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Lecture 08 - Matrices

The document provides an overview of matrices, defining them as rectangular arrays of numbers organized in rows and columns, with elements referred to as entries. It explains the dimensions of matrices, types such as column, row, square, rectangular, identity, and null matrices, and introduces basic matrix operations including addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, and multiplication by another matrix. Exercises are included to reinforce understanding of matrix dimensions and operations.

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18 views20 pages

Lecture 08 - Matrices

The document provides an overview of matrices, defining them as rectangular arrays of numbers organized in rows and columns, with elements referred to as entries. It explains the dimensions of matrices, types such as column, row, square, rectangular, identity, and null matrices, and introduces basic matrix operations including addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, and multiplication by another matrix. Exercises are included to reinforce understanding of matrix dimensions and operations.

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MATRICES

MATRICES
A matrix is a collection of numbers arranged in a row-by-row and
column-by-column arrangement. The elements of a matrix must be
enclosed in parenthesis or brackets
MATRICES
• Matrices are the main ingredient of a branch of mathematics
called linear algebra.
• Matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows &
columns
• The individual items in a matrix are called entries or elements.
• A Matrix is usually shown by a Capital Letter (Such as A, or B)

Matrix with 2 rows & 3 columns


ELEMENT OF A MATRIX

• Each and every value in a matrix will be known as the


element, whether it is a number or a constant.
• Each entry (or "Element") is shown by a lower-case letter
• Each element of a matrix can be referred to by its row and
column number
• For example, 𝑎23 = −6
DIMENSION OF A MATRIX
• The dimension of a matrix can be described as the number of
rows by the number of columns.
• With the help of dimension, we can name the matrix.
• Dimension of a Matrix = No. of Rows (m) × No. of Columns (n)
=m×n

Dimension of Matrix [A] is of 2 × 3.


Exercise
Identify the dimensions of following matrices,
Types of Matrices

• COLUMN MATRIX : A matrix with only one column is called a


column matrix.

• ROW MATRIX : A matrix with only one row is called a row


matrix.
Types of Matrices

• SQUARE MATRIX : A matrix having the same number of rows


and columns is called a square matrix.

• RECTANGULAR MATRIX: A matrix having unequal number of


rows and columns is called a rectangular matrix.
Types of Matrices
• IDENTITY MATRIX (𝑰 = 𝑰𝟑): A square matrix in which all elements of
the principal diagonal are equal to 1 while all other elements are
zero is called the identity matrix or unit matrix.

• NULL MATRIX : A matrix whose elements are all equal to zero is


called the null or zero matrix.
Matrix Algebra
• To Add or Subtract two matrices of the same size, simply add or
subtract corresponding entries.
• A matrix can only be added to (or subtracted from) another
matrix if the two matrices have the same dimensions .

Addition Subtraction
Exercise

a) b)

d)
c) Find A + A.

e) f)
Exercise

g) Find A + B. h)

i)
j)

Find A + B - C.
MULTIPLICATION

• Scalar Multiplication : the product of a real number and a matrix. In


scalar multiplication, each entry in the matrix is multiplied by the
given scalar..
Exercise

1.

2.

3. If Find 5B.
MULTIPLYING BY ANOTHER MATRIX
• The number of columns of the 1st matrix must equal the number of
rows of the 2nd matrix.
• And the result will have the same number of rows as the 1st matrix,
and the same number of columns as the 2nd matrix.
Dot Product

1st row and 1st column

• The "Dot Product" is where we multiply matching members,


then sum up:
Dot Product

1st row and 2nd column


Dot Product

2nd row and 1st column

2nd row and 2nd column


Exercise
a) Find AB.
d)
b)
Find AB.

c) e)
Exercise
a)
Find A A

b) Find AB and BA

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