A MICROPROJECT REPORT

“PREPARE THE LIST ON WORLD CLASS INDUSTRIES USING SIX

SIGMA TECHNIQUE AT PRESENT & WRITE DETAILS REPORT ON ANY
ONE OF INDUSTRY”

FOR DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted By

Sr. No. Enrollment No. Name of student

1 23511640630 Minakshi Ramrao Rathod

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

MR. S. S. MADAN

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CSMSS COLLEGE OF

POLYTECHNIC,CHHATRAPATI SAMBHAJINAGAR MAHARASHTRA
STATE,INDIA 2024

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICALEDUCATION
CERTIFIACATE OF COMPLETION Of Micro Project
Assessment at the End of the SIXTH semester

This is to certify that the following student s of SIXTH SEMESTER of Diploma in

Mechanical Engineering of Institute CSMSS College of Polytechnic (code:1152) have
completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in subject) INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND
QUALITY CONTROL (22657) for the academic year 2024-2025 as prescribed in the
curriculum.
Place: Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar

Date: / /2024

Sr. No. Enrollment No. Name of student

1 23511640630 Minakshi Ramrao Rathod

Mrs. S.S.Madan Mr. S. S. Madan Dr.S.R. Dikle

(Course Teacher) (H.O.D) (PRINCIPAL)

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 INDEX

SR.No Content Page no.

1 RATIONALE 4

2 AIM/BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT 5

3 INTRODUCTION 6

4 HISTORY 7

5 ACTUAL METHODOLOGY FOLLOWED 8

6 RESOURCESUSED 9

7 OUTPUT OF THE MICRO PROJECT 10

8 SKILL DEVELOPMENT 11

9 APPLICATION 12

10 CONCLUSION 18

11 REFERENCE 19

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4 |Page
RATIONALE:

Use Of Renewale Energy Sources Of Energy Is The Need Of Hour . Solar , Wind,
Micro -Hydro And Bio-Fuel Systems Have Become Reality Now And The Share Of
This System In Global Energy Market Increases Day By Day. India Has Set High
Target Of Employing Hi Renewable Sources Of E4nergy For All Possible
Application To Reduce The Dependency On The Fossil Fuels . This Has Increased
The Demand Of Trained Manpower For Installation , Operation And Maintainance
Of Various Systems And Equipments Used In Solar, Wind Micro- Hydro And
Biofuel System . This Segement Has Huge Potential For Innovative Solution And
Opportunity For Self Employment Also. This Cource Aim At Equipping The
Technologies In Installation , Operation And Maintainance Of Various Mechanical
Equipments And System Used In Solar , Wind , Micro-Hydro And Biofuel Systems.

 COMPETENCY:
Maintain The Mechanical Component Of Renewable Energy System .

 COURSEOUTCOMES (COS):

Cos associated with the above-mentioned competen

 Maintain Mechanical Components Of Solar Thermal System.

 Maintain Mechanical Component Of Solar Pv System .
 Maintain Mechanical Component Oo Wind Turbine .
 Maintain Mechanical Component Of Micro Hydro Turbine.
 Maintain Mechanical Component Of Biomass Plants .
 Maintain Mechanical Component Of Hybrid Renewable Energy
System.

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  TITLE : “PREPARE A REPORT FOR SELECTION OF SOLAR
LIGHTNING SYSTEM FOR A SMALL COLONY OR YOUR INSTITUTE
CAMPUS”
Aim /Benefits : Solar energy is a very useful renewable source of energy , which
may be the answer to the future of power ,or energy needs , as global warming
seems to pick up rapidly . So we can all contribute to the environment by using
solar energy
Proposed Methodology
 We collected information about all the parameters of our micro project.
 We will understand the concept to presentation.
 Then we distribute the work every group member,we will do the activates.
 Then We prepared the project report.

Action Plan(Sequence and required for major activity)

Sr. Details of activity Planned Start Planned Name of

No. date Finish date Responsible team
Members
1. Collect information 10/1/25 20/1/25 ALL
about our topic

2. Analysis of data 7 /2/25 20/2/25 ALL

3. To prepare project 15/3/25 25/3/25 ALL

report

Resources required

Sr.No. Name of Resource/material Specification Qty. Remarks

1. Computer/Internet service/ Google.com/ 4

Books/Newspaper You tube

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Sr.No. Enrollment No. Student Name SIGNATURE

2 23511640630 Minakshi Ramrao Rathod

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INTRODUCTION.

