[Chapter 9] Network Components for either synchronous or asynchronous

data transmission
- available in 24 to 64 pin dual in-line
Line Control Unit (LCU) – a DTE, controls
packages (DIPs)
the flow of information in a multipoint data
link system. Asynchronous Communications Adapter
(ACIA) – manufactured by Motorola, a
Front-End Processor (FEP)– other name
special purpose UART chip
for LCU at the primary station
- process information and serves as an
interface between the host computer and all UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS
the data communication circuits it serve RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER (UART)
-each circuit is connected to different port on - used for asynchronous transmission of
the FEP serial data between a DTE and a DCE
- direct the flow of input and output between - no clocking information transferred
data communication circuits. between the DTE and the DCE
Serial – how data transfers between the Bidirectional Data Bus – allows UART to
modem and the FEP are accomplished operate virtually independently of one
another
FEP (primary) to LCU (secondary) –
perform parallel-t-o-serial and serial-to- CPU – coordinates data transfer between
parallel the line-control unit and the modem.
Data-Link Control Character - inserted - responsible for programming the UART’s
and deleted in the FEP and LCUs. control register, reading the status register,
transferring parallel data to and from the
Three Types of Circuits Specified for
UART transmit and receive buffer register.
General Purpose Integrated-Circuit
located in an LCU or FEP Control Word – specifies the number of
data bits per character
- allows DTEs to interface with DCEs
Start Bit – only bit in the UART that is not
- operates in a Data Terminal Equipment
optional or programmable.
that allows DTE to communicate serially
with other data communication equipment - always a logic 0
such as Data Communication Equipment
Word Register – an n-bit data register that
(DCEs)
keeps track of the status of the UARTs
Universal Asynchronous transmit and receive buffer registers
Receiver/Transmitter (UART) – designed
Typical Status Conditions Compiled by
for asynchronous data transmission
the Status Word Register for the UART
Universal Synchronous Transmitter include the Conditions:
Receiver/Transmitter (USRT)– designed
1. Transmit Buffer Empty (TBMT) –
for synchronous data transmission
transmit shift register has been completed
Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous transmission of a data character
Receiver/Transmitter (USART) – designed
2. Receive Parity Error (RPE) – set when a Start-bit Verification Circuit – detect valid
received character has a parity error in it start bits, which indicate the beginning of a
data character.
3. Receive Framing Error (RFE) – set
when a character is received without any or Noise Hit – can be sometimes interpreted
with an improper number of stop bits. as start bit
4. Receiver Overrun (ROR) – set when a Detection Error – difference in time
character in the receive buffer register is between the beginning of a start bit and
written over by another receive character when it is detected
because the CPU failed to service an active
Maximum Detection Error – equal to the
condition on REA before the next character 1
was received from the receive shift register. time of one receive clock cycle (𝑡𝑐𝑙 = 𝑅 )
𝑐𝐿

5. Receive Data Available (RDA) – data - the higher the receive clock rate, the
character has been received and loaded earlier a start bit would be detected
into the receive data register.
Stop Bits (Clock Skew) – helps reduce
clock slippage
UART TRANSMITTER
CRS – Control-Register Strobe UNIVERSAL SYNCHRONOUS
RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER (USRT)
Transmit End-Of-Character (TEOC)
Signal – internal to the UART, tells the - used for synchronous transmission of data
transmit buffer register when the transmit between a DTE and a DCE.
shift register is empty and available
- uses Unique Synchronizing Characters
Steering Logic Circuit – where data picks instead of start and stop bits
up the appropriate start, stop, and parity
bits. Serial Interface – coordinates the flow of
data, control signals, and timing information
TSO – Transmit Serial Output between the DTE and the DCE
TCP – Transmit Clock 1962 – Electronics Industries Association
(EIA) created RS-232 specifications
RS-232 specification (Recommended
UART RECEIVER
Standard) – created to standardize
- number of stop bits, data bits, and parity interface equipment between data terminal
bits parameters are specified for the UART equipment and data communications
receiver must be the same as of those the equipment
UART transmitter
- its specification identify the mechanical,
Receive Data Available (RDA) Flag – set electrical, functional, and procedural
when the character is transferred in parallel description for the interface between DTEs
into the receive buffer register and DCEs.

