ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN DAILY

LIFE
 Communication and Information Technology
Communication and Information
Communication is the exchange of information through various means, including verbal,
written, and digital channels. The evolution of technology has significantly impacted h ow
information is shared and received.
Importance of Communication& Information
• Facilitates human interaction

• Drives business and economic activities

• Enhances learning and education
• Strengthens social relationships
• Plays a key role in governance and policy-making
Smartphones: The Ultimate Communication Device

Definition & Features

A smartphone is a mobile device that combines telecommunication and computing
capabilities. It serves as a primary tool for communication, entertainment, and productivity.
Key Functions of Smartphones in Communication
• Voice & Video Calls — Traditional phone calls, VolP (Voice over Internet Protocol), and video
conferencing apps (e.g., Zoom, WhatsApp, FaceTime).
• Messaging & Chatting — SMS, MMS, instant messaging apps (e.g., WhatsApp, Telegram,
iMessage).
• Emails & Work Communication — Business and professional communication Via Gmail,
Outlook, Slack, etc.
• Social Media Access — Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter for social interaction.

• News & Information Access — Browsers and news apps (Google News, BBC, NY Times).
• Entertainment& Multimedia — Streaming services (YouTube, Netflix, Spotify).
• Navigation& Location Sharing — GPS services like Google Maps.

Impact of Smartphones on Communication

A) Positive Effects:
Instant Connectivity & Accessibility
Enhanced multimedia communication
Increased efficiency in work & learning
 B) Negative Effects:
Over-reliance & addiction
Privacy and security concerns
Reduced face-to-face interactions

The Internet: The Backbone of Modern Communication

Definition & Function
The Internet is a global network connecting millions of computers, allowing communication
and information sharing across the world.
Major Uses of the Internet in Communication
• Email & Instant Messaging — Google, Yahoo, Outlook, Slack, etc.
• Video Conferencing — zoom, Microsoft Teams, Skype, Google Meet.

• Social Networking — Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram.

• News& Information Platforms —online newspapers, blogs, RSS feeds.
• E-commerce& Digital Payments — Amazon, PayPal, Google Pay, etc.
• Online Education& E-learning — Udemy, Coursera, Zoom classes.
Impact of the Internet on Communication

A) Positive Effects:
• Global connectivity& real-time updates
• Cost-effective and instant messaging
• Facilitates remote work & learning
B) Negative Effects:

• Misinformation & fake news

• Cybersecurity threats (hacking, phishing)
• Digital divide (unequal access to the internet)
Social Media: The New Era of Communication
Definition& Importance

Social media refers to digital platforms that allow users to create, share, and interact with
content in real-time
Major Social Media Platforms & Their Roles
• Facebook — Social networking, community building, news dissemination.
• Twitter (X) — Real-time updates, news, and discussions.
• Instagram — Photo and video sharing, branding, influencer marketing.
• LinkedIn — Professional networking and career development.

• TikTok — Short-form video content, entertainment, viral trends.

• Snapchat — Temporary messaging and multimedia sharing.
• Reddit& Quora — Knowledge sharing and discussions.
Impact of Social Media on Communication
A) Positive Effects:

• Enhances global connectivity

• Provides a platform for awareness& activism
• Business and brand marketing opportunities
B) Negative Effects:
• Cyberbullying& online harassment

• Privacy concerns & data breaches

• Spread of m is information& fake news
Challenges & Ethical Concerns in Digital Communication
• Misinformation& Fake News — The rapid spread of unverified information.
• Privacy & Data Security — Risk of hacking, surveillance, and personal data leaks.

• Digital Addiction — Overuse of social media and smartphones affecting mental health.
• Cybercrime & Online Fraud — Scams, phishing attacks, and identity theft.
• Digital Divide — Unequal access to digital technology across different socioeconomic groups.

QUESTIONS
Which of the following is a primary benefit of instant messaging?

A. Increased physical activity

B. Enhanced face-to-face communication
C. Real-time information sharing
D. Improved cooking skills
What is the main advantage of video conferencing in a business setting
A. Reducing the need for travel
B. Increasing the need for office space

C. Decreasing the use of email

D. Reducing the need for paper documents
What is the primary function of search engines in information technology?
A. To provide entertainment
B. To facilitate online shopping

C. To enable real-time communication

D. To retrieve information quickly
What is the main purpose of cloud computing?
A. To increase the weight of devices
B. To store and access data remotely

C. To reduce the speed of data processing

D. To enhance physical security
Which of the following technologies allows for wireless data transmission over short
distances?
A. Bluetooth
B. Fiber optic
C. Satellite

D. Microwave
Which of the following is a primary benefit of telemedicine?
A. Increased travel time
B. Enhanced cooking skills
C. Remote medical consultations

D. Improved communication skills

What does GSM stand for in mobile communication?
A) Global System for Mobile Communication
B) General Switching Method
C) Global Satellite Management D) General System for Messaging
Which generation of mobile communication introduced LTE?
A) 2G
B)3G

C) 4G
D)5G
What is handover in mobile communication?
A) Switching between network providers
B) Transfer of a call or data session from one cell to another

C) Encryption of mobile communication

D) Disconnecting a call due to poor signal
Which component in mobile communication manages switching between calls and
services?
A) Mobile Station (MS)
B) Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
C) Base Station Controller (BSC)

D) Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

What is the primary advantage of 5G networks over 4G?
A) Improved voice quality
B) Higher data rates and lower latency
C) Support for basic smartphones

D) Easier deployment
What does SIM stand for in mobile communication?
A) Subscriber Identification Module
B) System Integration Manager
C) Signal Interpretation Mechanism

D) Subscriber Interaction Module

Which of the following is a primary benefit of using email for communication?
A) Real-time interaction
B) Asynchronous communication
C) Increased travel time D) Enhanced cooking skills
 Transport
Transportation
Science and technology have transformed transportation, making it faster, safer, and more
efficient. The evolution of vehicles, GPS & navigation, and autonomous vehicles showcases
how innovation continues to shape mobility.
Introduction to Transportation and Technology
Transportation plays a crucial role in daily life, enabling movement of people and goods.
Science and technology have enhanced transportation by improving:

• Speed& Efficiency (faster travel, reduced congestion)

Bullet trains like Japan’s Shinkansen and AI-driven traffic signal control in smart cities.
• Safety & Security (better infrastructure, accident prevention)
Tesla's Autopilot, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) in modern vehicles, and road
safety AI in cities.
• Environmental Impact (electric vehicles, alternative fuels) Tesla Model S (EV), Toyota Mirai
(hydrogen fuel cell), and solar-powered aircraft like Solar Impulse.
Vehicles: Advancements in Modern Transport
Evolution of Vehicles

• Traditional Modes: Horse-drawn carriages, bicycles

• Automobiles: Steam-powered, internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles
• Modern Vehicles: Electric cars (EVs), hydrogen fuel cell vehicles
• Future Vehicles: Hyperloop, flying cars, autonomous vehicles
Types of Vehicles in Modern Transportation

• Land Transport:
Cars & Motorcycles — Personal mobility
Buses & Trains — Public transportation
Trucks & Freight Trains - Cargo transport
• Air Transport:

Commercial Aircraft — Long-distance travel

Drones & UAVs - Delivery, surveillance, and military applications
• Water Transport
Cargo Ships & Ferries - International trade
Submarines & Yachts - Military and recreational use

• Space Transport:
Spacecraft& Rockets — Space exploration and satellite deployment
Science & Technology in Vehicle Advancements
• Internal Combustion Engine (ICE): Efficient fuel-powered transportation
• Electric Vehicles (EVs): Renewable energy use, reduced emissions Tesla, Nissan Leaf, and
Hyundai Kona EV
• Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles: Alternative clean energy source Toyota Mirai and Hyundai Nexo

• Aerodynamics & Lightweight Materials: Fuel efficiency, speed improvement

• Advanced Safety Features: Airbags, collision detection systems Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, and
Tesla
GPS and Navigation: The Role of Science & Technology
A. What is GPS (Global Positioning System)?
GPS is a satellite-based navigation system that provides real-time location and time data.
It was developed by the U.S. Department of Défense and is now widely used in daily
transportation.
B. How GPS Works
• Satellites (Orbit the Earth and send signals)

• Receivers (Smartphones, cars, and devices receive signals)

• Triangulation (Determines exact location based on multiple satellite signals)
C. Applications of GPS in Transportation
• Navigation Systems: Google Maps, Apple Maps, Waze
• Fleet Management: Logistics and cargo tracking

• Air & Sea N avigation: Aircraft and ships rely on GPS for positioning
• Emergency Services: Helps locate accident sites and distress signals
• Autonomous Vehicles: Self-driving cars use GPS for route mapping
D. Technologies Enhancing Navigation
• GIS (Geographic Information System): Analyzes and visualizes location-based data

• Real-time Traffic Data: Al and machine learning optimize routes

 • Smart Sensors & IoT: Collect Road and weather conditions
Autonomous Vehicles: Future of Transportation
A. What are Autonomous Vehicles?