A Solar lantern is a simple application of solar photovoltaic technology, which has found
good acceptance in rural regions where the power supply is irregular and scarce. Even in the
urban areas people prefer a solar lantern as an alternative during power cuts because of its
simple mechanism. Home lighting System is powered by solar energy using solar cells that
convert solar energy (sunlight) directly to electricity. The electricity is stored in batteries and
used for the purpose of lighting whenever required. These systems are useful in non-
electrified rural areas and as reliable emergency lighting system for important domestic,
commercial and industrial applications. The SPV systems have found important application
in the dairy industry for lighting milk collection/ chilling centers mostly located in rural
areas. Solar Street Light system is designed for outdoor application in un-electrified remote
rural areas. This system is an ideal application for campus and village street lighting. The
system is provided with battery storage backup sufficient to operate the light for 10-11 hours
daily. The system is provided with automatic ON/OFF time switch for dusk to down
operation and overcharge / deep discharge prevention cut-off with LED indicators.

Solar home lighting system are photovoltaic systems which offers cost effective solution to
supply energy to remote off- grid areas. Solar energy sustains life on Earth for all plants,
animals and people because it provides an exciting solution for all the societies to meet their
needs for clean, abundant sources of energy in the future. The main source of solar energy is
the nuclear reaction at the core of the Sun, where the energy comes from the conversion of
hydrogen into helium. Solar energy is transmitted to the Earth in the form of electromagnetic
waves, which can also be represented by photons. The Earth, therefore, is essentially a huge
solar energy collector receiving large quantities of solar energy which can be seen in various
forms such as plant photosynthesis, and evaporation of the oceans resulting as rain which
forms rivers and provides hydropower energy. In some rural areas electrification is not
possible so in that area SHS can be used to meet a household's energy demand fulfilling basic
electric needs. [9]Globally SHS provide power to hundreds of thousands of households in
remote locations where electrification by the grid is very costly or not possible. SHS usually
operate at a rated voltage of 12 V direct current (DC) which we get from the lead acid battery
and provide power for low power DC appliances such as lights, radios and small TVs for
about three to five hours a day. Furthermore SHS use appliances such as inverter in which we
have used multivibrator IC and two MOSFETs, so by using inverter we can change 12/ 24 V
power to 240VAC power for larger appliances. A SHS typically includes one or more PV
modules consisting of solar cells, a charge controller which distributes power and protects the
batteries and appliances from damage and at least one battery to store energy for use when
the sun is not shining because at night there is no sun so output voltage at the panel is zero.
[1]The study consists of energy source by means of solar energy. The Photovoltaic panel
converts solar energy directly into electrical energy. The electrical energy is given to charge
controller. The Charge controller regulates the power and provides overcharging protection
and deep discharging protection to the battery. [7]Regulated power is stored in the lead acid
battery. The stored energy is in DC form which is further converted into AC by means of a
medium power inverter.

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HISTORY
In theory, solar energy was used by humans as early as the 7th century B.C. when history
tells us that humans used sunlight to light fires with magnifying glass materials. Later, in the
3rd century B.C., the Greeks and Romans were known to harness solar power with mirrors to
light torches for religious ceremonies. These mirrors became a normalized tool referred to as
"burning mirrors." Chinese civilization documented the use of mirrors for the same purpose
later in 20 A.D.

Another early use of solar energy that is still popular today was the concept of "sunrooms" in
buildings. These sunrooms used massive windows to direct sunlight into one concentrated
area. Some of the iconic Roman bathhouses, typically those situated on the south-facing side
of buildings, were sunrooms. Later in the 1200s A.D., ancestors to the Pueblo Native
Americans known as the Anasazi situated themselves in south-facing abodes on cliffs to
capture the sun's warmth during cold winter months.

In the late 1700s and 1800s, researchers and scientists had success using sunlight to power
ovens for long voyages. They also harnessed the power of the sun to produce solar-powered
steamboats. Ultimately, it's clear that even thousands of years before the era of solar panels,
the concept of manipulating the power of the sun was a common practice.

The development of solar panel technology was an iterative one that took a number of
contributions from various scientists. Naturally, there is some debate about when exactly they
were created and who should be credited for the invention. Some people credit the invention
of the solar cell to French scientist Edmond Becquerel, who determined light could increase
electricity generation when two metal electrodes were placed into a conducting solution. This
breakthrough, defined as the "photovoltaic effect," was influential in later PV developments
with the element selenium.

