GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING

COLLEGE, BHARUCH

Electronics & Communication

Engineering Department

Laboratory Manual

Signal & Systems (3141005)

BE Semester – 4th
 GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING
COLLEGE, BHARUCH

Electronics & Communication Engineering

Department

CERTIFICATE
Date: / / 20__

This is to certify that Mr./Miss ______________________

of B.E.(E.C) 4th SEM. Enrollment No. has
satisfactorily completed his/her term work in the subject “Signal and
Systems” according to the syllabus undertaken by Gujarat Technological
University.

Faculty Coordinator Head of Department

 Government Engineering College, Bharuch
Department of Electronics & Communication

Institute vision
Impart value based integrative education to empower youth by fostering
innovation and leadership ethos for socio-professional needs.

Institute Mission
1. Strengthen academic infrastructure to achieve excellence in engineering
education.

2. Foster talent by developing global mindset and sustained leadership in

professional outlook to meet ever-rising industry expectations.

3. Nurture students by inculcating ethical and professional behavior for their holistic
development.

Department vision
To be recognized by the society to produce innovative and confident engineers
in the field of electronics & communication by quality education.

Department Mission
1. Empower students to become technically competent and socially responsible
citizen.
2. To provide quality technical education among EC graduates leading a successful
path towards industries and research
Program Educational Objectives

PEO 1: Apply competency in mathematics, science and engineering fundamentals

for solving Electronics and Communication engineering problems.

PEO 2: Develop professional outwork through leadership skills inculcating ethical &
professional behaviour towards industry and society at large.

Program Outcomes
1. Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of Mathematics, Science,
Engineering fundamentals, and Mechanical Engineering to the solution of
complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex Engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and Engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex Engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified
needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the
cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based
knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and
interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques,
resources, and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and
modeling to complex Engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations.
6. The Engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the
consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional Engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
Engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate
the knowledge of, and the need for sustainable developments.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the Engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a
member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex Engineering activities
with the Engineering Community and with society at large, such as, being able
to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make
effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
 11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and
understanding of the Engineering and management principles and apply these
to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and
in multi- disciplinary environments.
12. Life -long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and
ability to engage in independent and life- long learning in the broadest context of
technological change.

Program Specific Outcomes

Electronics & Communication Engineering Programme Students will be able to:

1. Apply the fundamental concepts to design a variety of components and systems

for technical applications.
2. Select and apply cutting-edge engineering hardware and software tools to solve
complex Electronics and communication engineering problems.
 Government Engineering College, Bharuch
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Semester-IV
Subject: Signals & Systems (3141005)

Lab Objectives
1. Understanding signal characteristics: Students learn to analyze different types of
signals, such as continuous-time signals, discrete-time signals, analog signals, and digital
signals. They become familiar with signal properties like amplitude, frequency, phase, and
time-domain representations.

2. Signal manipulation and processing: Students gain proficiency in manipulating signals

through operations such as scaling, shifting, time reversal, addition, multiplication etc. They
also learn various signal processing techniques, such as filtering, Fourier analysis, and
convolution.

3. System analysis and characterization: Students study the behaviour of linear time-
invariant (LTI) systems, including concepts like impulse response, frequency response,
transfer function, and system stability. They learn to analyze the response of systems to
different input signals and understand concepts like h t time-domain and frequency-domain
representations. c
u n
h ar tme
B ar
4. Experimental measurements and validation:C Students perform practical experiments to
G E Dep
measure and validate various properties of signals and systems. They learn to collect data and
verify theoretical concepts. EC

5. Design and implementation of signal processing systems: Students apply their

knowledge to design and implement basic signal processing systems, such as filters,
modulators, demodulators, and audio/video processing circuits.

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Government Engineering College, Bharuch
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Semester-IV
Subject: Signals & Systems (3141005)

Lab Outcomes
1. Understanding of signal properties: Students should be able to describe and analyze
various signal properties, such as amplitude, frequency, phase, and time-domain
representations. They should also understand the differences between continuous-time and
discrete-time signals, as well as analog and digital signals.

2. Proficiency in signal manipulation and processing: Students should be able to perform

basic operations on signals, such as scaling, shifting, time reversal, addition and
multiplication. They should also have a good understanding of signal processing techniques,
including filtering, Fourier analysis, and convolution.

3. Ability to analyze linear time-invariant (LTI) systems: Students should be able to

analyze the behaviour of LTI systems by studying concepts like impulse response, frequency
response, transfer function, and system stability. They should understand how systems
respond to different input signals and be able to interpret
h t time-domain and frequency-domain
representations. c
u n
h ar tme
B ar
4. Proficiency in experimental measurements C and validation: Students should be able to
G E Dep
perform experiments using laboratory equipment. They should be capable of collecting data,
EC
analyzing it, and validating theoretical concepts through experimental results.

5. Design and implementation of signal processing systems: Students should be able to

design and implement basic signal processing systems, such as filters, modulators,
demodulators, and audio/video processing circuits. They should understand the practical
considerations involved in system design, including component selection, signal
conditioning, and performance evaluation.

6. Critical thinking and problem-solving skills: Through the lab exercises, students should
develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills. They should be able to apply their
knowledge to solve practical problems, identify and troubleshoot issues, and make informed
decisions in the context of signals and systems.

