LESSON 1
VOLCANOES
Pacific ring of fire
A path along the Pacific Ocean is characterized by active volcanoes and frequent
earthquakes. Roughly 90 percent of all earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire, and it is
dotted with 75 percent of all active volcanoes on Earth.
Volcano
Volcanoes are fascinating geological features that are formed when molten rock, ash, and
gas escape from the Earth's surface.
parts of volcano
The Crater
This is the bowl-shaped depression at the top of the volcano that forms when the summit
collapses after an eruption.
Magma chamber
The large underground cavity or reservoir where molten rock (magma) is stored before it
erupts.
Conduit
This is a long, narrow channel that connects the magma chamber to the surface of the
volcano. Magma rises through the conduit and erupts.
Vent
a hole on the surface of the volcano that emits steam, gas, and other materials. It can be
found near the summit.
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
Shield volcano
These volcanoes have a broad, gently sloping cone shape, similar to a warrior's shield laid
on the ground. They are formed by numerous lava flows
that spread out in all directions from a central vent. Shield volcanoes typically have non-
explosive eruptions that produce thin, runny lava that flows for long distances.
Stratovolcanoes/Composite cone
These are tall, steep-sided volcanoes with a classic, cone-shaped appearance. They are
formed by alternating layers of lava, ash, and
other volcanic debris. Stratovolcanoes can have explosive or non-explosive eruptions and
are known for their powerful explosions and pyroclastic flows.
Cinder cones
These are small, steep-sided volcanoes made up of loose, pyroclastic material such as ash,
cinders, and volcanic bombs. They are usually formed by explosive eruptions that eject the
material from a single vent, piling it up around the vent.
LESSON 2
TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION
HAWAIIAN ERUPTION
A Hawaiian eruption is the least violent type, with highly fluid or runny lava flowing out a
volcano's vents. It is so called because it is characteristic of how volcanoes in the Hawaiian
islands erupt. Hawaiian eruptions lead to the formation of shield volcanoes.
STROMBOLIAN ERUPTION
A strombolian eruption is violent, marked by a continuous ejection of magma and gas. It
results in the formation of volcanic bombs and cinder cones.
VULCANIAN ERUPTION
In a vulcanian eruption, viscous magma flows out of a volcano's vent, accompanied by a
dense cloud of ash and gases that rises high into the atmosphere.
PLINIAN ERUPTION
A plinian eruption is the most violent and explosive type of eruption. It is caused by the
buildup of viscous magma and dissolved gas. Plinian eruptions are characterized by large
ash columns and fast-flowing pyroclastic flows and lahars.
LESSON 3
TYPES OF VOLCANIC HAZARD
Volcanic hazards
Volcanic hazards refer to any potentially dangerous volcanic process. These hazards can
harm people, the environment, and infrastructure.
BLASTS
Bursts of Trapped hot gasses that push their way through solid barriers.
DOME GROWTH
Mounds of lava that can accumulate inside and outside the crater.
GASES
● water vapor (H20)
● sulfur dioxide (SO),
● hydrogen chloride (HCl),
● hydrogen fluoride (HF)
● carbon dioxide (CO2)
● nitrogen (N2)
● methane (CH4)
● argon (Ar),
● helium (He).
LAHAR
Mudflow or flow of volcanic debris.
LAVA FLOW Molten rocks that are released by volcanoes or volcanic vents The viscosity of
the lava and the steepness of the volcano slope can influence the rate of lava flow.
PYROCLASTIC FLOW refers to the flow of hot material that moves down the slope of an
erupting volcano.
PYROCLASTIC SURGES
These are dense, fast-moving masses of gases, ash, rock fragments, and water extruded
ejected during some volcanic eruptions.
TEPHRA FALL
These are dense, fast-moving masses of gases, ash, rock fragments, and water extruded
ejected during some volcanic eruptions.
TSUNAMI
Tsunami Tsunamis are a series of water waves caused by the displacement of large
volumes of water because of an underwater earthquake or volcanic eruption.
LESSON 4
FIERY EARTH
Illustrate how energy from volcanoes may be tapped for human use.
How is geothermal energy gathered?
GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
A geothermal power plant is a type of power plant that uses the Earth’s internal heat to
generate electricity.
SOURCE OF THERMAL ENERGY
Magma
hot fluid or semifluid material below or within the earth's crust.
MAGMA = THERMAL ENERGY
GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
According to the Department of energy, 10% of the electrical power produced by the
Philippines is geothermal.
Tiwi geothermal power plant
Mayor Jaime Villanueva said that Tiwi changed from being a sixth-class town into a first
class municipality in 1996.
(Barcia, 2023) of Manila Times stated that “Asia's first commercial-scale geothermal
steam field, which was discovered 50 years ago in a quiet and small town in Albay
province continues to provide clean and renewable energy to 2.7 million homes in the
Philippines.”
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE
OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
ADVANTAGE
● ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY
● RENEWABLE
● SUSTAINABLE
● RELIABLE
● NO FUEL REQUIRED
● RAPID EVOLUTION
DISADVANTAGE
● LOCATION RESTRICTED
● ENVIRONMENTAL SIDE EFFECTS
● EARTHQUAKES
● HIGH COSTS
● MAINTENANCE