In 1873, Willoughby Smith discovered that selenium had photoconductive potential, leading
to William Grylls Adams' and Richard Evans Day's 1876 discovery that selenium creates
electricity when exposed to sunlight. A few years later, in 1883, Charles Fritts actually
produced the first solar cells made from selenium wafers – the reason some historians credit
Fritts with the actual invention of solar cells.

However, solar cells as we know them today are made with silicon, not selenium. Therefore,
some consider the true invention of solar panels to be tied to Daryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller, and
Gerald Pearson's creation of the silicon photovoltaic (PV) cell at Bell Labs in 1954.
Many argue that this event marks the true invention of PV technology because it was the first
instance of solar technology that could actually power an electric device for several hours of
a day. The first ever silicon solar cell could convert sunlight at four percent efficiency, less
than a quarter of what modern cells are capable of

Some of the earliest uses of solar technology were actually in outer space, where solar was
used to power satellites. In 1958, the Vanguard I satellite used a tiny one-watt panel to power
its radios. Later that year, the Vanguard II, Explorer III, and Sputnik-3 were all launched with
PV technology on board. In 1964, NASA was responsible for launching the first Nimbus

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spacecraft, a satellite able to run entirely on a 470-watt solar array. In 1966, NASA launched
the world's first Orbiting Astronomical Observatory, powered by a one-kilowatt array.
In 1973, the University of Delaware was responsible for constructing the first solar building,
named "Solar One." The system ran on a hybrid supply of solar thermal and solar PV power.
It was also the first instance of building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) – the array didn't use
solar panels but instead had solar integrated into the rooftop, similar to the design for Tesla's
new roof product.
Between 1957 and 1960, Hoffman Electronics made a number of breakthroughs with
photovoltaic efficiency, improving the efficiency record from 8% to 14%. The next major
achievement was in 1985 when the University of New South Wales achieved 20% efficiency
for silicon cells. In 1999, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory collaborated with
SpectroLab Inc. to create a solar cell with 33.3% efficiency. The University of New South
Wales broke that record again in 2016 when researchers reached 34.5% efficiency.
In 1981, Paul MacCready built Solar Challenger, the first aircraft to run on solar power, and
flew it across the English Channel from France to the U.K. In 1998, the remote-controlled
solar airplane "Pathfinder" set an altitude record after reaching 80,000 feet. NASA broke that
record in 2001 when they reached 96,000 feet with their non-rocket aircraft. In 2016,
Bertrand Piccard completed the first zero-emissions flight worldwide with Solar Impulse 2,
the world's largest and most powerful solar-powered airplane today.
In 1979, President Jimmy Carter had solar panels installed in the White House during his
term as president. However, in 1981, President Ronald Reagan ordered the White House solar
panels to be removed. In 2010, President Barack Obama requested that solar panels and a
solar water heater be installed in the White House. Both were installed during Obama's first
term.

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ACTUAL METHODOLOGY FOLLOWED

In this deliverable the data and information is gathered on coverage area, solar radiation
power of the area and
the geographical structure of the area
1.3.2 Component design
From the data obtained in site survey all the required components are designed in this task.
For instance,
depending on the solar radiation of the area, weather (is it exposed to pollution, fog, rain)
the rating and type of
the solar panel which is convenient to the site area is designed. Similarly depending up on
the geographical
information, the quantity of the materials required, the power rating of the solar panels, the
length and
thickness of the poles and their structure, battery type and lamp type can be designed.
1.3.3 Labor requirement design
Similar to the component design, depending up on the time of the project, coverage area
and all information of
the site survey, the quality and quantity of labor is predicted.
1.3.4 Purchasing of materials
After completion of component design, the materials required for the project should be
ordered and one group
of the project is responsible for this task.
1.3.5 Procurement of Labor
According to the information designed in labor requirement, the right persons should be
hired by the project
manager. So job announcement or similar activities should be done to hire employees.
1.3.6 Digging trenches
This is the first action of the implementation process. So on the supervision of engineers,
civil workers dig
tranches according to the design of the poles.
1.3.7 Erecting of poles
This is also a civil work after completion of digging trenches. This task should be
supervised by technicians, to
check the height, thickness and the structure of the pole.
1.3.8Installation of Solar Panels:
Solar Panel is basically a module that converts light energy (photons) from the sun to
generate electricity in
direct current (DC) form. According to the specification of the design that is done in the
design of
components part the solar panels size, power rating, tolerance for wind and type should be
checked and
installed.