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Government Engineering College, Bharuch
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Semester-IV
Subject: Signals & Systems (3141005)

Students Instructions
 Before entering the lab, student should carry the following things.
1. Identity card issued by the college
2. Lab Manual
3. Lab Record
 Student must sign in and sign out in the register provided when attending the lab
session without fail.
 Come to the laboratory in time. Students, who are late more than 15 min., will not be
allowed to attend the lab.
 Students need to maintain 100% attendance in lab if not a strict action will be taken.
 All students must follow a Dress Code while in the laboratory
 Foods, drinks are NOT allowed.
 All bags must be left at the indicated place.
 The objective of the laboratory is learning. The experiments are designed to illustrate
phenomena in different areas of Signals and u chSystems
t and to expose you to measuring
r men
instruments, conduct the experiments with a interest and an attitude of learning
Bh art
 You need to come well prepared for Cthe pexperiment.
GE De
 Work quietly and carefully.
EC
 Be honest in recording and representing your data.
 Students need to write Pre-Lab Questions and Post-Lab questions in Lab record book.
 If a particular reading appears wrong repeat the measurement carefully, to get a better
fit for a graph.
 All presentations of data, tables and graphs calculations should be neatly and carefully
done.
 Graphs should be neatly drawn with pencil. Always label graphs and the axes and
display units.
 If you finish early, spend the remaining time to complete the calculations and drawing
graphs. Come equipped with calculator, scales, pencils etc.
 Do not fiddle with apparatus. Handle instruments with care. Report any breakage to
the lab in-charge. Return all the equipment you have signed out for the purpose of
your experiment.

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Government Engineering College, Bharuch
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Semester-IV
Subject: Signals & Systems (3141005)

Students Safety Instructions

 You must not damage or tamper with the equipment or leads.
 You should inspect laboratory equipment for visible damage before using it. If there is
a problem with a piece of equipment, report it to the technician or lecturer. DO NOT
return equipment to a storage area.
 You should not work on circuits where the supply voltage exceeds 40 volts without
very specific approval from your lab supervisor. If you need to work on such circuits,
you should contact your supervisor for approval and instruction on how to do this
safely before commencing the work.
 Never strip insulation from a wire with your teeth or a knife, always use an
appropriate wire stripping tool.
 Shield wire with your hands when cutting it with a pliers to prevent bits of wire flying
about the bench.

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Government Engineering College, Bharuch
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Semester-IV
Subject: Signals & Systems (3141005)

Lab Assessment Rubrics

Student Performance Evaluation

Accuracy in Professional
Active Submission of Total
Punctuality data collection, attitude, behaviour
Participation laboratory file Marks
(2) analysis etc. and safety concerns
(2) and viva (2) (10)
(2) (2)

h Partially
Full Satisfactory = uc nt
Assessment: r satisfactory
e = Not satisfactory = 0
Satisfactory = 2 1.5 ha tm
B ar 1
E C ep
G D
EC

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Government Engineering College, Bharuch
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Semester-IV
Subject: Signals & Systems (3141005)

INDEX

Sr. Obtain Marks Faculty

Title Date
No. (10) Sign
Understanding of different types of signals in
1
continuous time domain

2 Understanding of different types of signals in

Discrete time domain

Understanding of different operation on

3
Discrete time signals

4 Understanding of classification of Signals

u ch nt
5
Understanding of classification of System ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
6 Understanding of DT convolution of sequencesC
E

7 Understanding of Fourier Series

8 Understanding of CT fourier transform

9 Understanding of DT fourier transform

10 Understanding of Z transform

11 Understanding of Sampling

12
Understanding of Interpolation

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Experiment No:1
Understanding of different types of Signals in Continuous time domain.
Date:
Competency and Practical Skills: Basic Knowledge of Scilab tools, Observation of different
types of signals with their nature
Relevant CO:
CO-1: Understand about various types of signals, classify them, analyze them, and perform various
operations on them.

Objectives:

(1) To understand classification of signals based on their nature

(2) To create different basic elementary signals in CT domain
(3) To Observe usefulness of these signals
Equipment/Instruments: Scilab Tools, PC
Scilab Codes for Different Signals:
// CAPTION: PROGRAM TO GENERATE COMMON CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS

//UNIT IMPULSE SIGNAL

clc; u ch nt
clear all; ar me
close; Bh art
N=5; //SET LIMIT C p
GE De
t1=-5:5;
x1=[zeros(1,N),ones(1,1),zeros(1,N)]; EC
subplot(2,3,1);
plot(t1,x1)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Unit impulse signal');

//UNIT STEP SIGNAL

t2=0:4;
x2=ones(1,5);
subplot(2,3,2);
plot(t2,x2);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('Unit Step Continuous Signal');

title('Unit step signal');

//EXPONENTIAL SIGNAL
t3=0:1:20;
x3=exp(-t3);
subplot(2,3,3);
plot(t3,x3);
xlabel('time');

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Exponential signal');

//UNIT RAMP SIGNAL

t4=-0:20;
x4=t4;
subplot(2,3,4);
plot(t4,x4);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Unit ramp signal');

//SINUSOIDAL SIGNAL
t5=0:0.04:1;
x5=sin(2*%pi*t5);
subplot(2,3,5);
plot(t5,x5);
title('Sinusoidal Signal')
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');

//RANDOM SIGNAL
t6=-10:1:20;
x6=rand(1,31);
subplot(2,3,6);
plot(t6,x6);
xlabel('time'); u ch nt
ylabel('Amplitude'); ar me
title('Random signal'); Bh art
C p
GE De
Output Waveform: EC

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Conclusion:

Quiz:
1) Write usefulness of Step input signal.