Receive Data Enable (RDE) Pin – - official name is Interface Between Data
Terminal Equipment and Data
Communications Equipment Employing EIA – 561 Modular Connector – used for
Serial Binary Data Interchange transporting asynchronous data between
DTE and a DCE when the DCE is
1969 – third revision, RS-232C
connected directly to a standard two-wire
1987 – forth revision, RS-232D telephone line attached to the public
switched telephone network
Early 1990s – fifth revision, RS-232E
- designed exclusively for dial-up
RS-232D – sometimes referred to as the telephone connections
EIA-232 standard
RS-232 similarity to the combined:
a. ITU-T Standards V.28 (Electrical
Specifications)
b. ITUT-T Standards V.24 (Functional
Description)
- designed for serial transmission up to
20kbps over a maximum distance of 50
feet (approx. 15meters)

RS-232 SERIAL INTEFACE STANDARD

Mechanical Specification: a cable with two
connectors Voltage-leveling Circuits – convert the
internal voltage level from the DTE and
A Standard RS-232 Cable is a sheath DCE to RS-232 values
containing 25 wires with a DB25P-
compatible male connector (plug) on one Driver – called to a voltage leveler if it
end and a DB25S-compatible female outputs signals onto the cable and a
connector (receptacle) on the other end terminator if it accepts signals from the
cable.
Noise Margin – difference in the voltage
levels between the driver output and the
terminator input
- reduces susceptibility to interface caused
by noise transients induced into the cable
Implied Noise Margin – the minimum noise
margin of 2V.
High Noise Immunity – noise margin of the
circuit is a high value
Low Noise Immunity – noise margin is a
low value
RS-232 Equivalent Circuit Pin Designaltion and Direction of
Propagation