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6
1.3.9 Installation of Battery
Batteries are the most important component in the installation of solar system. Batteries
store electricity from
solar panels during day time and deliver this energy to the fixture during night. The life
cycle of battery is very
important to the lifetime of light and capacity of battery will affect the backup days of the
lights. The battery
based on its type, power specification that are specified on the design part, will be installed.
1.3.10 Installation of Lamps LED
The solar streets lights are light sources which are powered by photovoltaic panels mounted
on lightning
structure or integrated itself in the pole. The PV panels charge a rechargeable battery which
powers a
fluorescent or LED lamp during night. Led lights are usually used for lightning source for
modern solar light.
These lights provide much higher lumens with lower energy consumption. LED lights give
energy
consumption up to 50 percent lower than high pressure sodium lamp (HPS) which is widely
used as lightning
source in traditional street lights. Specification should be concurrent with the specifications
of batteries and
solar panels as already done in the design part. So this part will be done after the erection of
the pole,
installation of solar panel and battery.
1.3.11 Installation of Charge controller
Charge controllers are used to control the charging of the batteries. Since the output from
solar panels are
variable and needs adjustments, charge controllers fetches the variable voltage/current from
solar panels,
condition it to suit the safety of the batteries. The main functions of charge controllers are
to prevent
over-charging of batteries from solar panels, over-discharging of batteries to the load and to
control the
functionalities of the load.
1.3.12 Installation of sensors
For economical and technical viability, optimized solar powered street lights are obtained
using sensors.
Sensors such as Ultrasonic sensors, IR Sensors and LDR sensors are used to control the
LED lamp
functionalities in order to achieve a more energy efficient system. In this case the street
light must have auto on
and off and must have at least two state of dimming function to save energy, from dusk to
dawn.
1.3.13 Inspection
This deliverable is the most important part before commissioning. The Engineers and
technicians should
inspect or check if all the components are working properly. That is, the solar panels if they
are generating the

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required power, the rating the batteries, the lamps power intensity, the sensors if they are
switching off and on
7
to the lamps automatically, the erection of poles etc. As a general it is checking of the
proper working of the
project which is solar panel based street lightning.
1.3.14 Commissioning
This is the last deliverable, which is focused on the community around and the concerning
bodies. There must
be one responsible for the project run to ensure it’s functioning with time and to replace any
spare parts with
time, there must be some low or guidance given to the people.

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RESOURCE USED
The proposed system uses a monocrystalline solar panel because it is more
efficient than polycrystalline panel, so when light strikes the surface of the
panel then we get 12V output which can be convertd into 5V by voltage
regulator IC and this 5V is fed as an input to the charge controller. [3]The
battery is charged using a solar panel with a charge controller in between them.
The charge controller is used to protect the battery from overcharging and deep
discharging. Once the battery is charged, a D.C. load could be directly
connected to the battery. In addition to this, an A.C. load could be connected to
the inverter, which is directly connected to the charge controller. The inverter is
used to convert the D.C. power, supplied by the battery, into A.C. power to
operate the A.C. load.

A. Hardware Description Solar Panel Solar panels or more technically

photovoltaic (PV) panels are a solar home electric system’s enabling
component. There can be various types of solar panel but mainly there are
only three types of solar panel i.e, monocrystalline,polycrystalline and
amorphous thin film type solar panel. Monocrystalline cells are being sliced
out from ingot of pure crystalline. They are black in colour and they can
absorb maximum sunlight falling on the surface if set at correct angle.
[8]The efficiency of monocrystalline cell is around 19 20%. Polycrystalline
cells are being made of pure silicon cut offs, Unlike monocrystalline their
cells are not perfectly allinged in one direction and thus interconnection
losses may occur which reduses its efficiency to 13-15%. Amorphous thin
film efficiency is around 6-10%. The Panels are made of wafers or cells of
semiconductor material that use sunlight (photons) and the photovoltaic
effect to generate direct current (DC) electricity.