Autonomous or self-driving vehicles use AI, sensors, cameras, GPS, and machine learning
to navigate without human intervention.

Levels of Automation (SAE Standard)

• Levet 0: No automation (human control)
• Level 1: Driver assistance (cruise control, lane-keeping)
• Level 2: Partial automation (driver monitors system, Tesla Autopilot)
• Level 3: Conditional automation (self-driving in certain conditions)

• Level 4: High automation (fully autonomous but limited areas)

• Level 5: Fu Il automation (no human intervention required)

C. Technologies in Autonomous Vehicles

• Al & Machine Learning: Decision-making & real-time adjustments
• LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging): 3D mapping of the environment
• Radar & Ultrasonic Sensors: Detect objects and obstacles

• Computer Vision: Cameras analyze road signs, lanes, and traffic signals
• V2V & V2I Communication: Vehicles and infrastructure interact for safer driving
D. Benefits of Autonomous Vehicles
• Safety: Reduces human errors, accident prevention
• Efficiency: Traffic flow optimization, reduced congestion
• Accessibility: Helps disabled and elderly individuals
• Fuel Efficiency: Smart driving reduces fuel consumption
E. Challenges & Ethical Concerns

• Legal& Regulatory Issues: Defining responsibility in accidents

• Cybersecurity Risks: Susceptibility to hacking
• Job Displacement: Reduction in driving-related jobs
• Public Acceptance: Trust and reliability concerns
Impact of Science & Technology on Transportation

A. Positive Impacts
• Faster& More Reliable Transport: High-speed trains, electric vehicles
• Cost- Effective& Efficient Travel: Ride-sharing, smart navigation
• Eco-Friendly solutions: Reduced carbon footprint via EVs & hydrogen fuel
• Improved Road Safety: AI-d riven accident prevention systems

B. Negative Impacts
• Technological Dependency: Malfunctions can disrupt transport systems
• Cyber Threats: GPS spoofing, hacking of autonomous vehicles
• High Implementation Costs: Advanced technologies are expensive to deploy
Future Trends in Transportation

1. Autonomous Vehicles (Self- Driving Cars):

Autonomous vehicles use AI, sensors, cameras, and LiDAR to navigate roads without human
intervention.
Benefits: Reduces human errors, prevents accidents, and enhances mobility for disabled
individuals.
Examples: Tesla’s Autopilot, and Waymo's self-driving taxis.
2. Hyperloop:
A high-speed transportation system using magnetic levitation (Maglev) inside a vacuum tube,
reducing air resistance.
Benefits: Fast, energy-efficient, and eco-friendly intercity travel.

Example: Virgin Hyperloop, Elon Musk's Hyperloop concept.

3. Smart Traffic Management (AI& IoT in Transport) Overview:
AI-powered traffic lights and IoT sensors analyze real-time traffic data to optimize signal
timings and reduce congestion.

Benefits: Decreases traffic jams, reduces travel time, and enhances road safety.
Example: AI-based smart traffic systems in Singapore and Dubai.
4. Electric Vehicles (EVs)& Wireless Charging Roads:
EVs use electric batteries instead of fossil fuels, and wireless charging roads provide energy to
EVs while in motion.
Benefits: Reduces carbon emissions and promotes sustainable transport.
Example: Tesla Model S, wireless EV charging roads in Sweden.

5. Drones for Delivery & Air Taxis:

Autonomous drones and electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft provide aerial
transportation for goods and people.
Benefits: Faster deliveries, reduced road congestion, and improved logistics.
Examples: Amazon Prime Air (drone delivery), Uber Elevate (air taxi).
6. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles:

These vehicles generate electricity by combining hydrogen and oxygen in fuel cells, emitting
only water vapor.

Benefits: Zero-emission, higher efficiency compared to gasoline engines, and fast refueling
times.

Examples: Toyota Mirai, Hyundai Nexo.

7. Connected Vehicles (V2X Communication):
Vehicles communicate with each other (V2V) and infrastructure (V2I) using SG and IoT for
enhanced safety and navigation.
Benefits: Prevents collisions, improves traffic flow, and enables real-time vehicle tracking.
Example: Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) in smart cities.

8. Space-Based Transportation:
Advanced rockets and spaceplanes designed for rapid long-distance travel via suborbital or
orbital routes.
Benefits: Drastically reduces travel time between continents.
Example: SpaceX Starship’s Earth-to-Earth transport concept.
9. Augmented Reality (AR) for Navigation:
AR overlays real-time navigation instructions on windshields or smart glasses, enhancing
driver awareness.
Benefits: Increases safety by reducing driver distraction and providing intuitive navigation.
Example: AR-powered heads-up displays in BMW and Mercedes-Benz

Future Trends in Transportation

Hyperloop: Ultra-high-speed trains using magnetic levitation
Flying Cars & Air Taxis: Urban aerial mobility
Smart Roads: IoT-enabled roads for real-time updates
Space Tourism: Commercial Space travel

• AI - Powered Traffic Management: Automated traffic flow systems

QUESTIONS
Which technology is crucial for the operation of autonomous vehicles?
a) Bluetooth
b) 5G connectivity

C) Analog signals
d) Morse code
What is the primary benefit of Hyperloop technology?
a) Increased road safety
b) High-speed ground transportation

C) Reduced air traffic

d) Improved parking systems
Which of these technologies enhances traffic flow management?
a) Quantum computing
b) Smart traffic lights

C) Abacus
d) Typewriters
What does "EV" stand for in the context of transportation?
a) Extremely volatile
b) Electronic vehicle

C) Environmental variable
d) Evolutionary vector
Which technology is used for real-time tracking of shipments and deliveries?
a) Fax machines
b) GPS and loT

C) Rotary phones
d) Pagers
What is the role of Al in modern transportation systems?
a) Manual ticket punching
b) Predictive maintenance and route optimization

c) Horse-drawn carriage design

d) Smoke signal interpretation
What is a key feature of modern electric aircraft?
a) Propeller driven by steam.
b) Battery-powered propulsion.

