CPE3643: Digital Image Processing

Instructor Imtiaz Ahmad Taj ([email protected])

Text books and notes 1. R. C. Gonzalez and R. E. Woods,
“Digital Image Processing”, 4th
edition, Pearson Education, Inc., 2018.
2. “Digital Image Processing using
MATLAB” R. C. Gonzalez , R. E.
Woods and S.L. Eddins, 2nd edition
Pearson Education, Inc., 2009.
3. Class Slides
4. Tons of information and tutorials
available on net

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Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)

After completion of this course students will be able to:
▪ Demonstrate a profound knowledge related to image and 2-D
signal processing and use their mathematical interpretation
▪ Apply a broad range of image processing techniques to image
acquisition, enhancement, restoration and compression tasks
(Learning Level: C3)
▪ Evaluate and manipulate various important image processing
techniques independently using tools like MATLab (Learning
Level: C4)
▪ Design and categorize algorithms for an image processing system
based on given operational, performance and computational
requirements (Learning Level: C5)
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 Pre-requisites for the course
1. Knowledge of probability and random variables,
Vectors and Matrices.
2. Working knowledge of Matlab
3. Signals and Systems, or basic DSP courses, the basic
concepts of Convolution, FFT, filtering, etc.

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Grading Policy: Breakup

▪ Midterm: 20%
▪ Quizzes: 15%
▪ Assignments (Matlab) 15%
▪ Project (Matlab/Python) 10%
▪ Final: 40%

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 Why do we process images?
▪ Facilitate picture storage and transmission
– Efficiently store an image in a digital camera (image Coding)
– Send an image through mobile phone
▪ Enhance and restore images
– Remove scratches from an old photo
– Improve visibility of tumor in a radiograph
▪ Extract information from images
– Measure water pollution from aerial images
– Measure the 3D distances and heights of objects from stereo images
▪ Prepare for display or printing
– Adjust image size
– Beautification, removing age effects
▪ Biometrics based identification

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Image Processing Examples

Photo restoration

Damaged Image Restored Image

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 Image Processing Examples
Photo colorization

Original B/W Image colorized Image Original Image Colorized Image

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Image Processing Examples

Color photo enhancement

Original Images Enhanced Images

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 Image Enhancement
Initial image Final image

Performed steps: Gaussian blur, contrast enhancement, median filter

and sharpening. Processing made by Photoshop.

Example taken from microscopy.berkeley.edu/courses/dib

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Image Processing Examples

Restoration of image from Hubble Space Telescope

Faulty image of Saturn Recovered image

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 Image Processing Examples
Noise Adaptive Fuzzy Equalization (NAFE)

SDO (Solar Dynamics Observatory) NAFE Processed Image

Image of Sun
http://www.zam.fme.vutbr.cz/~druck/Nafe/Index.htm
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Image Processing Examples

Extraction of settlement area from an aerial image

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 Image Processing Examples
Earthquake analysis from space

Image shows the ground displacement of a typical area due to earthquake

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Image Processing Examples

▪ Medical Imaging: Computer Tomography (CT)
– Generating 3-D images from 2-D slices.
– CAD, CAM applications
– Industrial inspections

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 Image Processing Examples
▪ Medical Imaging: Computer Aided Tomography (CAT)

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Image Processing Examples

▪ Medical Imaging: Ultrasound imaging

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 Image Processing Examples
Medical imaging: Averaging MRI slices for knee image

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Image Processing Examples

Image compression

Original JPEG 27:1

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 Image Processing Examples
Image compression

Original JPEG2000 27:1

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Image Processing Examples

Face detection

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 Image Processing Examples
Face Tracking

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Image Processing Examples

Face Morphing

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 Synthetic Face Aging using AI
sciencemag.org

Synthetic aging using

Conditional GANs
http://maxpixel.freegreatpicture.com/
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Information retrieval and AI

▪ ImageNet database

– Countless number of databases are available freely to test your

algorithms
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 Image Processing Examples
Fingerprint recognition

X X 

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Personal Identification using Iris Recognition

1983 2000

National Geographics: “Afghan Girl”

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 Removing geometric distortions of camera

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Applications of DIP
Categorization according to image sources
▪ Electromagnetic (EM) band Imaging
– Gamma ray images
– x-ray band images
– ultra-violet band images
– visual light and infra-red images
– Imaging based on micro-waves and radio waves
▪ Non-EM band Imaging
– Acoustic and ultrasonic images
– Electron Microscopy
– Computer-generated synthetic images

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 EM Spectrum

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Applications of DIP: EM band imaging

▪ Gamma-ray imaging
– Nuclear medicine, astronomical observations.