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 The different
cell technologies are used to represent different energy conversion
efficiencies and manufacturing techniques which are used in trying to
reduce the cost of photovoltaic generated electricity. The photovoltaic
technology is constantly evolving day by day in the direction of better
conversion efficiency and lower cost. Each solar cell can generate a
predetermined voltage and current under certain manufacturing and
physical constraints. A solar panel is a series and parallel combinations of
identical cells to generate the desired power output (current and voltage).
Panels are assigned a power rating in watts which depends on the maximum
power they can produce under ideal sun and temperature conditions. By
knowing the rated power output we can determine how many panels are
required to meet the electrical load demands. [5]Multiple panels combined
together are called solar arrays. There is a directly proportionality between
solar panel cost and output power. The solar panel is approximately 50% of
the total initial equipment cost of a SHS.
B. Comparator IC

A voltage comparator is an electronic device which compares the two input

voltages and gives the output of the voltage which is greater. It's easy to
create a voltage comparator from an op amp, because the polarity of the op-
amp's output circuit depends on the polarity of the difference between the
two input voltages. In one Op amp we can compare two sets of inputs.

C. Zener Diode The main application of Zener diode are as a voltage regulator
and overvoltage protection. Overvoltage protection is achieved by using
Zener diodes since there is a current flowing through the Zener diode even
when the reverse bias voltage exceeds far away from a certain value. Zener
Diode as a Voltage Regulator The term regulator refers to regulates or
controls. Zener diode can work as a voltage regulator if it is introduced in a
circuit as shown below so by doing so we get a constant output voltage
across the diode. The circuit is driven by a current voltage source. As we
know that if the voltage across the diode exceeds a certain value then the

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 Zener diode would draw excessive amount of current from the supply. The
basic diagram of zener diode as a voltage regulator is shown

D. Charge Controller [4]The function of the charge controller is to maintain

battery life by preventing battery overcharging by the solar panels and deep
discharging by the electrical loads. [2]Either condition will lead to severely
reduced battery lifespan or harm it. Charge controllers come in all forms
such as different sizes, protection and monitoring features. The selection of
charge controller depends on the size of installed solar panel(s) and the
complexity of loads and future expansion possibility. Different charging
and maintenance algorithms or techniques are used which depends upon the
state and the type of the battery used.
E. Battery Almost all solar electrical applications uses a lead-acid type of
battery chemistry to store energy. [6]This is because of the battery’s storage
capacity to cost ratio, their wide availability, technical simplicity, and

support infrastructure.
F. LOADS [2]Loads are electrical appliances that draw power from the
battery. As we know that maximum home electrical appliances are AC
power and to use AC powered appliances in a SHS, a DC-AC power
inverter will be required. The inverter itself acts as a load because it can
draw power (stand-by power consumption) and conversion efficiency

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 losses are also occurred in an inverter. In this case all the AC appliances
connect to the inverter can also get its power from the battery. In many SHS
projects, an inverter is not included due to cost constraints and system
complexity. So in those cases we include DC appliances such as CFL and
LED lights, small radios, and small DC powered TVs are connected
directly into the 12v DC SHS circuit. It is very cost effective and efficient
to use DC- only SHS due to the typical low power requirements of DC
appliances and it also reduce system complexity. G. N channel
MOSFET(IRFZ44N) Unlike bipolar transistors, MOSFET is voltage
controlled. While in case of BJT we you have to calculate the base
resistance very carefully according to the amount of current being switched
because it is a current controlled, but this is not so with a MOSFET. Just we
have to apply enough voltage to the gate and the switch operates. MOSFET
has a very high input impedance. MOSFET has high input impedence. To
use a MOSFET as a switch, you have to keep its gate voltage (Vgs) higher
than the source voltage. If you connect the gate to the source (Vgs=0) it is
turned off. For example we have a “standard” MOSFET IRFZ44N which
turns on when Vgs is between 10V and 20V. For N-channel MOSFET the
reason we usually put the load at the Drain side is because of two reasons.
Firstly, connected Source is usually to GND. Secondly, If load is connected
at the source side and we put the ground at the drain sides, then we have to
trigger the MOSFET at the higher Vgs so there will be insufficient or very
less current flow between source and drain than expected. H. Inverter In an
inverter we use various components such as Multivibrator IC(CD4047),
two MOSFETs, Step Up Transformer, Timing Components etc. The
advantage of using multivibrator IC is that by using it we get a perfect
Square Wave, which has three forms are: First at pin 13 of IC will be basic
frequency, Second is pin 11 will be half that of basic frequencies, And
thirdly at pin 10 is half the frequency of basic frequency. but will has to
invert the signal to 180 degrees. So is there a characteristics opposite to the
second output.