2) List identification parameter of random signal.

3) Write functional representation of given signals in CT domain.

a. Unit Step input: h
r uc ent
a m
Bh art
b. Unit Ramp input: C p
GE De
EC
c. Unit Parabolic input:

d. Unit Impulse input:

4) List properties of Unit impulse.

Suggested Reference:
1. Signal and Systems By Anand Kumar, 3rd Edition, PHI
2. Signals and Systems by Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan S. Wilsky and Nawab, Prentice Hall

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics 1(2) 2(2) 3(2) 4(2) 5(2) Total (10)

Marks

Lab Faculty Sign:

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Experiment No:2
Understanding of different types of Signals in Discrete time domain.
Date:
Competency and Practical Skills: Basic Knowledge of Scilab tools, Observation of different
types of signals with their nature
Relevant CO:
CO-1: Understand about various types of signals, classify them, analyze them, and perform various
operations on them.

Objectives:

(1) To understand classification of signals based on their nature

(2) To create different basic elementary signals in DT domain
(3) To Observe usefulness of these signals
Equipment/Instruments: Scilab Tools, PC
Scilab Codes for Different Signals:
// CAPTION: PROGRAM TO GENERATE COMMON DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS

//UNIT IMPULSE SIGNAL

clc; u ch nt
clear all; ar me
close; Bh art
C p
N=5; //SET LIMIT GE De
t1=-5:5;
EC
x1=[zeros(1,N),ones(1,1),zeros(1,N)];
subplot(2,4,1);

plot2d3(t1,x1)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Unit impulse signal');

//UNIT STEP SIGNAL

t2=-5:5;
x2=[zeros(1,N),ones(1,N+1)];
subplot(2,4,2);
plot2d3(t2,x2)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Unit step signal');

//EXPONENTIAL SIGNAL
t3=0:1:20;
x3=exp(-t3);
subplot(2,3,3);
plot2d3(t3,x3);
xlabel('time');

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Exponential signal');

//UNIT RAMP SIGNAL

t4=0:20;
x4=t4;
subplot(2,3,4);
plot2d3(t4,x4);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Unit ramp signal');

//SINUSOIDAL SIGNAL
t5=0:0.04:1;
x5=sin(2*%pi*t5);
subplot(2,3,5);
plot2d3(t5,x5);
title('Sinusoidal Signal')
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');

//RANDOM SIGNAL
t6=-10:1:20;
x6=rand(1,31);
subplot(2,3,6);
plot2d3(t6,x6); ch nt
xlabel('time'); u
ar me
ylabel('Amplitude'); Bh art
title('Random signal'); C p
GE De
EC
Output Waveform:

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Conclusion:

Quiz:
1) Write usefulness of Ramp and Impulse input signals.

2) Write functional representation of given signals in DT domain.

a. Unit Step input:

b. Unit Ramp input: u ch nt

ar me
Bh art
C p
c. Unit Parabolic input: GE De
EC

d. Unit Impulse input:

3) Prove any two properties of Unit impulse.

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Suggested Reference:
1. Signal and Systems By Anand Kumar, 3rd Edition, PHI
2. Signals and Systems by Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan S. Wilsky and Nawab, Prentice Hall

References used by the student:

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics 1(2) 2(2) 3(2) 4(2) 5(2) Total (10)

Marks

Lab Faculty Sign:

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Experiment No:3
Understanding of different operations on Discrete time Signals.
Date:
Competency and Practical Skills: Basic Knowledge of Scilab tools, Observation of different
types of signals with their nature
Relevant CO:
CO-1: Understand about various types of signals, classify them, analyze them, and perform various
operations on them.

Objectives:

(1) To understand different operations on D.T. signals

(2) To Observe usefulness of these operations on signals
Equipment/Instruments: Scilab Tools, PC
Scilab Codes for Different Signals:

//CAPTION:TO PERFORM BASIC OPERATIONS ON D.T SIGNALS

clc;
clear all;
close; u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
//amplification C p
x=input('Enter input sequence x:'); GE De
C
a=input('Enter amplification factor a:');E
b=input('Enter attenuation factor b:');
c=input('Enter amplitude reversal factor c:');
y1=a*x;
y2=b*x;
y3=c*x;
n=length(x);

//Input signal plot

subplot(2,3,1);
plot2d3(0:n-1,x);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('Input signal');

//Amplification
subplot(2,3,2);
plot2d3(0:n-1,y1);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Amplified signal');

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 //attenuation
subplot(2,3,3);
plot2d3(0:n-1,y2);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Attenuated signal');

//Amplitude Reverasl
subplot(2,3,4);
plot2d3(0:n-1,y3);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Amplitude reversal signal');

// folding and Shifting

n0=input('Enter the +ve shift:');

n1=input('Enter the -ve shift:');
l=length(x);
i=n0:l+n0-1;
j=n1:l+n1-1;
subplot(2,3,5);
plot2d3(i,x);
xlabel('time'); u ch nt
ylabel('Amplitude'); ar me
title('Positive shifted signal'); Bh art
C p
GE De
subplot(2,3,6); EC
plot2d3(j,x);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amnplitude');
title('Negative shifted signal');

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Output Waveform:

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

Conclusion:

Quiz:
1) Write usefulness of Folding operation on the input signals.

2) List basic operations on signals.

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 3) List the classification of signals.