C) Coal-fired engines.
d) Wind-up mechanisms.
Which technology enables ride-sharing and on-demand transportation services?
a) Mainframe computers
b) Mobile applications and cloud computing

C) Telegraph systems
d) Carrier pigeons
What is the purpose of "V2X" communication in transportation?
a) Vehicle-to-everything communication
b) Very-to -extreme speed
C) Variable-to-xenon lighting d) Virtual-to-extended reality
What technology is used to create digital twins of transportation infrastructure?
a) 3D modeling and simulation
b) Sandcastle building

C) Origami
d) Finger painting
What is the benefit of using advanced materials in vehicle manufacturing?
a) Increased weight
b) Improved fuel efficiency and safety

c) Reduced speed
d) Enhanced rust formation
What role do drones play in transportation?
a) Delivery of small packages and aerial surveillance
b) Pulling cargo ships

C) Digging tunnels
d) Plowing roads
Which of these is a trend in maritime transportation?
a) Increased use of sail-powered ships
b) Autonomous shipping and electric propulsion

C) Decreased cargo ship sizes

d) The removal of all electronic navigation equipment.
What technology is used in modern railway systems to prevent collisions?
a) Semaphore signals
b) Positive train control (PTC)

C) Signal flags
d) Whistling
What is one of the main goals of implementing smart city transportation systems?
a) Increasing traffic congestion.
b) Reducing carbon emissions and improving efficiency.
C) Eliminating public transportation. d) Promoting the use of horse drawn carriages.
 Healthcare
Healthcare
Science and technology have revolutionized healthcare, leading to advancements in medical
technology, telemedicine, and pharmaceuticals. These innovations have improved diagnosis,
treatment, patient care, and accessibility to medical services.
Introduction to Healthcare and Technology
Healthcare is essential for human well-being, and scientific advancements have transformed
the industry by:

• Enhancing disease prevention and diagnosis

• Improving treatment and recovery rates
• Making healthcare more accessible and efficient
• Reducing human errors in medical practice
Medical Technology: Innovations in Diagnosis and Treatment

A. Definition of Medical Technology

Medical technology includes tools, equipment, and procedures used to diagnose, monitor,
and treat diseases. It ranges from basic medical devices to complex robotic surgery systems.
B. Key Advancements in Medical Technology
• Diagnostic Technologies:
 MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): High-resolution imaging for detecting tumors,
brain disorders, and injuries.
 CT scans (Computed Tomography): Detailed cross-sectional images of the body.
 Ultrasound: Non-invasive imaging used in pregnancy monitoring and organ
diagnostics.
 X-rays: Detect fractures, infections, and lung diseases
• Treatment Technologies:
 Robotic Surgery (Da Vinci System): Minimally invasive surgeries with high precision.
 Laser Therapy: Used in eye surgeries, cancer treatment, and cosmetic procedures.
 3D Printing in Medicine: Custom prosthetics, organ models, and bio-printing tissues.
 Radiation Therapy: Cancer treatment using targeted radiation.
• Wearable Health Technology:
 Smartwatches & Fitness Bands: Track heart rate, blood oxygen, and activity levels.
 Glucose Monitors: Help diabetics manage blood sugar levels.
 ECG Monitoring Devices: Detect heart abnormalities in real time.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Healthcare:
 AI-powered Diagnostics: Identifies diseases (e.g., cancer) faster than humans.
 Predictive Analytics: Forecasts disease outbreaks using bigdata.
 AI-assisted Drug Discovery: Accelerates the creation of new medicines.
C. Benefits of Medical Technology
• Faster and accurate diagnosis

• Minimally invasive procedures (reducing hospital stays)

• Early disease detection & prevention
• Remote health monitoring
D. Challenges in Medical Technology
• High costs of advanced medical devices

• Data privacy and security concerns

• Ethical issues in Al-driven healthcare
Telemedicine: Remote Healthcare Solutions
A. What is Telemedicine?
Telemedicine uses digital communication technologies to provide remote medical
consultation, diagnosis, and treatment. It is especially useful in rural and underserved areas.
B. Types of Telemedicine

• Real-time Consultation: Video calls with doctors using apps like Zoom, Teladoc, Practo.
• Store-and-Forward (Asynchronous Telemedicine): Patients send medical reports/images for
later evaluation.
• Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM): Devices track vital signs and send data to healthcare
providers.
• Mobile Health (m Health): Health apps offering self-care tips, reminders, and disease
management.
C. Advantages of Telemedicine
• Accessible healthcare for rural areas
• Reduces hospital visits and waiting times

• Cost-effective for both patients and healthcare providers

• Better management of chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, hypertension)
D. Challenges in Telemedicine
• Limited access to the internet in remote areas
• Difficulty in handling emergencies and complex cases remotely

• Data security and patient privacy concerns

Pharmaceuticals: Science in Drug Development
A. What is Pharmaceuticals?
Pharmaceuticals involve the research, development, production, and distribution of
medicines to prevent and treat diseases.
B. The Drug Development Process
• Discovery: Identifying potential drug compounds.

• Preclinical Testing: Laboratory and animal testing to determine safety.

• Clinical Trials: Human trials in 3 phases to test effectiveness and side effects.
• Regulatory Approval: Drugs are approved by regulatory bodies (e.g., FDA, WHO).
• Mass Production& Distribution: Large-scale manufacturing and global supply.
C. Modern Innovations in Pharmaceuticals

• Biopharmaceuticals (Biologics): Drugs made from living organisms (e.g., insulin, vaccines).
• m R NA Vaccines: Used in COVID-19 vaccines (Pfizer, Moderna).
• Personalized Medicine: Tailored treatments based on genetic makeup.
• CRISPR Gene Editing: Future possibility of curing genetic diseases.
D. Benefits of Pharmaceutical Advancements

• Faster vaccine development (e.g., COVID -19vaccines in record time)

• Effective treatments for chronic and rare diseases
• Increased life expectancy through advanced medications
E. Challenges in Pharmaceuticals
• High costs of drug development

• Ethical concerns in genetic modifications

• Global inequality in medicine access
Impact of Science& Technology on Healthcare
A. Positive Impacts
• Increased Life Expectancy: Advances in medicine and treatment.
• Early Disease Detection: Al-powered diagnostics.
• Remote Access to Health care: Telemedicine benefits patients globally.
• Faster Drug Development: AI and computational biology speedup research.

• Cost Reduction in Treatments: Minimally invasive surgeries lower hospital stays.

B. Negative Impacts
• Privacy and Data Security Issues: Patient records can be hacked.
• High Costs of Advanced Treatments: Not everyone can afford the latest medical technology
• Over-reliance on Technology: Dependency on AI may reduce human judgment in medicine.

• Ethical Issues: Genetic modifications, Al decision-making in critical cases.

Future Trends in Healthcare Technology
• Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery — AI predicts the effectiveness of new medicines.
• Wearable Biotech Devices — Smart implants for health monitoring.
• 3D- Printed Organs — Future solutions for organ transplants.

• Nano medicine — Tiny robots treating diseases inside the body.

• Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) — Direct brain -to - machine communication for disabled
individuals.
 Agriculture
Agriculture has evolved significantly due to advancements in science and technology, leading
to improved crop production, efficiency, sustainability, and food security. Key developments
in modern farming technologies and food processing & preservation have transformed the
agricultural industry, making it more productive and resource-efficient.
Introduction to Agriculture and Technology
Agriculture is essential for food production, economic growth, and environmental
sustainability. Science and technology have helped overcome traditional farming challenges
such as:
• Low yield and inefficient practices
• Climate change and unpredictable weather
• Pest infestations and soil degradation

• Post-harvest losses and food wastage

Modern Farming Technologies
A. Mechanised Farming
Traditional farming relied on manual labor and animal power, but modern technology has
introduced:
• Tractors & Harvesters: Increase efficiency in plowing, planting, and harvesting.

• Seed Drills: Ensure uniform seed distribution and spacing.

• Drones: Monitor crop health, spray pesticides, and map farm hands.
• Automated Irrigation Systems: Save water and provide precise moisture levels.
B. Precision Agriculture
Precision farming uses GPS, Al, and IoT sensors to improve crop yield while reducing waste. It
involves:
• Soil Sensors: Analyze soil nutrients and moisture levels

• Weather Monitoring Systems: Predict rainfall, temperature, and extreme weather.

