Analytical chemistry - 2 Chapter -1- Dr. Maath T.

AL- Saab

STOICHIOMETRY

1. Introduction to Stoichiometry
2. Mole - Mole Stoichiometry
3. Mass - Mole Stoichiometry
4. Mass – Mass Stoichiometry

1. Introduction to Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry:
The chemical 'recipe' necessary to combine substances to make new substances, stoichiometry derived
from the Greek "stoicheion" or element and this is the term we use to refer to all quantitative aspects of
chemical composition and reaction.
Stoichiometry is the relationship between the amount of reactants used and the amount of products
produced in a chemical reaction.

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Analytical chemistry - 2 Chapter -1- Dr. Maath T. AL- Saab

Avogadro’s number
The mole (abbreviated mol) is the unit chemists use when counting numbers of atoms or molecules in a
sample. The number of particles (atoms, molecules, or other objects) in one mole is equal to the number of
atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon‐12. This number of particles is called Avogadro’s number (NA) and has
a value of 6.0221415 × 1023. In most cases, we will use 6.022 × 1023 or 6.02 × 1023 for Avogadro’s
number. One mole of any element contains 6.0221415 × 1023 atoms of that element, and one mole of a
molecular compound contains 6.0221415 × 1023 molecules of that compound. Avogadro’s number is an
extremely large number, as it must be to connect tiny atoms to the macroscopic world. Using the mole
counting unit to measure something on the macroscopic scale demonstrates just how big Avogadro’s
number is.

Molar Mass
Molar mass is the mass, in grams, of one mole of a substance. The molar mass of an element is the mass
in grams of one mole of atoms of the element. It is related to the atomic weight of an element, as shown
here:
1 12C atom = 12 amu
6.022 × 1023 (1 mole) 12C atoms = 12 grams

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Analytical chemistry - 2 Chapter -1- Dr. Maath T. AL- Saab

Thus, one mole of an element has a mass in grams equal to its atomic weight in atomic mass units (amu).
For example, according to the periodic table, the element magnesium has an atomic weight of 24.31 amu,
and one mole of magnesium atoms has a mass of 24.31 g. Just as Avogadro’s number can be used to
convert between moles and the number of particles in a sample, molar mass can be used to convert
between moles and the mass in grams of a sample.

Therefore:

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Analytical chemistry - 2 Chapter -1- Dr. Maath T. AL- Saab

Interconverting Moles, Mass, and Number of Chemical Entities

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠(𝑔)
𝑛(𝑚𝑜𝑙) =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠(𝑔. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )
𝑁(𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠)
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡(𝑚𝑜𝑙) =
𝑁𝐴 (𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )
EXAMPLE PROBLEM: Convert Between Mass and Moles of an Element
What amount of oxygen, in moles, does 124 g O represent?
SOLUTION:
You are asked to calculate the amount (in moles) of oxygen atoms in a given sample.
You are given the mass of the oxygen sample.
Use the molar mass of oxygen (1 mol O = 16.00 g) to create a conversion factor that converts mass (in
grams) to amount (in mol) of oxygen.

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂
124 g O × = 7.75 mol O
16.00 𝑔

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Analytical chemistry - 2 Chapter -1- Dr. Maath T. AL- Saab

Notice that the units of grams cancel, leaving the answer in units of mol. Also, note that the molar mass of
oxygen has four significant figures, one more than the number of significant figures in the data given in
the problem.
Is your answer reasonable? The mass of oxygen in the sample is greater than the molar mass of oxygen,
so there is more than 1 mol O in the sample.
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We can now use Avogadro’s number and molar mass to relate mass, moles, and atoms of an
element, as shown in the following example.

EXAMPLE PROBLEM: Convert Between Mass, Moles, and Atoms of an Element

How many boron atoms are there in a 77.8 g sample of elemental boron?
SOLUTION:
You are asked to calculate the number of boron atoms in a given sample.
You are given the mass of the boron sample.
This calculation involves two conversion factors: the molar mass of boron to convert mass (in grams) to
amount (in mol) and Avogadro’s number to convert amount (in mol) to amount (atoms).

1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵 6.022 ×1023 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝐵

77.8 g B × × = 4.33 × 10 24 atoms B
10.81 𝑔 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵

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Analytical chemistry - 2 Chapter -1- Dr. Maath T. AL- Saab

Notice that the units of grams and mol cancel, leaving the answer in units of atoms. Also, note
that the molar mass and Avogadro’s number have four significant figures, one more than the
number of significant figures in the data given in the problem.
Is your answer reasonable? The mass of the boron sample is greater than the molar mass of
boron, so the number of boron atoms in the sample is greater than Avogadro’s number.
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The molar mass of a compound is the mass in grams of one mole of the compound. It is
numerically equal to the compound’s formula (or molecular) weight. Formula weight is the
sum of the atomic weights of the elements that make up a substance multiplied by the number
of atoms of each element in the formula for the substance. For substances that exist as
individual molecules, the formula weight is called the molecular weight. For example, one
molecule of water, H2O, is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Therefore,
the mass of 1 mol of H2O molecules (the molar mass of H2O) is equal to the mass of 2 mol of
hydrogen atoms plus the mass of 1 mol of oxygen atoms.

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Analytical chemistry - 2 Chapter -1- Dr. Maath T. AL- Saab

Mass-mole-number relationships for elements.