4) Sketch the following signals:

a. u(-n+4)
b. r(-n+4)
c. u(n+2)-u(n)

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

Suggested Reference:
1. Signal and Systems By Anand Kumar, 3rd Edition, PHI
2. Signals and Systems by Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan S. Wilsky and Nawab, Prentice Hall

References used by the student:

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics 1(2) 2(2) 3(2) 4(2) 5(2) Total (10)

Marks

Lab Faculty Sign:

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Experiment No:3(b)
Understanding of different operations on Discrete time Signals.
Date:
Competency and Practical Skills: Basic Knowledge of Scilab tools, Observation of different
types of signals with their nature
Relevant CO:
CO-1: Understand about various types of signals, classify them, analyze them, and perform various
operations on them.

Objectives:

(1) To understand different operations on D.T. signals

(2) To Observe usefulness of these operations on signals
Equipment/Instruments: Scilab Tools, PC
Scilab Codes for Different Signals:

//CAPTION: To perform addition and subtraction of the following two DT signals

//Xa(t) = 1; 0<t<1
// 2; 1<t<2;
// 1; 2<t<3
u ch nt
// & ar me
Bh art
// Xb(t) = t; 0<t<1 C p
// 1; 1<t<2; GE De
// 3-t; 2<t<3 EC

//////*******************************////////////////////////

clc;
clear all;
close
t = -1:0.1:5;
x1 = 1;
x2 = 2;
x3 = 3-t;

xa = x1.*(t>0 & t<1) + x2.*(t>=1 & t<=2) + x1.*(t>2 & t<3);

xb = t.*(t>0 &t<1) + x1*(t>=1 &t<=2)+x3.*(t>2 &t<3);

xadd = xa +xb;
xmul = xa.*xb;
subplot(2,3,1);
plot2d3(t,xa) //Plots input signal xa
xlabel('t');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('input signal xa');

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 subplot(2,3,2);
plot2d3(t,xb) //Plots input signal xb
xlabel('t');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('input signal xb');
subplot(2,3,3);
plot2d3(t,xadd) //Plots addition of signal xa and xb
xlabel('t');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Addition of two signals, xadd');
subplot(2,3,4);
plot2d3(t,xmul) //Plots Multiplication of signal xa and xb
xlabel('t');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Multiplication of two signals, xmul');

Output Waveform:

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

Conclusion:

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Quiz:
1) Sketch a discrete-time signal x(n)=2-n for -2 ≤ n ≤ 2.

2) A discrete-time signal has been shown in figure. Sketch the following.

a. x(n-3)
b. x(3-n)
c. x(2n)
d. x(n).u(3-n)

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Suggested Reference:
1. Signal and Systems By Anand Kumar, 3rd Edition, PHI
2. Signals and Systems by Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan S. Wilsky and Nawab, Prentice Hall

References used by the student:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics 1(2) 2(2) 3(2) 4(2) 5(2) Total (10)

Marks

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC
Lab Faculty Sign:

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Experiment No:4
Understanding of Classification of Signals.
Date:
Competency and Practical Skills: Basic Knowledge of Scilab tools, Observation of different
types of signals with their nature
Relevant CO:
CO-1: Understand about various types of signals, classify them, analyze them, and perform various
operations on them.

Objectives:

(1) To understand classification of signals

(2) To Observe usefulness of these signals
Equipment/Instruments: Scilab Tools, PC
Scilab Codes for Different Signals:

//CAPTION: EVEN and ODD SIGNALS for x(t)=sin(t)+cos(t)

clc;
close;
clear all; u ch nt
t=0:.005:4*%pi; ar me
Bh art
x=sin(t)+cos(t); // Given signal: x(t)=sin(t)+cos(t)
C p
subplot(2,2,1) GE De
plot(t,x) EC
xlabel('t');
ylabel('amplitude')
title('input signal')
y=sin(-t)+cos(-t) // Put t = -t in x(t)
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(t,y)
xlabel('t');
ylabel('amplitude')
title('x(-t)')
z=x+y
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(t,z/2) // to plot even signal
xlabel('t');
ylabel('amplitude')
title('even part of the signal')
p=x-y
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(t,p/2) // to plot odds signal
xlabel('t');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('odd part of the signal');

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Output Waveform:

u ch nt
h ar tme
//Determine the fundamental period of composite B r
// discrete time signal E C epa
G D
// x [ n ] = exp ( j (2*%pi/3)n )+exp ( j (3*%pi/4)n
EC )
clear all;
clc ;
close;
Omega1 = 2* %pi /3; // Angular frequency signal 1
Omega2 = 3* %pi /4; // Angular frequency signal 2
N1 = (2* %pi )/ Omega1 ; // Peirod of signal 1
N2 = (2* %pi )/ Omega2 ; // Period of signal 2
//To find rational period of signal 1
for m1 = 1:100
period = N1*m1;
if( modulo ( period ,1) ==0)
period1 = period ;
integer_value = m1
break ;
end
end
//To find rational period of signal 2
for m2 = 1:100
period = N2*m2;
if( modulo ( period ,1) ==0)
period2 = period ;

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 integer_value = m2
break ;
end
end
disp ( period1 )
disp ( period2 )
//To determine the fundamental period N
N = period1 * period2

Output:
3
8

Conclusion:

h
Suggested Reference:
r uc ent
1. Signal and Systems By Anand Kumar, 3rd Edition,
a PHI m
Bh art
2. Signals and Systems by Alan V. Oppenheim,CAlan
p S. Wilsky and Nawab, Prentice Hall
GE De
References used by the student:
EC

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics 1(2) 2(2) 3(2) 4(2) 5(2) Total (10)

Marks

Lab Faculty Sign:

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Experiment No:5
Understanding of Classification of Systems
Date:
Competency and Practical Skills: Basic Knowledge of Scilab tools, Observation of different
types of signals with their nature
Relevant CO:
CO-1: Understand about various types of systems, classify them, analyze them, and perform various
operations on them.