• Variable Rate Technology (VRT): Adjusts water, fertilizer, and pesticides based on crop needs.
• AI & Big Data: Helps farmers make informed decisions based on real-time analytics
C. Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering
Modern biotechnology has revolutionized agriculture through:
• Genetically Modified (GM) Crops: Pest-resistance, drought-tolerant, and high-yield crops.
(e.g., Bt cotton, Golden Rice)
•Tissue Culture: Producing disease-free, high-quality plants.
• CRISPR Gene Editing: Modifying plant DNA to enhance growth and resistance.
D. Sustainable & Organic Farming Technologies:

Science is promoting eco-friendly agriculture to reduce environmental damage:

• Hydroponics & Aeroponics: Soil-less farming using nutrient-rich water or mist.
• Vertical Farming: Growing crops in stacked layers to save space resources.
• Agroforestry: Combining trees with crops for biodiversity and soil protection.
• Biofertilizers & Biopesticides: Natural alternatives to chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

E. Smart Farming & Automation

• AI-powered robots: Perform weeding, seeding, and harvesting.
• Self-driving tractors: Reduce labor costs and human error.
• Blockchain in Agriculture: Enhances traceability in the food supply chain.
F. Benefits of Modern Farming Technologies

• Higher crop yields with less land use

• Efficient water& resource management
• Reduced dependency on chemical inputs
• Better pest and disease control
• Sustainable farming methods reduce environmental impact

G. Challenges in Modern Agriculture

• High costs of technology implementation
• Data privacy and cybersecurity risks in smart farming
• Resistance to GM crops due to health concerns
• Climate change impacts (droughts, floods, soil erosion)

Food Processing & Preservation Technologies

A. What is Food Processing?
Food processing involves transforming raw agricultural products into consumable food items
through various methods such as cleaning, cooking, packaging, and preserving.
B. Types of Food Processing
• Primary Processing: Cleaning, sorting, and grinding raw materials (e.g., wheat into flour).
• Secondary Processing: Cooking, baking, and fermenting (e.g., milk into cheese).
• Tertiary Processing. Creating ready-to-eat foods (e.g., frozen meals, canned goods).
C. Modern Food Processing Technologies
• Pasteurization: Kills bacteria in milk and juices using heat.

• Ultra- High Temperature (UHT) Processing: Extends shelf life without refrigeration.
• High- Pressure Processing (HPP): Uses pressure instead of heat to preserve Food nutrients.
• Freeze-Drying: Removes moisture from food while preserving nutrients.
• Extrusion Technology: Used in making snacks, cereals, and pet foods.
D. Food Preservation Techniques

• Traditional Preservation Methods:

 Drying (sun-drying fruits and vegetables)
 Salting (preserving meat and fish)
 Fermentation (yogurt, kimchi, pickles)
• Modern Preservation Methods:
 Cold Storage& Refrigeration: Prevents spoilage and bacterial growth.
 Vacuum Packaging: Removes air to slow down oxidation.
 Radiation Preservation: Uses gamma rays to kill bacteria and pests.
 Edible Coatings: Protects perishable fruits and vegetables.
E. Role of Science in Food Safety & Quality Control
• Food Safety Standards (HACCP, FDA, WHO): Ensure safe food production and distribution.
• Artificial Intelligence in Quality Control: Detects food contamination and spoilage.
• Lab-Grown Meat & Plant-Based Alternatives: Sustainable food production to reduce meat
consumption
F. Benefits of Food Processing & Preservation

• Increases food shelf life

• Reduces food waste and losses
• Enhances food safety and prevents contamination
• Adds nutritional value (fortification of vitamins and minerals)
• Convenience and availability of food products

G. Challenges in Food Processing & Preservation

• Use of preservatives and additives may have health risks
• Nutrient loss in highly processed foods
• Environmental impact from packaging waste
• High energy consumption in food processing plants
Impact of Science & Technology on Agriculture

A. Positive Impacts
• Increased food production & security
• Efficient land and water usage
• Reduced environmental impact with smart farming
• Less dependency on manual labor

• Healthier and safer food options

B. Negative Impacts
• Expensive technology limits small-scale farmers
• Overuse of chemicals in food production
• Deforestation and biodiversity loss due to large-scale farming

• Food processing may lead to unhealthy dietary habits (junk food)

Future Trends in Agriculture & Food Technology
• Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning: AI-powered farm management systems.
• Lab-Grown Meat& Alternative Proteins: Sustainable protein sources.
• Blockchain for Food Supply Chain: Enhancing transparency and traceability.

• Smart Greenhouses: Controlled environments for year-round farming.

• Nano-Technology in Agriculture: Nano-fertilizers and nano-pesticides for precise crop
nutrition.

QUESTIONS
What is the primary benefit of using Precision Agriculture in farming?
A) Increasing manual labor in the field s
B) Using satellite and IoT tech no logy for data-driven farming decisions

C) Completely automating crop production without human intervention

D) Eliminating the need for fertilizers
How does biotechnology contribute to modern agriculture?
A) By genetically modifying crops to enhance resistance to pests and diseases
B) By replacing traditional irrigation systems with Al-controlled robots
C) By eliminating the need for fertilizers and pesticides
D) By reducing the cost of farm equipment

Which technology is commonly used in smart irrigation systems?

A) Blockchain technology
B) Internet of Things (IoT) and sensor-based irrigation
C) Quantum computing
D) Virtual Reality (VR)

How does Artificial Intelligence (AI) assist in agricultural productivity?

A) By automating decision-making using predictive analytics
B) By replacing all human farmers with robotic systems
C) By reducing the availability of fertilizers
D) By preventing photosynthesis in plants
What role does blockchain play in agriculture?

A) Preventing farm animals from escaping

B) Eliminating the need for fertilizers

C) Increasing the carbon footprint of agricultural practice
D) transparency in the food supply chain
Which modern agricultural technique reduces soil erosion and improves sustainability?
A) Deep plowing

B) Excessive pesticide use

C) Slash-and-burn farming
D) Hydroponics and vertical farming
How does Remote Sensing benefit agriculture?
A) By automating livestock feeding

B) By replacing all traditional farming methods

C) By reducing the need for agricultural laborers
D) By using satellite imagery and drones to monitor crop health and soil conditions
What is the advantage of using CRISPR technology in agriculture?
A) Making crops dependent on synthetic fertilizers
B) Eliminating all natural plant species

C) Removing the need for sunlight in crop growth

D) Enhancing genetic traits in crops for better yield and disease resistance
How does robotics impact modern farming?
A) By enabling automated harvesting and weeding
B) By increasing reliance on traditional farming techniques

C) By eliminating the need for irrigation

D) By reducing crop biodiversity
What is the main purpose of using biofertilizers in agriculture?
A) Enhancing soil fertility using natural microorganisms
B) Increasing synthetic chemical content in soil

C) Replacing all traditional farming techniques

D) Eliminating the need for irrigation
What is the role of nanotechnology in modern agriculture?
A) Improving pest control and nutrient delivery at the molecular level
B) Increasing the cost of agricultural production

C) Replacing human farmers with AI

D) Preventing plants from growing beyond a certain height
What is Vertical Farming?
A) Growing crops in stacked layers indoors using controlled environments
B) A traditional method of growing plants in fields

C) A technique used only for ornamental plants

D) A method to increase greenhouse gas emissions
How does drone technology benefit agriculture?
A) By providing aerial surveys for crop monitoring and pesticide spraying
B) By replacing all tractors on farms
C) By reducing oxygen levels in the soil
D) By eliminating traditional irrigation systems
What is a major environmental benefit of adopting Conservation Agriculture?
A) Reduction in soil degradation and improved carbon sequestration

B) Increased use of chemical fertilizers

C) Higher dependence on fossil fuels
D) Reduced crop variety
What is the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in livestock management?
A) Monitoring animal health and optimizing breeding programs

B) Reducing the number of farm animals

C) Eliminating the need for veterinarians
D) Preventing animals from grazing
 Challenges and considerations
Challenges and Considerations
While science and technology have transformed daily life, they also come with challenges and
concerns that impact society, the environment, and global equity. The key issues include
ethical concerns, environmental impact, and the digital divide.
Science and technology have brought tremendous benefits, but their misuse, over-reliance,
and unequal distribution pose significant challenges. Key issues include:
• Ethical Concerns — Al bias, data privacy, surveillance, and job displacement.

• Environmental Impact — E-waste, resource depletion, and carbon emissions.