Pin Pin Name Direction of

Number Propagation
1 Protective Ground None
2 Transmit Data DTE to
DCE
3 Receive Data DCE to
DTE
4 Request to Send DTE to
DCE
5 Clear to Send DCE to
Category of Pins on the RS-232 Interface DTE
Cable 6 Data Set Ready DCTE to
a. Ground – signal or chassis DTE
7 Signal Ground None
b. Data – transmit and receive 8 Receive Line Signal Detect DCE to
DTE
c. Control – handshaking and diagnostic 9 Unassigned None
d. Timing – clocking signals 10 Unassigned None
11 Unassigned None
12 Secondary Receive Line DCE to
Signal Detect DTE
Bidirectional – signals propagate in both 13 Secondary Clear to Send DCE to
directions DTE
14 Secondary Transmit Data DTE to
DCE
15 Transmit Signal Element DCE to
Timing DTE
16 Secondary Receive Data DCE to
DTE
17 Receive Signal Element DCE to
Timing DTE
18 Unassigned None
19 Secondary Request to DTE to
Send DCE
20 Data Terminal Ready DTE to
DCE
21 Signal Quality Detect DCE to
DTE
22 Ring Indicator DCE to
DTE
23 Data Signal Rate Selector DTE to
DCE
24 Transmit Signal Element DTE to
Timing DCE
25 Unassigned None
RS-232 specification designates the First
Letter of each Pin with letters A, B, C, D or
S
Categories of Signals each Representing
Different Type of Circuits
1. A – Ground
2. B – Data
3. C – Control
4. D – timing (clocking)
5. S – secondary channel
Letters – non descriptive designators, more
practical and useful
EIA RS-232 Pin Designations and
Designations
Pin Number Pin Name EIA Common U.S Acronym
Nomenclature
1 Protective Ground AA GWG, FG, OR CG
2 Transmit Data BA TD, SD, TxD
3 Receive Data BB RD, RxD
4 Request to Send CA RS, RTS
5 Clear to Send CB CS, CTS
6 Data Set Ready CC DSR, MR
7 Signal Ground AB SG, GND
8 Receive Line Signal CF RLSD, CD, DCD
Detect
9 Unassigned
10 Unassigned
11 Unassigned
12 Secondary Receive Line SCF SRLSD, SCD, SDCD
Signal Detect
13 Secondary Clear to Send SCB SCS, SCTS
14 Secondary Transmit Data SBA STD, SSD, STxD
15 Transmit Signal Element DB TSET
Timing
16 Secondary Receive Data SBB SCT=DCE
17 Receive Signal Element DD SRD, SRxD
Timing
18 Unassigned RSET. SCR
19 Secondary Request to SCA SRS, SRTS
Send
20 Data Terminal Ready CD DTR
21 Signal Quality Detect CG SQD
22 Ring Indicator CE RI
23 Data Signal Rate Selector CH DSRS
24 Transmit Signal Element DA TSET, SCT-DTE
Timing
25 Unassigned
PURPOSE OF EACH PINS Pin 5 – clear to send, signal handshake
from DCE to DTE in response to an active
Unassigned Pins – 9, 10, 11, 18, and 25
condition on RTS
Ground Pins – 1 and 7
Pin 6 – Data set ready or Modem Ready,
Data Pins – 2, 3, 14, and 16 signal sent from DCe to DTE to indicate the
availability of communications channel
Timing Pins – 15, 17, and 24
Pin 7 – Signal Ground or Reference Ground
Other pins are used for Control and
Handshaking Pin 8 – receive line signal detec, determine
that DCE is receinving a valid analog carrier
Asynchronous and Synchronous
Modems – 1 and 8 Pin 9 – unassigned. +12V

Synchronous Modems - 15, 17, and 24 Pin 10 – unassigned, -12V

DCE is Equipped with a Secondary Data Pin 11 – unassigned, equalizer mode (EM)
Channel – 12, 13, 14,16, and 19
Pin 12 – secondary receive line signal
detect, same as Pin 8, except for the
secondary data channel
Two Full Duplex Data Channels
Pin 13 – secondary clear to send, a
One Channel – Primary Data, data response to the secondary request to send
information signal
Secondary Channel – Secondary Data, Pin 14 – secondary transmit data –
diagnostics information and handshaking diagnostics data are transmitted on this pin
signals. (DTE to DCE)
- used as a reverse or backward channel Pin 15 – transmission signal element,
allowing the receive DCE to communicate transmit clocking signal
with the transmit DCE
Pin 16 – secondary received data,
diagnostic data are transmitted from this pin
Summarize Functions of 25 RS-232 Pins (DCE to DTE)

Pin 1 – Protective Ground, frame ground, or Pin 17 – receiver signal element timing,
chassis ground. Protection against electrical clocking information recovered by the DCE
shock. Connected to signal ground (Pin 7) is sent on this pin

Pin 2 – transmit data or send data Pin 18 – unassigned, Local Loopback (LL)

