**1.
Basic Concepts of Chemistry**
- **Mole Concept & Stoichiometry**
- Calculate molarity, molality, and mole fraction.
- Find empirical/molecular formulas.
- Limiting reagent problems (e.g., combustion of CH₄, H₂ + O₂ reactions).
- **Example:** *Calculate the mass of oxygen required to burn 10g of CH₄.*
- **Laws of Chemical Combination**
- Law of Conservation of Mass, Definite Proportions, Multiple Proportions.
- **Example:** *Hydrogen forms H₂O and H₂O₂ with oxygen. Which law does
this illustrate?*
---
### **2. Atomic Structure**
- **Quantum Numbers & Electronic Configuration**
- Identify correct quantum numbers (n, l, m, s) for electrons.
- Write electronic configurations for elements like Cu, Cr.
- **Example:** *Why does Cu have the configuration [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹ instead of 3d⁹
4s²?*
- **Orbital Shapes & Nodes**
- Sketch 2s, 2p, or 3d orbitals.
- Calculate radial/angular nodes (e.g., 4p orbital has 2 radial nodes).
---
### **3. Chemical Bonding**
- **VSEPR Theory & Hybridization**
- Predict shapes and bond angles (e.g., BF₃: trigonal planar, 120°; CH₄:
tetrahedral).
- Identify hybridization (e.g., sp³ in CH₄, sp² in BF₃).
- **Example:** *What is the hybridization of P in PCl₅?*
- **Molecular Orbital Theory**
- Draw MO diagrams for O₂, N₂.
- Calculate bond order and predict magnetic behavior.
---
### **4. Thermodynamics**
- **Laws of Thermodynamics**
- First law: ΔU = q + W.
- Calculate work done during gas expansion.
- **Example:** *An ideal gas expands from 2L to 10L against 1 atm pressure.
Find work done.*
- **Entropy & Gibbs Energy**
- Predict spontaneity using ΔG = ΔH - TΔS.
- **Example:** *If ΔH and ΔS are positive, when will the reaction be
spontaneous?*
---
### **5. Equilibrium**
- **Le Chatelier’s Principle**
- Predict the effect of pressure/temperature on equilibria (e.g., N₂ + 3H₂ ⇌
2NH₃).
- **Example:** *How does increasing pressure affect the Haber process?*
- **Ionic Equilibrium**
- pH calculations (e.g., pH of ammonium acetate given pKa and pKb).
- Buffer solutions and common ion effect.
---
### **6. Redox Reactions**
- **Oxidation States & Balancing**
- Assign oxidation numbers (e.g., Cl in HClO₄).
- Balance redox reactions in acidic/basic medium (e.g., MnO₄⁻ + I⁻ → MnO₂ + I₂).
---
### **7. Organic Chemistry**
- **IUPAC Naming & Isomerism**
- Name complex alkanes, alkenes, and alcohols (e.g., pent-4-en-2-ol).
- Identify position/functional group isomers (e.g., C₃H₈O alcohols).
- **Reaction Mechanisms**
- Markovnikov’s rule (e.g., HBr addition to propene).
- **Example:** *What is the major product when HBr reacts with
CH₃CH=CH₂?*
---
### **8. Environmental Chemistry**
- **Acid Rain & Greenhouse Effect**
- Causes and effects of acid rain.
- Gases responsible for the greenhouse effect (CO₂, CH₄).
---
### **9. Practical-Based Questions**
- **Detection of Elements**
- Lassaigne’s test for N, S, and halogens.
- **Example:** *How is chlorine detected in an organic compound?*
---
### **10. Previous Year Hot Topics**
1. **Hydrogen & s-Block Elements**
- Anomalous properties of lithium.
- Biological importance of Na⁺ and Ca²⁺.
2. **p-Block Elements**
- Structure of diborane (B₂H₆).
- Why AlCl₃ forms dimers?
3. **Solid State**
- Classify solids (ionic, covalent, metallic).
---
### **Key Tips for Preparation**
- **Numerical Practice:** Focus on mole concept, gas laws (PV = nRT), and
thermodynamics.
- **Diagrams:** Revise orbital shapes, MO diagrams, and Newman projections
(ethane).
- **Name Reactions:** Markovnikov’s rule, Wurtz reaction, and dehydration of
alcohols.
- **Environmental Impact:** Memorize pollutants (CO, NO₂, SO₂) and their
effects.
