u vuvyvvvvvse "Experiment Now Title re : zi ze a) : lard Cenient Paste Objective : To determine the normal consistency of a given sample of cement. Reference + IS: 4031 ( Pat 4)- 1988, IS : 5513-1976, Theory For finding out initial setting time, final setting time and soundness of cement, and strength a parameter known as standard consistency has to be used. The standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which will permit a Vicat plunger having 10 mm diameter and 50 mm length to penetrate toa depth of 33-35 mm from the top of the mould. Apparatus Vicat apparatus conforming to IS : 5513-1976, Balance, Gauging Trowel, Stop Watch, etc. Procedure 1. The standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which will permit the Vicat plunger to penetrate to a point 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of the Vicat mould 2.. Initially a cement sample of about 300 g is taken in a tray and is mixed with a known percentage of water by weight of cement, say starting from 26% and then it is increased by every 2% until the normal consistency is achieved. 3. Prepare a paste of 300 g of Cement with a weighed quantity of potable or distilled water, taking care that the time of gauging is not less than 3 minutes, nor more than 5 min, and the gauging shall be completed before any sign of setting occurs. The gauging time shall be counted from the time of adding water to the dry cement until commencing to fill the mould. 4. Fill the Vicat mould (B) with this paste, the mould resting upon a non-porous plate. After completely filling the mould, smoothen the surface of the paste, making it level with the top of the mould. The mould may be slightly shaken to expel the air. 5. Place the test block in the mould, together with the non-porous resting plate, under the rod bearing the plunger; lower the plunger gently to touch the surface of the test block, and quickly release, allowing it to sink into the paste, This operation shall be carried out immediately after filling the mould, 6. Prepare trial pastes with varying percentages of water and test as described above until the amount of Department of Civil Engineering Khalsa College of Engineering & Technology, Amritsarwater necessary for making up the standard consistency as defined in Step 1 is found. Figure Weight 300gm. | B F F Indicator | | Release pin sammczieimn Air vent, |s ae smm a 05mm star view of needle F hh 10mm me [ ut Plunge G brid Hl Sp Noneporous tot plate 1 Amount of | water added a) | Ee ereonnes 5 Penetration (am) Weight of cement Conclusion /R ~ ~ > ~| »| » S| S| 5 S| S| 3) j Observation : Express the amount of water as a percentage by mass of the dry cement to the first place of decimal. The normal consistency of a given sample of cement is % Department of Civil Engineering Khalsa College of Engineering & Technology, Amritsarla i i ca WIWIWIT GUluluUbeseocureccécceedcourn tT ae pre a4 TTT [Experiment Nol Objective To determine the normal consistency of a given sample of cement. Reference : IS:4031 (Pat 1)- 1988, Theory ‘The fineness of cement has an important bearing on the rate of hydration and hence on the rate of gain of Strength and also on the rate of evolution of heat. Finer cement offers a greater surface area for hydration and hence faster the development of strength, (Fig. 3). The fineness of grinding has increased over the Years. But now it has got nearly stabilized. Different cements are ground to different fineness. The particle size fraction below 3 microns has been found to have the predominant effect on the strength at one day while 3-2: 5 micron fraction has a major influence on the 28 days strength. Increase in fineness of cement is also found to increase the drying shrinkage of concrete. 505 Compressive St 150 200 250 300 Specific Surface (Wagner) —m'/kg Fineness of cement is tested in two ways : (a) By sieving. (©) By determination of specific surface (total surface area of all the particles in one gram of cement) by air-permeability apparatus. Expressed as cm’/gm or m°/kg. Generally Blaine Air permeability apparatus is used. Apparatus + Test Sieve 90 microns, Balance, Gauging Trowel, Brush, etc. Procedure Department of Civil Engineering Khalsa College of Engineering & Technology, Amritsar| | aS eee ee a a I UU UU 1. Fit the tray under the sieve, weigh approximately 10 g of cement to the nearest 0.01 g and place it on the sieve, being carefill to avoid loss. Fit the lid over the sieve. Agitate the sieve by s\ s, planetary and linear movement until no more fine material passes through it. w Remove and weigh the residue. Express its mass as a percentage, R1, of the quantity first placed in the sieve to the nearest 0.1 percent. Gently brush all the fine material off the base of the sieve into the tray. we Repeat the whole procedure using a fresh 10 g sample to obtain R2. Then calculate the residue of the cement R as the mean of R1, and R2, as a percentage, expressed to the nearest 0.1 percent. 