• Digital Divide - Unequal access to technology across different regions and socioeconomic
groups.
Ethical Concerns in Science and Technology
Ethics in science and technology focuses on the responsible use of innovation to avoid harm,
discrimination, and inequality.
A. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Automation
• Bias & Discrimination - Al systems can reflect human biases, leading to unfair decisions (e.g.,
biased hiring algorithms, racial profiling in facial recognition).
• Job Displacement — Al and robotics replace human workers, causing unemployment and
income inequality.
• Autonomous Weapons & Al Warfare — Military use of AI in drones and robotic soldiers raises
ethical concerns about human control over warfare.
B. Data Privacy & Cybersecurity Risks

• Mass Surveillance — Governments and corporations collect personal data, leading to privacy
violations (e.g., tracking online activities, facial recognition).
• Hacking & Cybercrimes — Online fraud, identity theft, and cyberattacks increase as digit at
dependence grows.
• Misuse of Personal Data — Companies use AI algorithms to manipulate late users through
targeted ads, misinformation, and behavioral tracking.
C. Ethical Concerns in Biotechnology & Healthcare
• Genetic Engineering& CRISPR — While gene editing can cure diseases, it also raises concerns
about "designer babies" and human genetic modifications.
• Cloning & Organ Transplants — Ethical concerns over cloning humans and animal cruelty in
genetic experiments.
• Access to Healthcare Technologies — Expensive medical treatments and AI-based healthcare
systems may widen healthcare inequality.
D. Social & Psychological Effects of Technology
• Addiction to Technology - Social media, video games, and smartphones cause mental health
issues, reduced productivity, and digital addiction.
• Fake News & Misinformation - Al-generated fake news spreads quickly, impacting politics,
social movements, and public perception.
• Loss of Human Interaction - Excessive reliance on technology reduces face-to-face
communication and emotional intelligence.
Solutions to Ethical Concerns

• Implement Al ethics policies and unbiased algorithms.

• Strengthen data privacy laws e.g., GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation)
• Promote digital literacy to prevent misinformation.
• Ensure fair regulations for Al and automation to protect jobs and privacy.
Environmental Impact of Science and Technology

A. Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Crisis

• Massive E-Waste Generation — Discarded electronics (phones, laptops, TVs) release toxic
chemicals into the environment.
• Short Device Lifespan — Planned obsolescence forces consumers to replace gadgets
frequently, worsening e-waste.
• Improper Disposal — Developing countries receive e-waste, leading to health hazards and
pollution.
B. Energy Consumption & Carbon Emissions
• Data Centres & Crypto Mining — Large-scale servers and blockchain mining consume
enormous energy, contributing to global warming.
• Smart Devices & Internet Use — Streaming services, cloud storage, and Al operations
increase electricity demand.
• Manufacturing & Industrial Waste — The production of electronics and AI devices generates
waste, pollution, and deforestation.
G. Environmental Risks of Biotechnology & Agriculture

• Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) — While GMOs improve crop yields, they may harm
biodiversity and ecosystems.
• Pesticides & Chemical Pollution — Excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers pollutes soil and
water bodies.
• Deforestation for Technological Expansion — Building factories, data centers, and smart
cities destroys forests and habitats.
Solutions to Environmental Issues
• Promote E-Waste Recycling& Sustainable Manufacturing.

• Use Renewable Energy for tech operations (e.g., solar-powered data centers).
• Encourage Eco-friendly AI& Green Computing to reduce carbon footprints.
• Develop Biodegradable Electronics& Sustainable Batteries.
The Digital Divide: inequality in Access to Technology
The digital divide refers to the gap between individuals, communities, and countries in
accessing and using technology.
A. Causes of the Digital Divide

Economic Inequality — Low-income households and developing nations lack affordable

internet and devices.

Education Barriers — Limited digital literacy prevents effective use of technology.

Infrastructure Issues — Rural areas and poor countries suffer from low internet speeds and
lack of connectivity.
Gender & Disability Gaps — Women and disabled individuals often face limited access to
technology.
B. Effects of the Digital Divide
Limited Educational Opportunities — Students without access to online learning fall behind in
studies.
Job Market Disadvantages — People without digital skills struggle to find jobs in a technology-
driven world.
Healthcare Inequality — Telemedicine and Al healthcare services exclude those without
internet access.
Widening Economic Gaps — Businesses in underdeveloped areas lose economic opportunities
due to lack of digital tools.
Solutions to Bridge the Digital Divide

• Expand affordable internet access and mobile networks in rural areas.

• Provide digital literacy training and education in schools.
• Subsidize smartphones, laptops, and internet services for low-income families.
• Support inclusive tech policies for marginalized groups.
Future Considerations for Ethical, Environmental& Digital Challenges:
• Ethical Al & Fair Regulations — Ensuring Al, automation, and digital systems follow ethical
guidelines.
• Sustainable Technology Development — Reducing energy use, promoting recycling, and
minimizing waste.

• Tech Access for All— Governments and corporations must invest in bridging the digital
divide.

• Human-Centric Innovation — Technology should enhance human well-being rather than

replace human roles.

QUESTIONS
What is a major ethical concern in the advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) in daily life?
A) Increased automation and efficiency
B) Bias in decision-making and privacy issues
C) Lower energy consumption

D) Reduction in cost of electronic devices

What is the primary challenge in the widespread adoption of renewable energy sources like
solar and wind?
A) Lack of available land
B) High operational cost
C) Intermittency and storage issues
D) 0ver-reliance on fossil fuels

Which challenge is most associated with the rapid development of biotechnology in

healthcare?
A) Ethical concerns about genetic modifications
B) Lack of trained professionals
C) Limited availability of laboratory equipment
D) Increase in non-communicable diseases

Why is cybersecurity a major concern in the digital era?

A) Internet speeds have become faster
B) Growing number of cyberattacks and data breaches
C) More people prefer online communication
D) Governments regulate the Internet strictly
What is one of the biggest technological challenges in space exploration?

A) Absence of water on Mars

B) Lack Of interest in Space research
C) High costs and radiation exposure risks
D) Difficulty in launching small satellites
Which environmental issue is closely linked to advancements in manufacturing
technologies?
A) Ozone layer depletion

B) Deforestation
C) E-waste accumulation
D) Noise pollution
What is a significant limitation of self-driving cars today?
A) Lack of interest from automobile companies

B) High fuel consumption

C) Difficulty in decision-making in unpredictable environments
D) Legal restrictions against their use
Why is artificial intelligence considered a double-edged sword in modern industries?
A) It improves efficiency but can lead to job displacement

B) AI is only useful in the IT sector

C) AI cannot process data fast enough
D) Al systems are completely unbiased
What is a common concern related to the 5G network rollout?
A) Incompatibility with modern smartphones

B) High radiation IeveIs affecting human health

C) Limited internet speed improvement
D) Unavailability of 4G networks
What is a major challenge in Al-based healthcare systems?
A) Too many human doctors available
B) AI cannot be used in hospitals
C) Risk of misdiagnosis due to algorithm errors
D) No need for medical research

A major challenge in sustainable agriculture due to technology is:

A) Reduced pesticide use
B) Overreliance on genetic modifications
C) Decreasing food production
D) Increased manual labor

Why is quantum computing a challenge in modern technology?

A) It is easy to implement in all industries
B) High computational power makes it unnecessary
C) Complexity and cost of quantum hardware
D) It only benefits military applications

What is a major ethical consideration in self-driving car technology?

A) Increasing speed of vehicles
B) Ethical decision-making in accidents
C) Reducing global warming
D) Lower insurance costs

What isa challenge in Al-based education systems?

A) Increased personalization for students
B) Digital divide and unequal access
C) Improved student engagement
D) Reduced workload for teachers

What is a major limitation of blockchain technology in financial transactions?