Objectives:

(1) To understand classification of systems

(2) To Observe usefulness of these systems
Equipment/Instruments: Scilab Tools, PC
Scilab Codes for Different Systems:

//CAPTION: To find whether the system is linear or non-linear for the given signal
y(n)=[x(n)]^2+B;

clc;
clear all; u ch nt
close; ar me
Bh art
EC ep
//Properties of DT Systems(Linearity) G D
//y(n)=[x(n)]^2+B; EC

x1=input('Enter first input sequence:');

n=length(x1);
x2=input('Enter second input sequence:');
a=input('Enter scaling constant(a):');
b=input('Enter scaling constant(b):');
B=input('Enter scaling constant(B):');

y1=x1.^2+B;
y2=x2.^2+B;
rhs=a*y1+b*y2;
x3=a*x1+b*x2;
lhs=x3.^2+B;

subplot(2,2,1);
plot2d3(0:n-1,x1);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('First input sequence');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot2d3(0:n-1,x2);

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Second input sequence');
subplot(2,2,3);
plot2d3(0:n-1,lhs);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('LHS');
subplot(2,2,4);
plot2d3(0:n-1,rhs);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('RHS');

if(lhs==rhs)
disp('system is linear');
else
disp('system is non-linear');

end;

Output Waveform:

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 //CAPTION: To find whether the system is causal or non-causal

clc;
clear all;
close;
// %Properties of DT Systems(Causality)
//%y(n)=x(-n);

x1=input('Enter input sequence x1:');

n1=input('Enter upper limit n1:');
n2=input('Enter lower limit n2:');
flag=0;
for n=n1:n2
arg=-n;
if arg>n;
flag=1;
end;
end;
if(flag==1)
disp('system is causal');
else
disp('system is non-causal');
end
u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
Output: GE De
EC

Conclusion:

Quiz:
1) Check whether the following systems are linear or not:
a. y(n) = n2 x(n)
b. y(n)= x(n) .Cos (wn)

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 2) Check whether the following systems are causal or not:
a. y(n) = x(2n)
b. y(n)= Sin[x(n)]

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Suggested Reference:
1. Signal and Systems By Anand Kumar, 3rd Edition, PHI
2. Signals and Systems by Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan S. Wilsky and Nawab, Prentice Hall

References used by the student:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics 1(2) 2(2) 3(2) 4(2) 5(2) Total (10)

Marks

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De Lab Faculty Sign:
EC

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Experiment No:6
Understanding of DT Convolution of Sequences
Date:
Competency and Practical Skills: Basic Knowledge of Scilab tools, Observation of different
types of signals and systems with their nature
Relevant CO:
CO-3: Appropriate use of transform in analysis of signals and systems
CO-4: Carry simulation of signals and systems for observing effect of applying various
properties and operations.

Objectives:

(1) To understand Convolution process of Discrete time system

Equipment/Instruments: Scilab Tools, PC

Scilab Codes for Different Systems:

// To perform discrete convolution for two given sequences

clc;
clear all; u ch nt
close ; ar me
Bh art
a=input('Enter the starting point of x[n]=');
C p
GE De
b=input('Enter the starting point of h[n]=');
EC
x=input('Enter the co-efficients of x[n]=');
h=input('Enter the co-efficients of h[n]=');
y=conv(x,h);
subplot(3,1,1);
p=a:(a+length(x)-1);
plot2d3(p,x);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('INPUT x(n)');
subplot(3,1,2);
q=b:(b+length(h)-1);
plot2d3(q,h);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('IMPULSE RESPONSE h(n)');
subplot(3,1,3);
n=a+b:length(y)+a+b-1;
plot2d3(n,y);

disp(y)
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 title('LINEAR CONVOLUTION');
Output Waveform:

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

Conclusion:

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Quiz:

1. Determine the convolution sum of two sequences using graphical method.

X[n]= {1, 4, 3, 2} and h[n] = {1, 3, 2, 1}

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 2. Determine the convolution sum of two sequences husing tabular method.
X[n]= {1, 4, 3, 2} and h[n] = {1, 3, 2, 1} r uc ent
a m
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Suggested Reference:
1. Signal and Systems By Anand Kumar, 3rd Edition, PHI
2. Signals and Systems by Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan S. Wilsky and Nawab, Prentice Hall

References used by the student:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics 1(2) 2(2) 3(2) 4(2) 5(2) Total (10)

Marks

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC
Lab Faculty Sign:

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Experiment No:7
Understanding of Fourier Series
Date:
Competency and Practical Skills: Basic Knowledge of Scilab tools, Observation of different
types of signals and systems with their nature, When & where to use fourier series analysis
Relevant CO:
CO-3: Appropriate use of transform in analysis of signals and systems
CO-4: Carry simulation of signals and systems for observing effect of applying various
properties and operations.