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Analytical chemistry - 2 Chapter -1- Dr. Maath T. AL- Saab

Sample Problem Calculating the Mass of a Given Amount of an Element

PROBLEM: Silver (Ag) is used in jewelry and tableware. How many grams of Ag are in 0.0342 mol of
Ag?
PLAN: To convert mol of Ag to mass of Ag in g we need the molar mass of Ag.

amount (mol) of Ag

multiply by M of Ag (107.9)
g/mol)

mass (g) of Ag
SOLUTION:

107.9 𝑔 𝐴𝑔
0.0342 mol Ag x = 3.69 𝑔 𝐴𝑔
1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑔

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Analytical chemistry - 2 Chapter -1- Dr. Maath T. AL- Saab

Remember the mole triangle

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Analytical chemistry - 2 Chapter -1- Dr. Maath T. AL- Saab

Anatomy of a Chemical Equation

1- CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

2- CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
Reactants appear on the left side of the equation.
3- CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
Products appear on the right side of the equation.
4- CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
The states of the reactants and products are written in parentheses to the right of each
compound.
5- CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
Coefficients are inserted to balance the equation.

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Analytical chemistry - 2 Chapter -1- Dr. Maath T. AL- Saab

Subscripts and Coefficients Give Different Information

Subscripts tell the number of atoms of each element in a molecule

Coefficients tell the number of molecules (compounds).
The balanced reaction is the ratio or 'recipe' we need for the reaction to occur.
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Analytical chemistry - 2 Chapter -1- Dr. Maath T. AL- Saab

Reaction Types
Combination Reactions

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Analytical chemistry - 2 Chapter -1- Dr. Maath T. AL- Saab

• Two or more substances react to form one product.

• Examples:
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) →2 NH3 (g)
C3H6 (g) + Br2 (l) →C3H6Br2 (l)
2 Mg (s) + O2 (g) →2 MgO (s)

Decomposition Reactions
• One substance breaks down into two or more substances
• Examples:
CaCO3 (s) →CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
2 KClO3 (s) →2 KCl (s) + O2 (g)
2 NaN3 (s) →2 Na (s) + 3 N2 (g)
Combustion Reactions
• Rapid reactions that have oxygen as a reactant sometimes produce a flame
• Most often involve hydrocarbons reacting with oxygen in the air to produce CO2 and H2O.
• Examples:
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) →CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g) →3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
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Analytical chemistry - 2 Chapter -1- Dr. Maath T. AL- Saab

Working with equations:

Predict how much product is obtained from given amount of reactant
Predict how much reactant is needed to give required amount of product
Predict how much of one reactant is required to give optimum result with given amount of
another reactant

Stoichiometry with equations: The roadmap

Equations are in moles, but we measure in grams
Three conversions required:
A is given substance (reactant or product); B is target substance (reactant or product)
1. Must convert grams A to moles A using molar mass
2. Use coefficients in equation to get moles B from moles A
3. Convert moles B to grams B using molar mass

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Analytical chemistry - 2 Chapter -1- Dr. Maath T. AL- Saab

Mole: mole ratio: the central step

Tells us molar ratio of substances in balanced chemical equation

xX + yY = cC + dD
Mole: mole ratio (target: given) B:A = b/a

Mass A Mass/molar mass Moles A Mole: mole ratio Moles B Moles x molar mass Mass B

Example - 1:
2 H2 + O2 → 2H2O
Is the same as:
2 mol H2 + 1 mol O2 → 2 mol H2O
So how many moles of oxygen are needed to react with 6 moles of hydrogen?

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Analytical chemistry - 2 Chapter -1- Dr. Maath T. AL- Saab

2 mol H2 1 mol O2 = 3 mol O2

6 mol H2

How many moles of water are produced if you react 2.5 moles of oxygen?

1 mol O2 2 mol H2O = 5.0 mol H2O

2.5 mol O2

If 0.5 moles of water are produced, how many moles of hydrogen reacted? oxygen?

HOMEWORK:

A. 2C2H6 + 7O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O

· How many moles of O2 react with 6 moles of C2H6?
How many moles of H2O are produced when 12 moles of C2H6 react?
B. 3I2(g) + 6F2(g) → 2IF5(g) + I4F2(g)
How many moles of I4F2(g) are produced by 5.40 mol of F2(g)?
How many moles of F2(g) are required to produce 4.50 mol of IF5(g)?

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Analytical chemistry - 2 Chapter -1- Dr. Maath T. AL- Saab

Mass ‐ Mole Stoichiometry

What if a quantity other than moles is used?
Commonly, in the laboratory, quantities are measured in grams using the balance.

Example - 2:
How many moles of silver metal are produced if 85.0g of copper metal react?
Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → 2Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)
Step 1: Convert mass of copper to moles by dividing by the molar mass:

85.0 𝑔
n Cu = 63.5 𝑔 = 1.3386 mol Cu
𝑚𝑜𝑙

Step 2: Convert moles of (Cu) to moles of (Ag)

1 mol Cu 2 mol Ag
1.3386 mol Cu = 2.68 mol Ag

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Analytical chemistry - 2 Chapter -1- Dr. Maath T. AL- Saab

HOMEWORK:

A. In the reaction 2Na2CO3 → 4Na + 2CO2 + O2

- there are 0.50g of sodium carbonate reacting. How many moles of Na does it produce?
- there are 4.50 mol of oxygen produced. How many grams of CO2 does it produce?
B. In the reaction CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
- there were 3.00×10‐3 mol of carbondioxide produced. How many grams of CH4 were used?
C. In the reaction Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
- 5.00g of iron (III) oxide were reacted. How many moles of CO react?

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