the equipments installed in a Smart Classroom?

➢ The equipments installed in most of the smart classrooms are:
➢ Computer or laptop: A computer or laptop is a basic and necessary requirement
of a smart classroom. Instead of writing on board with a chalk or marker, teaching
process is done by presentation or images or multimedia in a classroom.
➢ Projector: it is an optical device. It projects stationery or moving objects onto a
screen. They create an image by shining light through a transparent less or by a
laser.
➢ Screen: it is a surface used to display to display the images projected by a
projector. The screens may be rigid wall mounted screens, pull downs
➢ Screens, LED frames screens, electric screens, switchable projection screens, or
mobile screens.
 ➢ Microphone: it is generally called as mic or mike .it is a device which converts
audio signals into electric signals. These signals are then transmitted, amp lied or
recorded.
➢ Speaker: these are the electronic devices which are used to increase the volume
of a sound.
➢ Podiums: it is a platform usually made of wood which raises the person standing
on it so that he becomes visual to al the audience.
➢ Document camera: they are also called as visual presenters, visualizers, digital
overheads or documents. They are used for displaying an object to a large
audience. A document camera magnies and projects the images of a dimensional
as well as three dimensional object. The object is simply placed under the
document camera. The camera takes its image and produces its live image by
using a projector.
➢ Smart podiums: they are also called smart boards or smart LCDs. it is an
interactive pen display which can be connected to the computer or laptop
externally via the USB ports or RGB ports. It can be called as an external monitor
with the facility of digital inking. With a smart podium, we can open documents,
presentations, and multimedia and can write on them with a digital pen. We can
also save our work.
➢ DVD or VCD player there are a large amount of videos available on the internet
but still there is a requirement of VCD or DVD player because there are some
videos which have copyright and have to purchased. These are often in the form
of DVDs or CDs.
➢ Overhead projector: it is a device which is used to display enlarged images of a
transparent acetate sheet placed in its base on a screen. This device was very
famous a few years back, but now it is being replaced by computer based
projectors.

The functionalities of Smart Classroom Applications are listed below:

i) For a single student

a) The application suite reminds the student of his/her homework and class schedule
based on current time and current location.

b) The application module will synchronize the lecture notes between a student’s smart
phone and desktop computer before and after class.

ii) For instructor/Teaching Assistant

a) The application suite synchronizes the lecture notes between instructor or teaching
assistant smart phone and desktop computer before and after class, since desktop
computers have the original lecture notes.

iii) For student-to-student communication

a) The application suite enables students to exchange and share their documents in
drawing.

b) It also enables students synchronize drawing document among their smart phone.

iv) For instructor/ Teaching Assistant-to-students communication

a) The application suite distributes teaching material (lecture notes/survey forms/grade

sheet/course schedule) from instructor or teaching assistant to all students at proper
situations.

b) The instructor can create exams for students and groups by using the application suite.

The instructor can also send exams to the students and groups and collect answers; grade

and send the grade back to the students by using the application suite.

v) For student-to-instructor/Teaching Assistant communication

a) The application suite facilitates students to store their questions or concerns in text
format in their smart phone. When the instructor is available (in classroom), the questions
are automatically transferred to the instructor smart phone.

b) Students submit their progress report in a similar way by using the application suite. At
the end of a class, their reports are submitted to the instructor automatically.

c) Students make appointments with the instructor using their smart phone to send the
request to the instructor’s smart phone and get a confirmation using the application suite.

d) Students write answers of the exams and send answers to the instructor using the
application suite.

e) Students run and display their homework on the smart phone and project it on the
screen with the help of the application suite.

Advantages of Smart Classrooms

There are many advantages of a smart classroom. Some of them are as follows:-
• Access to online resources: In a smart classroom, the teacher can use the
resources available on the internet for the better understanding of the student. For
every subject, there are numerous resources available on the internet which can be
accessed by the teachers as well as the students at any time in a smart classroom.
Internet plays a major role in learning process. Today’s students are curious to
know about everything. They want to gain extra knowledge about the ongoing
topic in the class. This is a limitation of books. The books print only the syllabus.
For those who want to learn beyond the syllabus internet is very useful tool. Even
for the syllabus, the resources available on the internet are very helpful.
• Digital medium for notes: In a regular classroom, the teacher writes on the board
and the students note it down on their notebooks. In this methodology of teaching,
 the students do not understand the topic properly or gets confused or even
sometimes, they do not listen anything and just make notes. This is a very dull
approach in teaching process. But this is not the case in a smart classroom. In a
smart classroom, there is a digital approach for notes. The teacher, instead of
writing on the board, teaches using power point presentation, word document,
images, videos, and audios. These resources are given to the students in pen
drives. CDs, or they are emailed to them. In this way, students do not have to
write for making notes. Notes are provided to them and they can devote their full
concentration to the lecture.
• Advantages for the absentees:- If student who studies in a regular classroom is
absent for one day, it becomes difficult for him to gather all the notes of the
classes he missed. Also, it becomes difficult for the teacher to explain the
previous topics to the students who were absent.

Disadvantages of Smart Classrooms:-

With so many advantages of the smart classrooms, there are a few disadvantages also
which makes the use of smart technology quite limited. They are:-
1. Cost:- The technology used in the smart classrooms is very expensive. All the
schools cannot afford it. Even the schools which can afford it get over the budget
after buying it. Some schools often take loans to buy the smart technology.
Consequently, the fees of the schools are increased to meet the cost of the
equipments. The admission fees of the schools with smart classrooms also hikes.
All parents cannot afford such expensive education for their children. Every child
cannot get access to the smart classrooms.
2. Skilled faculty:- All teachers cannot use smart technology for teaching. The
teachers have to be trained before they can start teaching in a smart classroom.
The teachers are trained to use the technology in an effective manner. They are
also trained to handle faults in gadgets. This training also costs much. If the
teachers are not properly trained the technology would become a disturbing factor
rather than becoming helpful.
3. Maintenance:- Like all electronic gadgets, the gadgets used in smart classrooms
require proper maintenance. The rooms in which these gadgets are installed
should be free from dust particles and should not face direct sunlight otherwise
the gadgets will become faulty. Also these equipments release a lot of heat in the
surrounding so the rooms should be air conditioned. Technical staff has to be
appointed for the maintenance of devices. This further adds to the cost. The
devices also need to be updated regularly which is a very time consuming process.
4. Technical faults:- All the electrical devices are prone to faults. If the equipments
do not work one day, the day is considered a waste. They require a lot of time to
come back to their proper functioning state. No teaching can be done on that day.
In this case the teacher should always be ready for an alternative methodology for
teaching that is, using the blackboard. But this would be very dull experience for
the teachers as well as the students who are regularly participating in smart
classrooms. The workload of the teachers is also increased as they have to prepare
the topic as per two different methodologies of teaching.
Conclusion: -
A smart classroom increases the interest of the students in studies. Students tend
to learn more. With so many advantages and a few disadvantages smart
classrooms can still be considered good for the students. Due to some
disadvantages, we cannot ignore the advantages of smart classrooms. All the
disadvantages have a solution except for the disadvantage of cost involved. But in
the coming few decades, the rise in technology would definitely decrease the cost
of these devices to some extent. Moreover, the new inventions in the fields of
computer science and technology would be definitely make teaching and learning
even much better. The government schools should also employ smart technology
in their classes so that all the students can have access to smart classrooms.
 Resume
And
10 slides of ppt of any topic