A) It is completely transparent
B) It is impossible to hack
C) High energy consumption in cryptocurrency mining
D) It eliminates the need for secure transactions
What is a major ethical concern regarding Al-based hiring systems?
A) Faster recruitment process
B) AI replacing human recruiters

C) Algorithmic bias leading to discrimination

D) Increased job opportunities
What is one of the major risks of over-reliance on cloud computing?
A) Reduced hardware costs
B) Increased dependency on internet connectivity

C) Higher physical storage space requirements

D) Less need for cybersecurity
Why is nuclear energy a controversial technological advancement?
A) It produces high energy output
B) It requires minimal resources

C) It poses risks of radioactive waste and accidents

D) It is more efficient than fossil fuels
A major cybersecurity concern with biometric authentication (e.g., fingerprint, facial
recognition) is:
A) It cannot be hacked
B) Biometric data, once stolen, cannot be changed
C) It is more secure than passwords

D) It reduces authentication time

What is a significant drawback of Internet of Things (IoT) devices?
A) They reduce automation in industries
B) They are too costly to manufacture
C) They increase vulnerability to cyberattacks

D) They consume less data than traditional systems

One of the biggest environmental challenges of battery-powered electric vehicles (EVs) is:
A) Lack of technological advancements
B) Difficulty in mining lithium and battery dispo5al
C) Lack of demand for EVs
D) EVs produce more CO2 than gasoline vehicles
Why is deepfake technology considered a major challenge in digital media?
A) It improves video quality

B) It increases accessibility to content

C) It can be used for misinformation and fraud
D) It enhances social media interaction
What is a key ethical challenge in the use of self-learning Al systems?
A) AI systems do not need updates

B) AI can improve its own performance over time

C) AI can make decisions without human oversight, leading to unpredictable consequences
D) Al cannot be used in real-world applications
 Everyday Life
Everyday Life
Science and technology play a crucial role in everyday life, improving convenience, efficiency,
and comfort. Advancements in household appliances, entertainment, and home automation
have transformed modern living, making tasks easier, faster, and smarter.
Introduction: Impact of Science and Technology on Daily Life
Technology has reshaped everyday activities, providing:

• Time-saving household appliances for cooking, cleaning, and maintenance.

• Smart home automation for security, energy efficiency, and convenience.
• Advanced entertainment systems for digital media, gaming, and smart TVs.
• Al and IoT (Internet of Things) to interconnect household devices.
These innovations enhance lifestyle quality, reduce effort, and improve efficiency in daily
tasks.

Household Appliances and Their Role in Daily Life

Household appliances use electricity, Al, and automation to simplify daily chores.
A. Kitchen Appliances
• Refrigerators — Preserve food using advanced cooling technology and smart sensors.
• Microwave Ovens — Quick heating and cooking using electromagnetic waves.

• Dishwashers — Save time and water with automated cleaning.

• Coffee Makers — Provide instant brewing with AI-controlled settings.
• Induction Cooktops — Use electromagnetic heating for fast, energy-efficient cooking
B. Cleaning & Laundry Appliances
• Washing Machines& Dryers — Al-powered laundry with energy-saving modes.

• Vacuum Cleaners & Robot Vacuums (e.g., Roomba) — Smart cleaning with motion sensors.
• Air Purifiers & Dehumidifiers — Improve air quality by removing allergens and pollutants.
C. Home Comfort & Energy Efficiency
• Smart Air Conditioners & Heaters — Al-based temperature control for energy efficiency.
• Water Heaters& Geysers — Quick water heating with safety features.

• Energy-Efficient LED Lights — Reduce electricity consumption with long-lasting bulbs.

Benefits of Modern Household Appliances:
• Saves time and effort
• Reduces energy and water consumption

• Enhances safety with automation and AI

• Improves comfort and convenience
Entertainment: The Digital Revolution
Entertainment has evolved from traditional media (radio, TV, theatres) to digital and
interactive platforms.
Digital Entertainment Technologies:
Smart TVs & Streaming Services

• Platforms like Netflix, YouTube, Amazon Prime provide on-demand content.

• Smart TVs integrate voice control, AI recommendations, and 4K displays.
Gaming Consoles& Virtual Reality (VR)
• PS5, Xbox Series X, and PC gaming provide immersive gaming experiences.
• VR (Oculus, HTC Vive) creates realistic virtual worlds.

Smartphones & Mobile Entertainment

• Mobile apps for music, video, and gaming (Spotify, TikTok, Twitch).
• Live streaming platforms (Twitch, Facebook Live, YouTube Live).
Al & Personalized Entertainment
• Al-based recommendations on Netflix, Spotify, and YouTube tailor content to user
preferences.

• Al -generated music and deepfake video technology enhance creative possibilities.

Social Media & Content Creation
• Platforms like Instagram, TikTok, and Twitter allow users to create and share content.
• Al-powered video editing and photo enhancement improve media quality.
Benefits of Modern Entertainment:

• Accessible anytime, anywhere

• Personalized experiences with Al
• Interactive and immersive entertainment
Home Automation & Smart Homes
Home automation integrates IoT (Internet of Things), AI, and smart devices to create
intelligent homes.
A. Key Smart Home Technologies
Smart Security Systems

• Smart Door Locks& Video Doorbells (Ring, NestHello) — Remote access and real-time
monitoring.
• Al - Based Security Cameras — Facial recognition and motion detection.
Voice Assistants & AI Integration
• Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant, Apple Siri — Voice-controlled smart home management.
• Al helps control lights, thermostats, music, and security.

Smart Lighting & Energy Efficiency

• Philips Hue, LIFX Smart Bulbs — Energy-saving lights controlled by apps or voice commands.
• Motion-sensor lighting reduces energy wastage.
Smart Thermostats & Climate Control
• Nest, Ecobee Smart Thermostats adjust temperature automatically for efficiency.

• Al-based energy management lowers electricity bills.

Smart Kitchen & Household Gadgets
• Wi-Fi-enabled refrigerators notify about food expiration and energy consumption.
• Smart Coffee Makers & Air fryers allow remote operation via smartphones.
Smart Home Hubs & IoT Connectivity

• Devices like Google Nest Hub, Amazon Echo Show centralize home automation.
• IoT networks interconnect multiple smart devices.
Benefits of Home Automation:
• Enhances security and safety
• Saves energy and reduces electricity bills

• Provides remote access and control via smartphones

• Increases convenience through automation
Advantages & Challenges of Technology in Everyday Life
Advantages:
• Saves time and effort in household tasks

• Improves safety and security with AI-powered devices

• Enhances entertainment with immersive experiences
• Reduces energy consumption through smart home technology
Challenges:
• High Initial Costs — Smart home devices and appliances can be expensive.

• Privacy & Data Security Risks — Smart devices collect and store personal data.
• Dependence on Internet & Electricity — Most smart devices need constant internet access.
• Technical Issues & Maintenance — Devices may require updates and troubleshooting.
Future Trends in Everyday Technology
• AI-Powered Home Assistants — More advanced voice recognition and automation.

• Holographic& 3-D Entertainment — Future TVs and gaming experiences in 3D.

• Self-Sustaining Smart Homes — Solar-powered homes with AI energy optimization.
• Robotic Household Assistants — Robots for home cleaning, cooking, and elderly care.
• Advanced Augmented Reality (AR) & Virtual Reality (VR) — Enhancing interactive learning
and entertainment.

QUESTIONS
Which emerging technology is primarily responsible for enabling smart homes?

A) Blockchain
B) Quantum Computing
C) Internet of Things (IoT)
D) Virtual Reality
How does Artificial Intelligence (AI) enhance medical diagnostics?

A) By replacing doctors
B) By using machine learning to analyze medical images and detect patterns
C) By reducing the cost of pharmaceuticals
D) By automating hospital administrative tasks
What is the role of biotechnology in food production?
A) Increasing crop yields and resistance to pests through genetic modification
B) Automating food packaging processes

C) Reducing the need for organic farming

D) Eliminating the use of fertilizers
What is the major contribution of 5G technology in modern communication?
A) Increased call clarity
B) Faster internet speed and low latency for real-time applications

C) Reducing dependence on fiber optic cables

D) Replacing Wi-Fi networks entirely
Which scientific principle is responsible for the functioning of touchscreens in smartphones?
A) Electromagnetic Induction
B) Capacitance and Resistive Touch Technology

C) Quantum Mechanics
D) Fiber Optics
How does Machine Learning (ML) impact e-commerce platforms like Amazon?
A) By storing customer data in physical warehouses
B) By analyzing user behavior to provide personalized recommendations

C) By reducing the need for customer service representatives

D) By preventing cybercrimes entirely
Why is blockchain technology significant in financial transactions?
A) It allows instant bank-to-bank transfers without fees
B) It is used only for cryptocurrency.

