Introduction Immunity is the body's defense mechanism against pathogens, including bacteria,
viruses, fungi, and parasites. It is broadly classified into two types: innate immunity and adaptive
immunity. These two immune responses work together to protect the body from infections and
diseases.
Innate Immunity
Definition: Innate immunity, also known as non-specific immunity, is the first line of defense
against pathogens. It is present from birth and provides a rapid but general response to infections.
Key Characteristics:
1. Immediate Response: Acts quickly, usually within minutes to hours.
2. Non-Specific: Does not differentiate between different types of pathogens.
3. No Memory: Does not retain memory of previous infections.
4. Barriers and Components: Includes physical, chemical, and cellular defenses.
Components of Innate Immunity:
1. Physical Barriers: Skin, mucous membranes, and secretions (saliva, tears, mucus)
prevent the entry of pathogens.
2. Chemical Barriers: Enzymes (e.g., lysozyme in saliva), acidic pH (stomach), and
antimicrobial proteins.
3. Cellular Components:
o Phagocytes: Neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells that engulf and
destroy pathogens.
o Natural Killer (NK) Cells: Destroy virus-infected and cancerous cells.
o Inflammatory Response: Cytokines and histamines promote inflammation to
recruit immune cells to the infection site.
o Complement System: A group of proteins that enhance phagocytosis and help
lyse pathogens.
Function of Innate Immunity:
Provides a quick and initial response to infections.
Activates the adaptive immune system for a more targeted response.
Adaptive Immunity
Definition: Adaptive immunity, also known as specific immunity, is the second line of defense
that develops over time and provides long-lasting protection against specific pathogens.
Key Characteristics:
1. Delayed Response: Takes days to weeks to develop after exposure.
2. Highly Specific: Targets specific pathogens based on their antigens.
3. Memory Formation: Retains memory of previous infections for a quicker response in
future encounters.
4. Diverse Response: Can recognize and adapt to a wide range of pathogens.
Types of Adaptive Immunity:
1. Humoral Immunity:
o Mediated by B cells (B lymphocytes) and antibodies.
o B cells recognize antigens and differentiate into plasma cells that produce
antibodies.
o Antibodies neutralize pathogens and mark them for destruction.
2. Cell-Mediated Immunity:
o Mediated by T cells (T lymphocytes).
o Helper T cells (CD4+) activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells.
o Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) destroy infected and abnormal cells.
Function of Adaptive Immunity:
Provides long-term protection through immunological memory.
Specifically targets and eliminates pathogens based on prior exposure.
Develops immunity through natural infection or vaccination.
Comparison of Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Feature Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity
Response Time Immediate (minutes to hours) Delayed (days to weeks)
Specificity Non-specific Highly specific
Forms immunological
Memory No memory
memory
Physical barriers, phagocytes, NK cells,
Components B cells, T cells, antibodies
complement system
Duration of
Short-term Long-term
Protection
Conclusion Innate and adaptive immunity are essential components of the body's defense
system. While innate immunity provides a rapid, general defense, adaptive immunity offers a
specific and long-lasting response. Both systems work together to protect against infections and
maintain overall health. Understanding these immune mechanisms is crucial for developing
effective vaccines and treatments against diseases.