Objectives:

(1) To understand the importance of Fourier series

(2) To find fourier series coefficients of given signal/sequence

Equipment/Instruments: Scilab Tools, PC

Scilab Codes:
// Write a program to find the fourier series coefficients of a signal.

fig_size = [232 84 774 624]; u ch nt

x = [0.1 0.9 0.1];// % 1 period of x(t) r e
ha rtm
x = [x x x x]; //% 4 periods of x(t) B a
C epx(t)
tx = [-2 -1 0 0 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 6]; //% time points
GE for
D
subplot(2,2,1)
EC
plot(tx,x)
xlabel('Time (s)')
ylabel('Amplitude'),...
title('Periodic Signal x(t)')

a0 = 0.5; // DC component of Fourier Series

ph0 = 0;
n = [1 3 5 7 9];// Values of n to be evaluated
an = -3.2 ./ (%pi * n).^2; //% Fourier Series coefficients
mag_an = abs(an);
ph_an = -180 * ones(1,length(n));
n = [0 n];
mag_an = [a0 mag_an];// % Including a0 with a_n
ph_an = [ph0 ph_an];

//Plotting fourier series magnitude

subplot(2,2,2)
plot(n,mag_an,'o');
xlabel('Harmonic Number');
ylabel('Magnitude');
title('Fourier Series Magnitude')

//Plotting fourier series phase

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 subplot(2,2,3)
plot(n,ph_an,'o')
xlabel('Harmonic Number')
ylabel('Phase (deg)')
title('Fourier Series Phase'),

Output Waveform:

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

Conclusion:

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Quiz:

1. List three important classes of transformation methods available for CT system?

2. List three important classes of fourier series methods available:

3. State Dirichlet condition for fourier series representation.

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

4. List types of symmetry that may present in a waveform.

5. Determine complex exponential fourier series of Cos(W0 t)

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

6. Find the Fourier series of the periodic signal shown in figure.

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Suggested Reference:
1. Signal and Systems By Anand Kumar, 3rd Edition, PHI
2. Signals and Systems by Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan S. Wilsky and Nawab, Prentice Hall

References used by the student:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics 1(2) 2(2) 3(2) 4(2) 5(2) Total (10)

Marks

Lab Faculty Sign:

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Experiment No:8
Understanding of CT Fourier Transform
Date:
Competency and Practical Skills: Basic Knowledge of Scilab tools, Observation of different
types of signals and systems with their nature, When & where to use fourier transform analysis
Relevant CO:
CO-3: Appropriate use of transform in analysis of signals and systems
CO-4: Carry simulation of signals and systems for observing effect of applying various
properties and operations.

Objectives:

(1) To understand the importance of Fourier transform

(2) To find fourier Transform of given signal
Equipment/Instruments: Scilab Tools, PC
Scilab Codes:
// Continuous Time Fourier Transform of a Continuous Time Signal
// x(t)=exp(-A*t)u(t), t>0
clear;
clc; u ch nt
close; r e
ha rtm
//Analog Signal B
A =1; //Amplitude C pa
GE De
Dt = 0.005;
t = 0: Dt :10;
EC
xt =exp(-A*t);

//Continuous time Fourier Transform

Wmax = 2*%pi*1;//Analog Frequency = 1Hz
K = 4;
k = 0:(K/1000):K;
W = k*Wmax/K;
XW = xt*exp(-sqrt(-1)*t'*W)*Dt ;
XW_Mag =abs(XW);
W = [-mtlb_fliplr(W), W(2:1001)]; //Omega from -Wmax to Wmax
XW_Mag = [mtlb_fliplr(XW_Mag), XW_Mag(2:1001)];
[XW_Phase,db ] = phasemag(XW);
XW_Phase = [- mtlb_fliplr(XW_Phase), XW_Phase(2:1001)];

// Plotting Continuous Time Signal

figure
a = gca();
a. y_location = "origin";
plot(t,xt);
xlabel ('t in sec.');
ylabel ('x(t)')
title ('Continuous Time Signal')

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 figure

// Plotting Magnitude Response of CTS

subplot(2 ,1 ,1) ;
a =gca() ;
a. y_location = "origin" ;
plot(W , XW_Mag );
xlabel ('Frequency in Radians/Seconds ---> W');
ylabel ('abs (X(jW))' )
title ('Magnitude Response (CTFT)')

//Plotting Phase Reponse of CTS

subplot(2 ,1 ,2) ;
a = gca() ;
a. y_location = "origin";
a. x_location = "origin";
plot(W, XW_Phase*%pi/180) ;
xlabel ('Frequency in Radians/Seconds ---> W');
ylabel ('< --X(jW)')
title ('Phase Response (CTFT) in Radians')

Output Waveform:

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Conclusion: u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

Quiz:

1. Write limitation of Fourier series. Does Fourier transform overcome this?

2. What is the use of Fourier transform?

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 3. State Dirichlet condition for Fourier Transform.

4. List merits of Fourier Transform.

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De and Laplace Transform?
5. What is the relation between Fourier Transform
EC

6. Obtain the Fourier transform of the following signals:

(1) X(t) = Cos W0t (2) X(t)= Sin W0t u(t)

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
Suggested Reference: EC
1. Signal and Systems By Anand Kumar, 3rd Edition, PHI
2. Signals and Systems by Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan S. Wilsky and Nawab, Prentice Hall

References used by the student:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics 1(2) 2(2) 3(2) 4(2) 5(2) Total (10)

Marks

Lab Faculty Sign:

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Experiment No:9
Understanding of DT Fourier Transform
Date:
Competency and Practical Skills: Basic Knowledge of Scilab tools, Observation of different
types of signals and systems with their nature, When & where to use fourier transform analysis
Relevant CO:
CO-3: Appropriate use of transform in analysis of signals and systems
CO-4: Carry simulation of signals and systems for observing effect of applying various
properties and operations.

