HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING

(CIV 3201)

ANALYSIS OF PIPE
NETWORKS
UNIVERSITY OF GUYANA
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
OBJECTIVES

➢Understand the continuity concept as it applies to fluids.

➢Understand the Hardy Cross method of pipe network analysis.

➢Solve pipe network problems.

 CONCEPTS

• Discharge
• The volume per unit time.

• Mean Velocity
• The ratio of the discharge and cross-sectional area.
 CONCEPTS
• Conservation of Mass
• Matter cannot be created or destroyed. Fluids are a type of
matter.

Mass flow in Control

Control Volume Mass flow out
Volume
 PIPE NETWORK ANALYSIS

• Conservation of Mass – Continuity

• Mass in = Mass out
• ρ1A1v1 = ρ2A2v2
• Density is constant since fluids are
incompressible.
• So, A1v1 = A2v2
PIPE NETWORK ANALYSIS
• Example 1
PIPE NETWORK ANALYSIS
• Example 2
PIPE NETWORK ANALYSIS
• Problems
• For example 1, if the area A1 = 10  10-3 m2 and A2 = 3 10-3 m2 and the upstream mean velocity,

u = 2.1 m/s, then the downstream mean velocity is? Also, if d 1 is 40 mm, what is d2?

• For example 2, If pipe 1 diameter is 50mm and its velocity is 2 m/s, pipe 2 diameter is 40 mm takes

30% of total discharge and pipe 3 diameter 60 mm. What are the values of discharge and velocity

in each pipe?
 HARDY CROSS METHOD
• Pipe Network Analysis
• Pipe networks are analyzed for the nodal pressure heads and
the link discharges.
• They are also analyzed for the worst mixture of discharge
withdrawals that could result in low pressure heads in some
areas.
PIPE NETWORK ANALYSIS

• The water distribution networks may have one of three

types of configurations:
➢branched or tree-like configuration
➢looped configuration
➢branched and looped configuration
 PIPE NETWORK ANALYSIS

• Looped Network Analysis

• Looped network analysis comprises of the determination of pipe

discharges and the nodal heads. The following laws are used:
▪ the algebraic sum of inflows and outflows (discharges) at node is zero.

▪ the algebraic sum of the head loss around the loop is zero.
PIPE NETWORK ANALYSIS

• Loop Network Analysis

• Methods used include:

▪ Hardy Cross Method

 PIPE NETWORK ANALYSIS
• Hardy Cross Method
Is a method of successive approximations based on:
1. at any junction, sum(Q) = 0 (junction equation).
2. between two junctions, total head loss is independent of
the path taken (loop equation).
 HARDY CROSS METHOD
Steps
1. Water enters and exits from nodes only.
2. Flow entering is equal to flow leaving.

3. Neglect minor losses.

4. Assume flow for each pipe network.
HARDY CROSS METHOD

Steps
5. The sum of the head loss for closed loops must equal 0.
 HARDY CROSS METHOD
Steps
6. To balance the head for each loop, compute the discharge correction,
ΔQ, for each loop.
 HARDY CROSS METHOD
Steps
7. Adjust the flow rates (discharge) and execute another iteration until
the summation of head loss approximates to zero.
 HARDY CROSS METHOD
Head loss due to Friction (hf)
Using Hazen-Williams Coefficient (CHW):

10.7 𝐿 . 𝑄1.852 4.72 𝐿. 𝑄1.852

ℎ𝑓 = 1.852 𝑶𝑹 ℎ𝑓 =
𝐶𝐻𝑊 . 𝐷4.87 𝐶𝐻𝑊1.852 . 𝐷4.87
Where
ℎ𝑓 – head loss (m or ft)
𝐿 – length of pipe (m or ft)
𝐶𝐻𝑊 – Hazen Williams roughness coefficient
𝐷 – pipe diameter (m or ft)
𝑄 – discharge (m3/s or ft3/s)
HARDY CROSS
METHOD
• Hazen Williams Roughness
Coefficient
• 𝐶𝐻𝑊 – Hazen Williams
roughness coefficient.
• Varies from about 150 for smooth
pipes, to about 70 for very rough
pipes.

GLS Consulting (2021)

HARDY CROSS METHOD
 HARDY CROSS METHOD
Problem
Solve the network below using the Hardy Cross method. The 𝐶𝐻𝑊 is 100.
0.063 m3/s

0.0378 m3/s

0.0252 m3/s
 PIPES IN SERIES
• Pipes are connected end-to-end.
• Fluid flows in turns.
• Pipes are of varying diameters.
• Total loss = Sum of losses in each pipe due to friction plus
separation losses (losses at entrance and exit points and
junctions).
 PIPES IN SERIES
• Darcy Weisbach Equation
for Head loss
Where
𝑣2 ℎ𝑓 – head loss (m)
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑘.
2𝑔
𝑘 – loss coefficient
4 𝑓𝑙 𝑙 – length of pipe (m)
& 𝑘=
𝑑 𝑓 – friction factor
𝑣 – velocity (m/s)
4 𝑓𝑙 . 𝑣 2
∴ ℎ𝑓 = 𝑔 – acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
𝑑. 2𝑔
 PIPES IN SERIES
• Schematic

(Douglas et al. 2005)

 PIPES IN SERIES

The friction losses are as follows:

• Loss at entrance • Loss in AC • Loss at expansion • Loss in CB • Loss at entrance

𝑣1 2 𝑣1 2 (𝑣1 − 𝑣2 )2 𝑣2 2 𝑣2 2
ℎ1 = 𝑘. ℎ𝑓1 = 𝑘. ℎ2 = 𝑘. ℎ𝑓2 = 𝑘. ℎ3 = 𝑘.
2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔
& 𝑘 = 0.5 4 𝑓𝑙1 & 𝑘=1 4 𝑓𝑙2 & 𝑘=1
& 𝑘= & 𝑘=
𝑑1 𝑑2
0.5𝑣1 2 (𝑣1 − 𝑣2 )2 0.5𝑣2 2
∴ ℎ1 =
2𝑔 ∴ ℎ2 = ∴ ℎ3 =
4 𝑓𝑙1 . 𝑣1 2 2𝑔 4𝑓𝑙2 . 𝑣2 2 2𝑔
∴ ℎ𝑓 = ∴ ℎ𝑓2 =
𝑑1 . 2𝑔 𝑑2 . 2𝑔
 PIPES IN SERIES
• Problem
• Two reservoirs A and B (Fig. 14.3) have a
difference level of 9 m and are connected by a
pipeline 200 mm in diameter over the first part
AC, which is 15 m long, and then 250 mm
diameter for CB, the remaining 45 m length.
The entrance to and exit from the pipes are
sharp and the change of section at C is sudden.
The friction coefficient f is 0.01 for both
pipes. Find the losses.
 PIPES IN PARALLEL
• Schematic
 PIPES IN PARALLEL
• Steps:
1. Assume a discharge through pipe 1
2. solve for pipe 1 head loss using the assumed discharge
3. Using pipe 1 head loss , find discharge through pipe 2
and pipe 3.
 PIPES IN PARALLEL
• Steps:
4. with the three discharges for a common head loss, now
assume that the given total discharge is split up among
the pipes in the same proportion.
 PIPES IN PARALLEL
l1 = 1500 m
d1 = 1 m

• Problem f1 = 0.02

QT = 4 m3/s
Find the discharge
l2 = 1200 m
In each pipe. d2 = 0.8 m
f2 = 0.02

l3 = 1600 m
d3 = 1.2 m
f3 = 0.024
ANY QUESTIONS?