4. When the results differ by more than 1 percent absolute, carry out a third sieving and calculate the mean of the three values. Conclusion /R : The fineness of a given sample of cement is % it No. [Experimen n of Soundness of Cement by Le-Chatelier method | Objective : To determine the soundness of a given sample of cement by Le-Chatelier method. Reference : IS: 4031( Pat3)- 1988, Theory It is very important that the cement after setting shall not undergo any appreciable change of volume. Certain cements have been found to undergo a large expansion after setting causing disruption of the set and hardened mass. This will cause serious difficulties for the durability of structures when such cement is used. The unsoundness in cement is due to the presence of excess of lime than that could be combined with acidic oxide at the kiln. It is also likely that too high a proportion of magnesium content or calcium sulphate content may cause unsoundness in cement. Soundness of cement may be determined by wo methods, namely Le-Chatelier method and autoclave method Apparatus : Le- Chatelier test apparatus conform to IS : 5514-1969, Balance, Gauging Trowel, Water Bath ete. Procedure : Department of Civil Engineering Khalsa College of Engineering & Technology, Amritsar0 wa + Place the lightly oiled mould on a lightly oiled glass sheet and fill it with cement paste formed by 8 auging cement with 0.78 times the water requi 4031 (Part 4)-1988 or experiment No. I(a) }. ed to give a paste of standard consistency [see IS : ‘The paste shall be gauged in the manner and under the conditions prescribed in experiment No.1, taking care to keep the edges of the mould gently together while this operation is being performed. Cover the mould with another piece of lightly oiled glass sheet, place a small weight on this covering glass sheet and immediately submerge the whole assembly in water at a temperature of 27 + 2°C and keep there for 24 hours. Measure the distance separating the indicator points to the nearest 0.5 mm. Submerge the mould again in water at the temperature prescribed above. 5. Bring the water to boiling, with the mould kept submerged, in 25 to 30 minutes, and keep it boiling for three hours. Remove the mould from the water, allow it to cool and measure the distance between the indicator points, The difference between these two measurements indicates the expansion of the cement. This must not exceed 10 mm for ordinary, rapid hardening and low heat Portland cements. If in case the expansion is more than 10 mm as tested above, the cement is said to be unsound. Figure : 30mm dia (NS ‘A / ——— 0.5mm. CY A Split not more than 0.5 mm. Glass plates Observation 2 Express the amount of water as a percentage by mass of the dry cement to the first place of decimal. Department of Civil Engincering Khalsa College of Engineering & Technology, Amritsar‘* je GCUULLLLLSY f 4 Conclusion / + The given cement is said to be sound / unsound.Experiment No. : 01(b) Date Title + Determination of Setting Time of Standard/Cement Paste Objective + To determine the initial and final setting time of a given sample of cement. Reference IS : 4031 (Pat 4 )-1988, IS : 4031 (Pat 5 )- 1988, IS : 513-1976, ‘Theory c For convenience, initial setting time is regarded as the time elapsed between the moments that the water is added to the cement, to the time that the paste starts losing its plasticity. The final setting time is the time clapsed between the moment the water is added to the cement, and the time when the paste has completely lost its plasticity and has attained sufficient firmness to resist certain definite pressure. Apparatus i Vicat apparatus conforming to IS : 5513-1976, Balance, Gauging Trowel, Stop Watch, etc. Procedure : 1. Preparation of Test Block - Prepare a neat 300 gms cement paste by gauging the cement with 0.85 times the water required to give a paste of standard consistency. Potable or distilled water shall be used in preparing the paste. Stata stop-watch at the instant when water is added to the cement. Fill the Vicat mould with a cement Paste gauged as above, the mould resting on a nonporous plate. Fill the mould completely and smooth off the surface of the paste making it level with the top of the mould, 3. Immediately after moulding, place the test block in the moist closet or moist room and allow it to remain there except when determinations of time of setting are being made. 4. Determination of Initial Setting Time - Place the test block confined in the mould and resting on the non-porous plate, under the rod bearing the needle ( C ); lower the needle gently until it comes in Contact with the surface of the test block and quickly release, allowing it to penetrate into the test block 5. Repeat this procedure until the needle, when brought in contact with the test block and released as described above, fails to pierce the block beyond 5.0 0.5 mm measured from the bottom of the mould shall be the initial setting time. 6. Determination of Final Setting Time - Replace the needle (C) of the Vieat apparatus by the needle with an annular