C) It replaces all forms of traditional banking

D) It provides a secure, decentralized ledger system for transactions
Which advancement in science has contributed the most to weather forecasting?
A) Genetic engineering
B) Quantum mechanics
C) Satellite and radar technology D) Astrophysics
In which way does Al-powered automation impact the manufacturing industry?
A) It eliminates the need for raw materials
B) It replaces all human workers in factories

C) It increases production efficiency and reduces errors

D) It removes all safety hazards in factories
What is the primary function of CRISPR technology in medicine?
A) Editing genetic code to correct mutations
B) Enhancing human intelligence

C) Preventing infections without Vaccinations

D) Replacing damaged organs with synthetic ones
What makes electric vehicles (EVs) more environmentally friendly than traditional fuel-
powered cars?
A) They produce zero direct carbon emissions
B) They are cheaper to manufacture
C) They eliminate the need for roads

D) They do not use batteries

How does smart grid technology improve electricity distribution?
A) It allows manual control of all electrical systems
B) It enables automatic adjustments to electricity supply based on demand
C)It removes the need for power stations

D) It prevents all power outages

What is the primary role of robotics in space exploration?
A) To replace astronauts entirely
B) To prevent space radiation
C) To generate artificial gravity in spacecraft

D) To assist in conducting experiments and gathering planetary data

What is the role of bioinformatics in modern healthcare?
A) It helps analyze biological data, such as DNA sequencing
B) It replaces traditional surgical procedures
C) It speeds up the physical recovery process D) It increases drug prices
 Energy
Energy is essential for electricity, transportation, industrial processes, and daily activities.
Science and technology have played a crucial role in improving renewable energy resources
and energy efficiency, making energy production and consumption more sustainable, cost-
effective, and environmentally friendly.
Energy is required for almost all aspects of modern life, from powering homes to fueling
industries. The advancement of science and technology has led to:
• More efficient and cleaner energy production
• Increased use of renewable energy sources
• Energy-saving technologies to reduce waste

• Smart energy management for sustainable development

A. Non- Renewable Energy Sources (Traditional Energy)
Fossil Fuels (Coal, Oil, Natural Gas) — Major contributors to pollution and global warming.
Nuclear Energy — Efficient but poses safety and waste disposal challenges.
B. Renewable Energy Sources (Sustainable Energy)

Solar, Wind, hydropower, Geothermal, and Biomass — Clean and sustainable alternatives to
fossil fuels.

Renewable Energy Resources

Renewable energy comes from naturally replenishing sources that do not deplete over time.
It helps reduce carbon emissions, pollution, and dependence on fossil fuels.
Types of Renewable Energy:
Solar Energy: Solar energy converts sunlight into electricity using solar panels (photovoltaic
cells - PV cells) or solar thermal technology.
Types of Solar Energy:
• Solar Photovoltaic (PV): Converts sunlight directly into electricity.

• Solar Thermal Energy: Heats water or air using solar collectors (e.g., solar water heaters).
• Concentrated Solar Power (CSP): Uses mirrors to focus sunlight and generate high
temperatures for electricity production.
Advantages:
Abundant and pollution-free
Reduces electricity bills
Low maintenance costs
Challenges:
High initial installation cost
Efficiency depends on weather and sunlight availability

Wind Energy: Wind turbines convert kinetic energy from wind into electricity using rotating
blades connected to a generator.

Advantages:
No air pollution or greenhouse gas emissions
Low operational costs after installation
Suitable for large-scale energy production
Challenges:

Wind speed varies, affecting efficiency

Requires large open spaces
Noise and aesthetic concerns in residential areas
Hydropower (Hydroelectric Energy): Hydropower uses the force of moving water (rivers,
dams, or tides) to generate electricity. Hydroelectric power plants convert the energy of
flowing water into mechanical and electrical energy.
Advantages:
Reliable and renewable source of power

Can store water for energy production during peak demand

No direct pollution
Challenges:
Environmental Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems
Expensive to build and maintain hydroelectric dams

Displacement of communities for dam construction

Geothermal Energy: Geothermal energy comes from heat stored beneath the Earth's surface.
It is used for electricity generation and direct heating purposes.
Advantages:
Provides a constant source of energy
Low greenhouse gas emissions
Works in any weather condition
Challenges:
Limited to regions with geothermal activity
High initial drilling costs

Biomass Energy: Biomass energy is generated from organic materials like wood, crop waste,
animal manure, and algae. It can be converted into biofuels (ethanol, biodiesel), biogas, and
direct combustion energy.

Energy Efficiency: Smart Energy Use

Energy efficiency means using less energy to perform the same task, reducing waste and
lowering energy costs. It plays a crucial role in sustainable energy management.
Energy-Efficient Technologies:
LED Lighting
• Uses 75% less energy than incandescent bulbs.
• Lasts longer and produces less heat.

Smart Appliances
• Energy-efficient refrigerators, washing machines, and air conditioners use Al to optimize
energy consumption.
Smart Grids& Energy Storage
• Smart Grids: Use AI and loT to distribute electricity efficiently and reduce power losses.
• Battery Storage (Lithium-Ion, Flow Batteries): Stores energy for later use, improving the
reliability of renewables.
Electric Vehicles (EVs) & Hybrid Cars

• EVs run on electricity instead of gasoline, reducing fuel consumption and emissions.
• Hybrid cars use a combination of electric power and fuel for better efficiency.
Home & Building Energy Efficiency
• Insulation & Smart Thermostats: Reduce heating and cooling costs.
• Green Building Design: Uses solar panels, energy-efficient windows, and recycled materials.

Impact of Science & Technology on Energy

A. Positive Impacts
• Reduces carbon footprint and combats climate change
• Improves energy security and independence
• Lowers electricity and fuel costs for consumers
• Increases efficiency in energy production and consumption
• Creates new jobs in the renewable energy sector
Negative Impacts

• High costs of implementing new technologies

• Intermittent energy production (solar and wind depend on weather)
• Environmental concerns from large-scale hydro and bioenergy projects
• Challenges in transitioning from fossil fuels to renewables
Future Trends in Energy Technology

• Next-Generation Solar Panels — Higher efficiency and transparent solar cells.

• Hydrogen Fuel Cells — Clean energy alternative for transportation and industry.
• Fusion Energy —A limitless and safe source of power (still under research).
• Advanced Battery Storage — High-capacity batteries for stable renewable energy use.
• Wireless Energy Transmission — Beam energy wirelessly to reduce Infrastructure needs.

QUESTIONS
Which technology converts solar energy directly into electricity?
A) Wind Turbines
B) Hydroelectric Generators
C) Photovoltaic Cells

D) Geothermal Pumps
Which of the following is a renewable energy source?
A) coal
B) Natural Gas
C) Nuclear Power

D) Biomass
Which of the following household appliances converts electrical energy into thermal
energy?
A) Ceiling Fan
B) LED Bulb
C) Microwave Oven
D) Refrigerator
What type of energy is harnessed by hydroelectric power plants?

A) Nuclear Energy
B) Kinetic Energy of Water
C) Solar Energy
D) Chemical Energy
Which fossil fuel is primarily used for electricity generation worldwide?

A) Oil
B) Natural Gas
C) Coal
D) Biomass
How does a wind turbine generate electricity?

A) Wind heats up the air to produce steam

B) The blades rotate a generator
C) Wind produces solar energy
D) Wind activates a chemical reaction
What is the primary purpose of smart grids in energy distribution?