▪ X-ray Imaging
– Medical diagnostics (CAT scans, x-ray scans), industry, astronomy.

▪ Ultra-violet imaging
– Fluorescence microscopy, astronomy,

▪ Visible & Infrared-band imaging (most widely used)

– Light microscopy, astronomy, remote sensing, industry, law enforcement,
military recognizance, etc.

▪ Micro-wave and radio band imagery

– Radar, Medicine (MRI), astronomy

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 Applications of DIP: Non-EM band imaging
▪ Acoustic imaging (hundreds of Hz)
– Geological exploration (oil exploration)

▪ Ultrasound imaging (millions of Hz)

– Industry and medicine especially in obstetrics, determine the health of the
fetal development

▪ Electron microscopic imaging

– Used to achieve magnification of 10,000x or more
• (Light microscopy is limited to around 1000x)

▪ Synthetic imaging
– 3D modeling or visualization systems for flight simulators, machine design,
special effects and animations,etc.

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Classification of DIP and Computer Vision Processes

▪ Low-level process: (DIP)

– Primitive operations where inputs and outputs are images
Major functions: image pre-processing like noise reduction,
contrast enhancement, image sharpening, etc.

▪ Mid-level process (DIP and Computer Vision and Pattern

Recognition)
– Inputs are images, outputs are attributes (e.g., edges) major
functions: segmentation, description, classification /
recognition of objects

▪ High-level process (Pattern Recognition/ ML and AI)

– make sense of an ensemble of recognized objects; perform the
cognitive functions normally associated with vision
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 Image Processing Steps
Physical world

Image acquisition
Imaging
Digitization, quantization and
compression
Enhancement and restoration Image Processing
Image segmentation Imaging Analysis
Feature selection/extraction (Computer Vision/
Image representation Pattern Recognition)
Image understanding
Image interpretation
(Pattern Recognition/
Machine Learning)
Physical action
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DIP, CV and AI/PR/ML

▪ Image acquisition by sensor Image Geometrical Rectification
▪ Image sampling and quantization ▪ Camera geometry
Computer Vision

Feature Extraction
Image enhancement and restoration ▪ Edge and Interest points detection
▪ Filtering in spatial domain or ▪ Texture and shading
frequency domain ▪ Shape from texture and shading
Feature Extraction Calculation on Multiple Views
▪ Edge detection ▪ Multi-view geometry and Stereo imaging
▪ Interest points ▪ Structure from motion
Colored image Processing Segmentation
▪ Pseudo coloring ▪ Impose some order on group of pixels to
▪ Color segmentation separate them from each other
Multi-resolution analysis Template matching
▪ Pyramids
▪ Wavelets Segmentation
▪ Other transformations Classification and Recognition
AI/ PR / ML

Image and video compression ▪ Classification and interpretation of objects

▪ Image compression standards based on selected features
▪ Video compression standards ▪ Recognize objects using probabilistic
techniques/Artificial Intelligence
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 Scope of DIP Course
▪ Digital image fundamentals and image acquisition (briefly)
▪ Image enhancement in spatial domain
– pixel operations
– histogram processing
– Spatial Filtering and relation with CNNs

▪ Image enhancement in frequency domain

– Transformation and reverse transformation
– Frequency domain filters
– Homomorphic filtering

▪ Image sampling
▪ Image restoration
– Noise reduction techniques
– Geometric transformations

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Scope of DIP Course (continued)

▪ Color image processing
– Color models
– Pseudocolor image processing
– Color transformations and color segmentation

▪ Image compression
– Image compression models
– Error free compression
– Lossy compression, etc

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