attachment (F). Department of Civil Engineering Khalsa College of Engineering & Technology, Amritsar7. The cement shall be considered as finally set when, upon applying the needle gently to the surface of the test block, the needle makes an impression thereon, while the attachment fails to do so. 8. The period elapsing between the time when water is added to the cement and the time at which the needle makes an impression on the surface of test block wl final setting time. the attachment fails to do so shall be the Figure : Weight 300gm-—~-| ‘3 F | 3.3mm" 7 £ aieveth) [o-64mm ; Smo" 0.5mm j Enlarged view | ofneedle F | raf Lj b [ Somm [| > Sb immsaTe Tae ¢ 80mm} Dia—+ Non-porous plate Observation : 1. Weight of given sample of cement is, gems 2. The normal consistency of a given sample of cement is % 3. Volume of water addend (0.85 times the water required to give a paste of standard consistency) for preparation of test block ml Setting Time Tp Penetration = Se (Se) OSes Remark 1 é Conclusion / Result: ‘The initial setting time of the cement sample is found to be . ‘The final setting time of the cement sample is found to be Department of Civil Engineering Khalsa College of Engincering & Technology, Amritsar1. Fit the tray under the sieve, weigh approximately 10 g of cement to the nearest 0.01 g and place it on the sieve, being careful to avoid loss, Fit the lid over the sieve. Agitate the sieve by swirling planetary and linear movement until no more fine material passes through it Remove and weigh the residue. Express its mass as a percentage, RI, of the quantity fist placed in the Sieve to the nearest 0.1 percent, Gently brush all the fine material off the base ofthe sieve into the tray. Repeat the whole procedure using a fresh 10 g sample to obtain R2. Then calculate the residue of the cement Ras the mean of R1, and R2, as a percentage, expressed to the nearest 0.1 percent, 4. When the results differ by more than 1 percent absolute, carry out a third sieving and calculate the mean of the three values, Conclusion /R + The fineness of a given sample of cement is % Objective To determine the soundness of a given sample of cement by Le-Chatelier method. Reference 2 IS:4031 (Pat3)- 1988, Theory It is very important that the cement after setting shall not undergo any appreciable change of volume, Certain cements have been found to undergo a large expansion after setting causing disruption of the set and hardened mass. This will cause serious difficulties forthe durability of structures when such cement is used. The unsoundness in cement is due to the presence of excess of lime than that could be combined with acidic oxide at the kiln. It is elso likely that too kigh a proportion of magnesium content or ealeinm sulphate content may cause unsoundness in cement, Soundness of cement may be determined by two methods, namely Le-Chatelier method and autoclave method Apparatus Le- Chatelier test apparatus conform to IS : 5514-1969, Balance, Gauging Trowel, Water Bath etc. Procedure Department of Ci Khalsa College of Engineering & Technology,* Place the lightly oiled mould on a lightly oiled glass sheet and fill it with cement paste formed by S auging cement with 0.78 times the water required to give a paste of standard consistency [see IS : 4031 (Part 4)-1988 or experiment No. 1(a) ]. ‘The paste shall be gauged in the manner and under the conditions prescribed in experiment No.1, ‘aking care to keep the edges of the mould gently together while this operation is being performed. 3. Cover the mould with another piece of lightly oiled glass sheet, place a small weight on this covering lass sheet and immediately submerge the whole assembly in water at a temperature of 27 + 2°C and keep there for 24 hours. Measure the distance separating the indicator points to the nearest 0.5 mm. Submerge the mould again in water at the temperature prescribed above, 5. Bring the water to boiling, with the mould kept submerged, in 25 to 30 minutes, and keep it boiling for three hours. Remove the mould from the water, allow it to cool and measure the distance between the indicator points. . The difference between these two measurements indicates the expansion of the cement. This must not exceed 10 mm for ordinary, rapid hardening and low heat Portland cements. If in case the expansion is more than 10 mm as tested above, the cement is said to be unsound. Figure + 165mm ——. ' ry fi Cee ee A ml ! \ SY, Split not more than 0.5 mm <—7 Glass plates 30mm dia 1 1 S 30mm ' 7 i Observation Express the amount of water as a percentage by mass of the dry cement to the first place of decimal, Department of Civil Engineering Khalsa College of Engineering & Technology, Amritsareee ee eee UU oom Wo cali casl @ errr Distance separating th : nee a Distances separating the |The difference Sr.No. | ac indicator submerge in | between these two normal temp water for | intl rin | bet ari boiling for three hours. | measurements Conclusion /R The given cement is said to be sound / unsound. (Experiment No! 10" gth