Pin 3 – Receive Data, second primary data Pin 19 – secondary request to send, used
pin by DTE to bid for the secondary data
channel from the DCE
Pin 4 – request to send, request permission
from the DCE to transmit data on the Pin 20 - data terminal ready, send signal
primary data channel concerning the availability of the data
terminal equipment
Pin 21 – signal quality detector, indicates
the quality of the received analog carrier
Pin 22 – Ring indicator, used primarily on RS-449 Pin Designation (37-Pin
dial-up data circuits. Connector)
Pin 23 – data signal rate selector, selects Pin Pin Name EIA
one of two transmission bit rates Number Nomenclature
1 Shield None
Pin 24 – transmit signal element timing, 19 Signal SG
transmit clocking signal is sent on this pin 37 Send Common SC
(DTE to DCE) 20 Receive Common RC
28 Terminal in Service IS
Pin 25 – unassigned, used as control signal
15 Incoming Call IC
12,30 Terminal Ready TR
11, 29 Data Mode DM
Asynchronous Transmission Pins 4, 22 Send Data SD
1. Receive line signal detect 6, 24 Receive Data RD
17,35 Terminal Timing TT
2. Receive Data 5, 23 Send Timing ST
8, 26 Receive Timing RT
3. Transmit Data 7, 25 Request to Send RS
4. Data Terminal Ready 8, 27 Clear to Send CS
13, 31 Receiver Ready RR
5. Signal Ground 33 Signal Quality SQ
34 New Signal NS
6. Data Set Ready 16 Select Frequency SF
7. Request to Send 2 Signal Rate Indicator SI
10 Local Loopback LL
8. Clear to Send 14 Remote Loopback RL
18 Test mode TM
9. Ring Indicator
32 Select Standby SS
36 Standby Indicator SB

RS-449 Serial Interface Standards

RS-449 Pin Designations (Nine-Pin
- introduced in 1997 to replace RS-232 Connector)
interface
Pin Pin Name EIA
- specifies a 37-pin connector (DB37) and a Number Nomenclature
nine-pin secondary connector for a total of 1 Shield None
46 pins. 2 Receive Common RC
3 Secondary Data SSD
- faster data transmission rates, and spans
4 Secondary Receive Data SRD
greater distances than the RS-232
5 Signal Ground SG
interface 6 Secondary Receiver SRF
Primary Cable – serial data transmission Ready
7 Secondary Request to SRS
Secondary Cable – diagnostic information Send
8 Secondary Clear to SCS
Send
9 Send Common SC
Categories of RS-449 equipment has replaced the primary
equipment
Category I – circuits can function with either
the RS-422A (Balanced) or the RS-423A 10. Send Common (SC) – 37, common
(Unbalanced) return wire for unbalanced signals
propagating from the DTE to the DCE
Category II – circuits are assigned only one
wire, and therefore, can only facilitate RS-
423A (Unbalanced)
RS-530 Serial Interface Standards
Intended to operate at data rates between
10 Circuits in RS-449 not specified in the 20kbps and 2Mbps using DB-25 connector
RS-232 Standard by the RS-232 interface
1. Local Loopback (LL) – 10, used by DTE RS-530 Interface and their designations
to request local(analog) loopback from the
DCE Pin Signal Name
Number
2. Remote Loopback (RL) – 14, used by 1 Shield
DTE to request a remote(digital) loopback 2, 14 Transmit Data
from the distant DCE 3, 16 Receive Data
4, 19 Request to Send
3. Select Frequency (SF) – 16, allows the 5, 13 Clear to Send
DTE to select the DCE’s transmit and 6, 22 DCE Ready
receive frequencies 20, 23 DTE Ready
7 Signal Ground
4.Test Mode (TM) – 18, used by DTE to
8, 10 Receive Line Signal Detect
signal the DCE that a test is in progress
15, 12 Transmit Signal Element Timing
5. Receive Common (RC) – 20, common (DCE Source)
return wire for unbalanced signal 17, 9 Receive Signal Element Timing
propagating from the DCE to DTE (DCE Source)
18 Local Loopback
6. Terminal in Service (IS) – 28, used by 21 Remote Loopback
the DTE to signal the DCE whether it is 24, 11 Transmit Signal Element Timing
operational (DTE Source)
25 Test Mode
7. Select Standby (SS) – 32, used by the
DTE to request that the DCE switch to
standby equipment in the event of a failure
on the primary equipment
8. New Signal (NS) – 34, used with a
modem at the primary location of a
multipoint data circuit so that the primary
can resynchronize to whichever secondary
is transmitting at the time.
9. Standby Indicator (SB) – 36, intended to
be by the DCE as a response to the SS
signal to notify the DTE that standby