RESULT

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A. During the operation Results Photovoltaic panel thus directly feeds D.C.
loads and charges the battery simultaneously when solar energy is available.
Battery can be used directly to drive D.C. loads whereas A.C. loads can be
fetched by attaching an inverter between Battery and the load. B. During the
internal resistance test Photovoltaic panel always has some internal resistance.
This resistance, together with load resistance results in drop of the voltage
when load is applied across the panel. To have faithful study of the
performance of the panel, it is necessary to know its internal Resistance. So that
same may be taken into account while studying various characteristics. Internal
resistance of the panel comes out to be 13.6 ohm . There is a drop of 8.29 volts
due to this internal resistance. Though internal resistance is bound to exist, it
should be kept as low as possible in order to obtain optimum performance of
the solar panel. C. During the Charge test The charge time can be calculated as
shown: The 10W solar panel puts about 10W/12V = 0.83A under optimum
conditions.The presence of the such optimum conditions is assumed to be
present for approximately 6 hours per day. The charge delivered will be
0.83A*6 Hrs = 5A Hrs per day. Now, the battery rating is 7A hrs. So, the
charge time will be 7A Hrs/ 0.83A = 8.4 Hrs. D. During the Discharge test
From the study it is found that developed system can deliver power for nine
continuous hours

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CONCLUSION:
The overcharge and under charge protections are used so that during these conditions to make
the user aware of these conditions. The setting of these protections is achieved through
potentiometer. Not only Energy consumption to manufacture the solar panels of Solar Home
System with LED bulbs is 1.44 MWht, which is 25% lower than that of the Solar Home
System(SHS) with tube lights, but also 3W of power saving per fixture is achieved.
Photovoltaic technology is the most promising source to solve the world's energy deficit
problem in future. By 2050, PV has the potential to provide a top limit of around 10 to 15%
of the world's electricity use. This would reduce the dependance on the conventional
methods, and since the life of a solar panel is more than 20 years, it would be economical in
long run. From all the above studies, it is concluded that the solar PV LEDs lighting system is
better than other lighting sources because this system can be used as home appliance,
residential and commercial process with some switching devises, and with some controlling
equipment. The power performance of this system is good because it does not take more
power as compared to other lighting systems.

FUTURE SCOPE: The future scope of work which can be carried out is to enhance
mechanical structure for improvements in load carrying capacity of structure. Reduction in
cost of structure and calculation related to how to improve on recovery of cost for this setup
by reducing electricity bills. Implementation of various panels for electricity generation and
carrying out analysis of which panel is suitable with maximum efficiency is future scope of
work. This project must be implemented for small villages in India. CONCLUSION:
Considering the future of solar systems in electricity generation applications, authors have
developed a street light with tracking system to generate maximum power. CAD modeling of
the system is done and presented in this paper. Results with different angles of solar panel are
presented and it is observed that battery charging time is less with angle of 15º than angle of
18º. Authors have implemented this system from perspective of Indian villages. Renewable
systems are contributing to a good amount for electricity generation. Indian geographic
conditions are very much supporting to use of solar based electricity generation.

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REFERENCE:
1) Flores-Hernández, D. A., et al. "Mechatronic design and implementation of a two axes sun
tracking photovoltaic system driven by a robotic sensor." Mechatronics 47 (2017): 148-159.

2) LIU, Chang, and Li-yang HOU. "Design and Implementation of the IOT System of
Campus Streetlight Based on ZigBee." Automation & Instrumentation 8 (2018): 18.

3) Haq, Qamar Atta Ul. "Design and Implementation of Solar Tracker to Defeat Energy
Crisis in Pakistan." International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing 9.2 (2019): 31.

4) Mohammed, Hammad Abo-Zied. "Design and implementation of a photovoltaic system

used for street lights." 2016 2nd International Conference on Control Science and Systems
Engineering (ICCSSE). IEEE, 2016.

5) Tan, Adrian ST, and S. Iqbal. "Implementation of INC MPPT and CV charging using LLC
resonant converter for solar streetlight system." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers
27.03 (2018): 1850043.

6) Sarkar, Shubham, Kshitij Mohan, and Prajakta Vankhande. "Smart street-lighting using
green energy designing a novel stand-alone solar powered lighting system." 2017
International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS). IEEE,
2017.

7) Parasnis, N. V., and A. P. Tadamalle. "Automatic solar tracking system." International

Journal Of Innovations In Engineering Research And Technology [IJIERT] (2016). 8)
Dhande, D. P., A. P. Chaudhari, and G. K. Mahajan. "A review of various MPPT techniques
for photovoltaic systems." International Journal of Innovations in Engineering Research and
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