of Cement) Objective + To determine the compressive strength of a given sample of cement. Reference 2 IS: 4031 (Pat 6 )- 1988, IS : 10080-1982, IS : 650-1966, IS: 269-1976 Theory ‘The compressive strength of hardened cement is the most important of all the properties, Therefore, it is not surprising that the cement is always tested for its strength at the laboratory before the cement is used in important works. Strength tests are not made on neat cement paste because of diffi culties of excessive shrinkage and subsequent cracking of neat cement. Apparatus The standard sand to be used in the test shall conform to IS : 650-1966, Vibration Machine, Poking Rod, Cube Mould of 70.6 mm size conforming to IS : 10080-1982, Balance, Gauging Trowel, Stop Watch, Graduated Glass Cylinders, etc. Procedure : 1. Preparation of test specimens - Clean appliances shall be used for mixing and the temperature of water and that of the test room at the time when the above operations are being performed shall be 27 + 2°C. Potable/distilled water shall be used in preparing the cubes. v ‘The material for each cube shall be mixed separately and the quantity of cement, standard sand and water shall be as follows: Department of Civil Engineering Khalsa College of Engineering & Technology, AmritsarGoes + 1s p 4 bGUL yy Us ‘Cement 200 g and Standand Sand 600 g Water (B 93) ( Percent of combined mass of cement and sand where P is the percentage of water a) required to produce a paste of standard consistenct or Experiment No.1(a). Y determined as described in IS : 4031 (Part 4)-1988 3. Place on a nonporous Plate, a mixture of cement and standard sand. M is it dry with a trowel for one minute and then with water until the mixture is of uniform colour, The quantity of water to be used shall be as specified in step 2. - The time of mixing shall in any event be not less than 3 min and should the time taken to obtain a uniform colour exceed 4 min, the mixture shall be rejected and the operation repeated with a fresh quantity of cement, sand and water, Moulding Specimens - In assembling the moulds ready for use, treat the interior fees of the mould with a thin coating of mould oil, Place the assembled mould on the table of the vibration machine and hold it firmly means of a suitable clamp. Attach a hopper of suitable size in position by and shape securely at the top of the mould ‘o facilitate filling and this hopper shall not be removed until the completion of the vibration period, 6. Immediately after mixing the mortar in accordance with step 1 & 2, place the mortar inthe cube mould and prod with the rod. Place the mortar in the hopper of the cube mould and prod again as specified the first layer and then compact the mortar by vibration, for ‘The period of vibration shall be two minutes at the specified speed of 12 000 + 400 vibration per minute. At the end of vibration, remove the mould together with the base plate from the machine and finish the top surface of the cube in the mould by smoothing the surface with the blade of'a trowel, Curing Specimens - keep the filled moulds in moist closet or moist room for 24 1 hour after completion of vibration. At the end of that period, remove them from the moulds and immediately submerge in clean fresh water and Keep there until taken out just prior to breaking, 10. The water in which the cubes are submerged shall be renewed every 7 days and shall be maintained at a temperature of 27 © 2°C. After they have been taken out and until they are broken, the cubes shall not be allowed to become dry. 11. Test three cubes for compressive strength for each period of curing mentioned under the relevant specifications (ie. 3 days, 7 days, 28 days) 12. The eubes shall be tested on their sides without any packing between the cube and the stet ph lattens of the testing machine. One of the platens shall be carried on a base and shall be self-adjusting, and the load shall be steadily and uniformly applied, starting from zero at a rate of 35 Nimm?/mi Figure : | Department of Civil Engineering | Khalsa College of Engineering & Technology, Ami {Observation Weight of |) Cross: A Sr.No. eee Cement Cube | Sectional (gms) area (mm?) 1 2 7 Days 4 3 | 28Days 6 Calculation The measured compressive strength of the cubes shall be calculated by dividing the maximum load applied to the cubes during the test by the cross-sectional area, calculated from the mean dimensions of the section the compressive strength, do not consider and shall be expressed to the nearest 0.5 N/mm”. In determi specimens that are manifestly faulty, or that give strengths differing by more than 10 percent from the average value of all the test specimens. Conclusion / Result i) The average 3 Days Compressive Strength of given cement sample is found to be .. ii) The average 7 Days Compressive Strength of given cement sample is found to be ) The average 28 Days Compressive Strength of given cement sample is found to be Department of Civil Engineering Khalsa College of Engineering & Technology, Amritsar