Objectives:

(1) To understand the importance of Fourier transform

(2) To find fourier Transform of given signal
Equipment/Instruments: Scilab Tools, PC
Scilab Codes:
// Discrete Time Fourier Transform of discrete sequence
// x[n]=(a^n).u[n] ,a>0 and a<0
clear;
clc; u ch nt
close; r e
ha rtm
// DTS Signal B
a1 = 0.5; C pa
GE De
a2 = -0.5;
max_limit =10;
EC
for n =0:max_limit-1
x1(n +1)=( a1 ^n);
x2(n +1)=( a2 ^n);
end
n =0:max_limit-1;
// Discrete time Fourier Transform
Wmax = 2*%pi;
K = 4;
k = 0:(K/1000):K;
W = k* Wmax/K;
x1 = x1';
x2 = x2';
XW1 = x1*exp(-sqrt(-1)*n'*W);
XW2 = x2*exp(-sqrt(-1)*n'*W);
XW1_Mag =abs(XW1);
XW2_Mag =abs(XW2);
W = [-mtlb_fliplr(W),W(2:1001)]; //Omega from - Wmax to Wmax
XW1_Mag = [mtlb_fliplr( XW1_Mag),XW1_Mag(2:1001)];
XW2_Mag = [mtlb_fliplr(XW2_Mag),XW2_Mag(2:1001)];
[XW1_Phase,db] =phasemag(XW1);
[XW2_Phase,db] =phasemag(XW2);
XW1_Phase = [-mtlb_fliplr(XW1_Phase),XW1_Phase(2:1001)];

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 XW2_Phase = [-mtlb_fliplr(XW2_Phase),XW2_Phase(2:1001)];
// plot for a >0
figure
subplot(3,1,1);
plot2d3('gnn',n,x1);
xtitle('Discrete Time Sequence x[n] for a>0')
subplot(3,1,2);
a =gca();
a. y_location = "origin";
a. x_location = "origin";
plot2d(W,XW1_Mag);
title ('Magnitude Response abs (X(jW))')
subplot(3,1,3);
a =gca();
a. y_location = "origin";
a. x_location = "origin" ;
plot2d(W,XW1_Phase);
title ('Phase Response <(X(jW))')
// plot for a <0
figure
subplot(3,1,1);
plot2d3('gnn',n,x2);
xtitle('Discrete Time Sequence x[n] for a>0')
subplot(3,1,2);
a =gca();
a. y_location = "origin"; ch nt
a. x_location = "origin"; u
ar me
plot2d(W,XW2_Mag); Bh art
title ('Magnitude Response abs (X(jW))') EC ep
subplot(3,1,3);
G D
a =gca(); EC
a. y_location = "origin";
a. x_location = "origin";
plot2d(W,XW2_Phase);
title ('Phase Response <(X(jW))')

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Output Waveform:

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

Conclusion:

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Quiz:

1. List property of DT Fourier Transform.

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 2. Find Fourier transform of x[n] = cosW0 n.

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Suggested Reference:
1. Signal and Systems By Anand Kumar, 3rd Edition, PHI
2. Signals and Systems by Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan S. Wilsky and Nawab, Prentice Hall

References used by the student:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics 1(2) 2(2) 3(2) 4(2) 5(2) Total (10)

Marks

Lab Faculty Sign:

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Experiment No:10
Understanding of Z Transform
Date:
Competency and Practical Skills: Basic Knowledge of Scilab tools, Observation of different
types of signals and systems with their nature, When & where to use fourier transform analysis
Relevant CO:
CO-3: Appropriate use of transform in analysis of signals and systems
CO-4: Carry simulation of signals and systems for observing effect of applying various
properties and operations.

Objectives:

(1) To understand the importance of Z transform

(2) To find Z transform of given signal
Equipment/Instruments: Scilab Tools, PC
Scilab Codes:
// Z transform of x[n]=(a)^n.u[n]
a = 0.5;
N=2; // Number of sample
n=0:N;// define the range of n u ch nt
r e
ha rtm
// calculate the Z-transform of x[n] at different values
B of z
Z= [ ]; E C epa
G D
for z=0:0.1:1
X= sum((a^n).*(z^(-n)).*(n>=0));
EC
Z = [Z, X];
end

// display the result

disp(Z)

// plot the Z-transform values

figure()
plot(0:0.1:1,Z,'b-*','LineWidth',2,'MarkerSize',8)
xlabel('z')
ylabel('X(z)')
title('Z-transform of x[n]')

// ROC of x[n]
// Define the range of z values
z_re = linspace(-2, 2, 400); // Real part of z
z_im = linspace(-2, 2, 400); // Imaginary part of z
[X_re, X_im] = meshgrid(z_re, z_im);
Z = X_re + %i*X_im;

// Calculate the magnitude of the Z-transform

X = 1 ./ (1 - a*Z.^(-1));

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 abs_X = abs(X);

// Find points outside the radius of convergence

threshold = 1 / abs(a); // Threshold for the radius of convergence
outside_ROC = abs_X > threshold;

// Plot the ROC points

figure( )
scatter(X_re(outside_ROC), X_im(outside_ROC), 'Marker', '.', 'MarkerEdgeColor', 'blue')
xlabel('Re(z)')
ylabel('Im(z)')
title('Region of Convergence (ROC)')

Output Waveform:

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Conclusion:

Quiz:

1. List property of Z Transform.

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 2. Find Z transform and ROC of 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝛿(𝑛 + 1) + 5 𝑢(−𝑛) + 𝑢(−𝑛 − 1)

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Suggested Reference: ch nt
1. Signal and Systems By Anand Kumar, 3rd Edition, u
arPHI me
Bh S.
2. Signals and Systems by Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan r tWilsky and Nawab, Prentice Hall
C pa
GE De
References used by the student: EC

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics 1(2) 2(2) 3(2) 4(2) 5(2) Total (10)

Marks

Lab Faculty Sign:

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Experiment No:11
Understanding of Sampling
Date:
Competency and Practical Skills: Basic Knowledge of Scilab tools, Observation of different
types of signals and systems with their nature, How to use Sampling theorem for analysis
Relevant CO:
CO-3: Appropriate use of transform in analysis of signals and systems
CO-4: Carry simulation of signals and systems for observing effect of applying various
properties and operations.
CO-5: Create strong foundation of communication and signal processing to be studied in
subsequent semester

Objectives:

(1) To understand the importance of Sampling theorem

Equipment/Instruments: Scilab Tools, PC
Scilab Codes:
clc;
T=0.04;
t=0:0.0005:0.02;
f = 1/T; u ch nt
n1=0:40; ar me
size(n1)
Bh art
C p
xa_t=sin(2*%pi*2*t/T); GE De
subplot(2,2,1);
plot2d3(200*t,xa_t);
EC
title('Verification of sampling theorem');
title('Continuous signal');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('x(t)');

//greater than nyquist rate

ts1=0.002;//>niq rate
n=0:20;
x_ts1=2*sin(2*%pi*n*ts1/T);
subplot(2,2,2);
plot2d3(n,x_ts1);
title('greater than Nq');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');

//Equal to nyquist rate

ts2=0.01;//niq rate
n=0:4;
x_ts2=2*sin(2*%pi*n*ts2/T);
subplot(2,2,3);
plot2d3(n,x_ts2);
title('Equal to Nq');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 //less than nyquist rate
ts3=0.1;//<niq rate
n=0:10;
x_ts3=2*sin(2*%pi*n*ts3/T);
subplot(2,2,4);
plot2d3(n,x_ts3);
title('less than Nq');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');

Output Waveform:

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

Conclusion:

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Quiz:

1. Define: Sampling

2. Define: Sampling period

3. Define: Sampling frequency

u ch nt
4. State Sampling theorem. ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

5. Define: Nyquist rate

6. Define: Nyquist interval

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Suggested Reference:
1. Signal and Systems By Anand Kumar, 3rd Edition, PHI
2. Signals and Systems by Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan S. Wilsky and Nawab, Prentice Hall

References used by the student:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics 1(2) 2(2) 3(2) 4(2) 5(2) Total (10)

Marks

Lab Faculty Sign:

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 Experiment No:12
Understanding of Interpolation
Date:
Competency and Practical Skills: Basic Knowledge of Scilab tools, Observation of different
types of signals and systems with their nature, How to use interpolation to reconstruct original
signal from its samples.
Relevant CO:
CO-3: Appropriate use of transform in analysis of signals and systems
CO-4: Carry simulation of signals and systems for observing effect of applying various
properties and operations.
CO-5: Create strong foundation of communication and signal processing to be studied in
subsequent semester

Objectives:

(1) To understand the importance of Interpolation theorem to reconstruct original signal

Equipment/Instruments: Scilab Tools, PC
Scilab Codes:
fs = 5000; // Sampling rate in samples/sec
T = 1/fs; // Sampling period
u ch nt
ar me
t = -0.01:0.0001:0.01; // Define the time range Bh rt
a
x = exp(-1000*abs(t)); // Generate the signal EC ep
G D
EC time instances
t_samples = -0.01:T:0.01; // Define the discrete
x_samples = exp(-1000*abs(t_samples)); // Generate the discrete-time samples

t_reconstructed = -0.01:0.0001:0.01; // Define the time range for reconstruction

x_reconstructed = zeros(size(t_reconstructed));
for i = 1:length(t_reconstructed)
x_reconstructed(i) = sum(x_samples .* sinc((t_reconstructed(i) - t_samples) / T));
end

clf; // Clear the current figure window

subplot(3, 1, 1);
plot(t, x, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2); // Plot the original signal
xlabel('t');
ylabel('x(t)');
title('Original Signal x(t)');

subplot(3, 1, 2);
plot(t_samples, x_samples, 'bo', 'MarkerSize', 5); // Plot the discrete-time samples
xlabel('t');
ylabel('x(t)');
title('Sampled Signal x(t)');

subplot(3, 1, 3);
plot(t_reconstructed, x_reconstructed, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2); // Plot the reconstructed signal

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 xlabel('t');
ylabel('x(t)');
title('Reconstructed Signal x(t)');

Output Waveform:

u ch nt
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC

Conclusion:

Quiz:

1. Define: Aliasing

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH

 2. When does aliasing occur? How can it be avoided?

3. Define: Interpolation

4. Discuss zero order hold.

5. Write an importance of equalizer. ch nt

u
ar me
Bh art
C p
GE De
EC
Suggested Reference:
1. Signal and Systems By Anand Kumar, 3rd Edition, PHI
2. Signals and Systems by Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan S. Wilsky and Nawab, Prentice Hall

References used by the student:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics 1(2) 2(2) 3(2) 4(2) 5(2) Total (10)

Marks

Lab Faculty Sign:

EC SAS GEC BHARUCH