Math
Geometry
Senior One (1)
Lesson 3
Operation on vectors
Lecture (8)
ElKheta.Com
First Adding vectors geometrically
The first method: Triangle rule "Shal relation"
If 𝐴𝐵 represents the vector M , BC
represents the vector N , where the point
B (the ending point of the first vector M )
is the starting point of the vector N , then
AC represents the vector M + N
i.e. 𝐴𝐵 + BC = AC
i.e. The displacement 𝐴𝐵 followed by
another displacement BC is equivalent to
a unique displacement AC
important notes:
(1) Any two vectors M and N could be
added (finding their resultant) by
constructing two consecutive vectors
equivalent to the two vectors M and N as
in the opposite figure.
(2) Shal rule of adding two vectors is true
if the points A, B and C belong to the same
straight line In the three opposite figures :
𝐴𝐵 + BC = AC
(3) 𝐴𝐵 =- 𝐵𝐴 , where 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴 = 𝑂(Zero vector)
(4) In any triangle ABC :
𝐴𝐵 + BC + CA= 𝑂
, because (𝐴𝐵 + BC )+ CA = AC + CA = 𝑂
So, we can generalize this to any polygon.
For example:
In the pentagon ABCDE, we get :
AB + BC+ CD + DE + EA = O
(5) In any quadrilateral ABCD :
AB + BC + CD =AD
, because (AB + BC )+ CD = AC + CD = AD
So, we can generalize this to any polygon.
For example:
In the pentagon ABCDE, we get :
AB + BC + CD + DE =AE
Example (1)
In any quadrilateral ABCD, prove that : AC - BC = AD - BD
Solution
AC - BC =(AD + DC )-(BD + DC )
= AD + DC - BD - DC = AD - BD
Another Solution :
L.H.S.= AC - BC = AC + CB = AB
, R.H.S.= AD - BD = AD + DB = AB
From (1) and (2) : ∴ The two sides are equal.
Example (2)
ABC is a triangle, D ∈ BC , where 3 BD =4 DC
Prove that: 3 AB +4 AC =7 AD
Solution
∵ AB + BD = AD
∴ 3 AB +3 BD =3 AD (1)
∵ AC + CD = AD
∴ 4 AC +4 CD =4 AD
Adding (1) and (2) : (2)
∴ 3 AB +4 AC +3 BD +4 CD =7 AD .
∴ 3 AB +4 AC +3 BD -4 DC =7 AD
but 3 BD =4 DC
∴ 3 AB +4 AC =7 AD
The second method: The parallelogram
rule
If AB represents the vector M and
AD represents the vector N where the two
vectors M and N have the same starting point
A
• To find M + N , complete the parallelogram
ABCD and draw its diagonal AC
, then AC represents the vector M + N
i.e. AB + AD = AC this because
AB + AD = AB + BC = AC
N𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭: AD is equivalent to BC
In the opposite figure :
If M is the point of intersection of the two
diagonals of the
parallelogram, then : AC = 2 AM
thus it will be AB + AD = 2 AM
We can get the same result if we notice that:
AB + BM = AM , AD + DM = AM
Adding we find that: AB + AD + BM + DM = 2 AM
,∵ BM = MD = DM .
∴ AB + AD - DM + DM = 2 AM
∴ AB + AD = 2 AM , so we can deduce the
following notice.
N𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭:
In the opposite figure :
If AD is a median in ∆ ABC
, then AB + AC =2 AD
Example (3)
ABCD is a parallelogram, M is a certain point in its
plane, E is the point of intersection of its
diagonals AC and BD Prove that ∶ MA + MB
+ MC + MD = 4ME
Solution
MA + MB + MC + MD
= (MA + MC ) + (MB + MD )
, butMA + MC = 2ME
, where E is the midpoint of AC
,MB + MD = 2ME , where E is the midpoint of BD
∴ MA + MB + MC + MD = 2ME + 2ME = 4ME
Second Subtracting two vectors geometrically
If AB represents the vectorM, AC represents the
vector N , thenCB represents the vectorM − N
i.e. AB − AB = CB
this because
AB − AC = AB + CA = CA + AB = CB
Expressing the directed line segment AB in
terms of the position vectors of its ends
If A = 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , B = 𝑥2 , 𝑦2
, then AB = OB − OA, where OB and OA are the two
position vectors of the point 𝐵 and 𝐴 respectively
∴ AB = B − A
For example:
If A = (5,3), B = (−2,4)
, then AB = B − A = (−2,4) − (5,3) = (−7,1)
Remember that
As applying the previous rules of adding and subtracting
vectors on two directed line segments, we should notice
that:
(1) In the case of adding, the starting point of the
second directed segment is the ending point of the first
directed segment.
(2) In the case of subtracting, the starting point is the
same for the two directed segments.
Example (4)
ABCD is a parallelogram in which A = (2, - 2) , B = (4, - 2)
, C = (2, 3)
Find the co-ordinates of the point D
Solution
∵ABCD is a parallelogram
∴ AD = BC
∴D -A=C-B
∴ D = A + C - B = (2, - 2) + (2, 3) - (4, - 2) = (0, 3)
∴ The point D is (0,3)
Remark
In the opposite figure:
If A and B represent two adjacent sides of
parallelogram , then (A + B ),(A - B ) represent the
diagonals of the parallelogram and hence
|| A + B ||=|| A - B ||
if the figure is a rectangle
i.e. A ⊥ B
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