A) To increase energy wastage

B) To reduce energy efficiency
C) To integrate renewable energy and enhance energy management
D) To store fossil fuels for future use
Which gas is primarily responsible for trapping heat in the atmosphere, leading to global
warming?
A) Oxygen

B) Carbon Dioxide
C) Nitrogen
D) Helium
Why is energy conservation important in daily life?
A) To reduce dependency on non-renewable resources
B) To increase power plant emissions

C) To waste more energy

D) To stop scientific advancements
What is the primary reason nuclear energy is considered non-renewable?
A) It emits greenhouse gases
B) It requires continuous solar input

C) Uranium reserves are finite

D) It depends on tidal energy
What is the main function of a battery in an electrical circuit?
A) To generate heat
B) To store and supply electrical energy

C) To cool down the circuit

D) To convert electricity into sound
Which unit is used to measure electrical power?
A) Volt
B) Watt

C) Ampere
D) Ohm
What does a wind turbine convert wind energy into?
A) Heat energy
B) Chemical energy

C) Electrical energy
D) Nuclear energy
ICT + AI& Robotics + Recent development in Applied Science + Role
of science and technology in daily life

Which of the following is an example of B2C (Business-to-Consumer) e-commerce?

a) Amazon selling books to customers

b) A manufacturer selling parts to another business

c) Government issuing tenders online
d) Freelancers working on a gig platform
Which technology is commonly used to secure online transactions in e-commerce?
a) SSL/TLS

b) FTP
c) SMTP
d) IPv4
What is a digital wallet?
a) A physical device for storing cash

b) An online platform to store and manage payment methods

c) A type of cryptocurrency
d) A shopping cart feature in e-commerce platforms
What is the primary purpose of a recommendation system in e-commerce?
a) To process transactions securely

b) To provide personalized product suggestions

c) To track customer location
d) To analyze competitor pricing
Which of the following is a feature of m-commerce (mobile commerce)?
a) Transactions done on mobile devices

b) Offline shopping with cash payments

c) Physical stores offering discounts
d) Selling through television advertisements
Which of the following is an advantage of e-learning?
a) Access to global resources
b) Limited flexibility in scheduling

c) Requires expensive physical infra5tructure

d) Reduces online interaction
What is an LMS (Learning Management System)?
a) A software application for managing educational content and courses
b) A type of hardware for virtual learning

c) A government portal for online services

d) A database for storing research papers
Which of the following technologies is commonly used in virtual classrooms?
a) Video conferencing tools
b) Desktop publishing software

c) File compression utilities

d) Word processors
What is the main purpose of gamification in e-learning?
a) To simplify course delivery
b) To make learning engaging and interactive

c) To test server performance

d) To monitor user activity
Which of the following is a limitation of e-learning?
a) Lack of flexibility in learning pace
b) Limited social interaction

c) Access to multiple devices

d) Availability of diverse content
What is the primary goal of e-governance?
a) To eliminate physical governance processes
b) To enhance transparency and efficiency in public services
c) To privatize government services
d) To reduce the use of technology in governance
What is an example of G2C (Government-to-Citizen) e-governance?
a) Online tax filing portals

b) E-procurement systems
c) Government hiring portals
d) Collaboration platforms for public officials
Which of the following is NOT a challenge in e-governance?
a) Digital divide

b) Cybersecurity risks
c) Increased transparency
d) Resistance to change
What is the role of ICT in e-governance?
a) To replace governance processes with Al

b) To enable efficient data exchange and communication

c) To privatize government services
d) To eliminate human involvement in governance
What does "m-governance" refer to?
a) Mobile-based governance services

b) Management of government employees

c) Monitoring governance data manually
d) Marketing of government policies
Which of the following is a common application of Natural Language Processing (NLP)?
a) Image recognition

b) Speech-to-text conversion
c) Path planning in robots
d) Weather prediction
What is overfitting in machine learning?
a) A model that performs well on training and testing data
b) A model that performs well on training data but poorly on unseen data
c) A model with high bias and low variance
d) A model that predicts random outputs
Which AI technique mimics the structure and function of the human brain?

a) Genetic algorithms
b) Decision trees
c) Neural networks
d) Rule-based systems
Which protocol is commonly used in IoT devices for lightweight communication?

a) HTTP
b) MQTT
c) FTP
d) SMTP
What is a "smart sensor" in IoT?

a) A sensor that can only measure temperature

b) A sensor that communicates and processes data
c) A sensor with no networking capabilities
d) A sensor with manual configuration
Which layer of the IoT architecture processes data collected from devices?

a) Perception layer
b) Network layer
c) Application layer
d) Processing layer
What is the primary purpose of encryption?

a) To delete data securely

b) To protect data confidentiality
c) To monitor data access
d) To increase system performance
Which of the following is an example of a phishing attack?
a) Unauthorized physical access to a server
b) Sending fraudulent emails to obtain sensitive data

c) Overloading a system with traffic to crash it

d) Using a stolen password to login
What is the primary function of a firewall?
a) Detecting malicious software
b) Encrypting data at rest

c) Blocking unauthorized network access

d) Monitoring user activity
What are the 3Vscommonly used to define Big Data?
a) Velocity, Variety, Volume
b) Veracity, Validation, Variance

c) Variety, Volume, Visibility

d) Velocity, Visibility, Volume
Which of the following is NOT a Big Data processing framework?
a) Hadoop
b) Spark

c) TensorFlow
d) Flink
What does "data lake" refer to?
a) A storage system optimized for structured data only
b) A repository for storing vast amounts of raw, unstructured data

c) A method of encrypting large datasets

d) A distributed database for transactional systems
What is edge computing?
a) Performing computation near data sources rather than in a centralized data center
b) A technology that enhances centralized processing power
c) A method of encrypting edge devices in a network
d) A software framework for loT devices
What role does blockchain play in cybersecurity?
a) Encrypting user passwords

b) Decentralizing data storage for improved transparency

c) Scanning systems for vulnerabilities
d) Enhancing CPU processing power
What is the purpose of a primary key in a database table?
A) To allow duplicate records

B) To uniquely identify each record in the table

C) To define relationships between tables
D) To store null values
Which of the following is an example of a linear data structure?
A) Graph

B) Binary Tree
C) Stack
D) Hash Table
In which data structure is FIFO (First In, First Out) principle followed?
A) Queue

B) Stack
C) Binary Tree
D) Heap
What does ACID stand for in database systems?
A) Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability

B) Access, Control, Integrity, Dependency

C) Audit, Compliance, Integrity, Data
D) Allocation, Classification, Indexing, Durability
What is the purpose of a primary key in a database table?
A) To allow duplicate records
B) To uniquely identify each record in the table
C) To define relationships between tables
D) To store null values
Which of the following is an example of a linear data structure?

A) Graph
B) Binary Tree
C) Stack
D) Hash Table
In which data structure is FIFO (First In, First Out) principle followed?

A) Queue
B) Stack
C) Binary Tree
D) Heap
What does ACID stand for in database systems?

A) Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability

B) Access, Control, Integrity, Dependency
C)Audit, Compliance, Integrity, Data
D) Allocation, Classification, Indexing, Durability
How do Al-powered recommendation systems work in e-commerce?

a) By randomly suggesting products

b) By Clustering users into predefined categories
c) By analyzing user behavior and predicting preferences
d) By manually labeling products
What does SQL stand for?

Ans—
Which type of memory is used to store the BIOS in a computer?
a) RAM
b) ROM
c) Cache
d) Hard Disk
Which IT application helps businesses manage their customer data efficiently?
a) Cybersecurity
b) ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning)

c) Online Banking
d) Cloud Gaming
Which IT application is used for fraud detection in financial transactions?
a) Internet of Things (IoT)
b) Machine Learning (ML)

c) 3 D Printing
d) Virtual Reality
In E-Learning platforms, which AI technique is commonly used to personalize course
recommendations?
a) Reinforcement Learning
b) Collaborative Filtering
c) K-Means Clustering

d) Genetic Algorithms
What is the role of Al-powered chatbots in E-Commerce applications?
a) To track product inventory
b) To handle customer support and recommendations
c) To process financial transactions

d) To update website content

Which IT technology is used in smart contracts for automating agreements in digital
transactions?
a) Cloud Computing
b) Blockchain
c) Internet of Things (IoT)

d) 5G Networks
In which of the following IT applications is edge computing most beneficial?
a) Online gaming
b) Cloud storage for businesses
c) Real-time traffic management in smart cities
d) E-Learning video streaming
Which network device is used to connect multiple networks and route data between them?

a) Hub
b) Switch
c) Router
d) Repeater
Which type of network attack involves intercepting communication between two parties?

a) Phishing
b) Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attack
c) DDoS Attack
d) Ransomware