1

PHYSICS
MOST IMPORTANT FORMULAE
MOTION IN PLANE LAWS OF MOTION

Kinematic Equations of linear motion: Force:

dp d
v = u + at F= = ( mv ) = ma
dt dt
1
s = ut + at 2 Gravitational force between two bodies:
2
Gm1 m2
F=
v = u + 2a..s
2 2
r2

Maximum height Force in terms of momentum:

p 2 − p1
u 2sin 2 F=
H= t
2g
Impulse:
Time of flight:
J = Ft = m ( v − u )
2usin
T=
g Linear momentum:
p = mv
Horizontal range

u 2sin2 Work done by variable force:

R=
g a a
W = F  ds = Fdscos
Centripetal acceleration b b

a = − 2 r Laws of conservation of linear momentum:

a = − 2 r ( in magnitude )
n

mv = constant
i =1
Centripetal force:
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
mv 2
F = m r = 2
= mv
r Coefficient of restitution:

Time period of a conical pendulum: vs v −v v −v

e=− =− 2 1= 1 2
us u2 − u u2 − u1
lcos h
T = 2 = 2
g g Magnitude of moment of force (Torque):

τ = r  F = rFsinθ
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Moment of couple:  d
At a depth below the earth g d = g 1 − 
 = r12  F1 = r21  F2  R
Variation in acceleration due to gravity
Centre of mass
At a height above the earth
For n particle system,
GM GM
gh = = where r = R + h
 mr =  mr
n n
(R + h)
2
i i i i r2
Position Vector rC .M . = 1 i

m
n
M i
i 2
gh  R 
= 
g  R+h

GRAVITATION  2h 
g h = g 1 −  …….(For h <<R)
Kepler’s formula for planetary motion:  R

Kepler’s law of periods Escape Velocity:

T2  r3 or T2/r3 = constant For a body stationary on the earth’s surface

3/2
T r  2GM
Ratio of time periods of two planets, 1 =  1  ve =
T2  r2  R
Critical (orbital) velocity:
Where, r = average distance of planet from the Sun
a. when satellite is orbiting lose to the surface of earth
Gravitational force:
Scalar form: GM
vc =
Gravitational force between two equal masses, R

Gm 2 Gravitational potential energy of a body:

F=
r2
−GMm
Acceleration due to gravity For body stationary on the earth U = = −mgR
R
GM
On the surface of the earth, g =
r2 Binding energy:
GMm
Variation in acceleration due to gravity For a body stationary on the Earth, B.E =
R
At a height above the earth
Kinetic Energy:
GM GM
gh = = 2 where r = R + h For a body stationary on the Earth K.E = 0
(R + h)
2
r
For a body revolving around the Earth at a height h,
2
gh  R  where r = R + h
= 
g R+h
KE=x
 2h  P E = –2x
g h = g 1 −  ….. (For h < < R)
 R T E = –x
BE=x
K . E = 100 J
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P . E = –200 J
 tanθ − μs 
T . E = –100 J Lower speed limit: vmin = rg  
B . E = 100 J 1 + μ s tanθ 
ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS
vmax = rg tan  (in absence of friction)
Angular velocity:
v Conical pendulum:
=
r Lcos
period of conical pendulum T = 2
Angular displacement: g
 = t
For mass tied to string:
Angular acceleration:
Minimum velocity at lowest point to complete
2 − 1
= V.C.M: vL = 5rg
t
Linear velocity: Minimum velocity at highest point to complete
v = r V.C.M: vH = rg
Centripetal acceleration or radial acceleration: Minimum velocity at midway point to complete in
2
a = v = 2r V.C.M: vM = 3rg
r
Moment of Inertia:
Tangential acceleration:
aT =   r n
I = mi ri 2 =  dmr 2
i =1
Centripetal force:
mv 2 I
FCP = Radius of gyration: K =
r M
From principle of perpendicular axes: I 0 = I c + Mh
2
Centrifugal force:
mv 2 From principle of perpendicular axes:
FCP =
r
Iz = Ix + I y
Inclination of banked road:
 v2  Angular momentum of a body:
 = tan −1  
 rg  L = I  = I ( 2 n )

On unbanked road: From principle of conservation of angular momentum:

Maximum velocity of vehicle to avoid skidding
on a curve unbanked road: I11 = I 22

vmax =  rg I1n1 = I 2 n2

 v2  Torque acting on a body:

Angle of leaning:  = tan −1  
 rg   = I =
dL
dt
On banked road:
 s + tan 
upper speed limit: vmax = rg  
1 − s tan 
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OSCILLATIONS Resultant equation of two S.H.M.s x1 = A1sin (t + 1 )

Restoring force: and x2 = A2sin (t + 2 ) is given by,
f = −kx = −mw 2
x = Rsin (t +  )
Differential equation of a linear S.H.M:
Resultant amplitude:
d 2x
2
+ 2x = 0
dt R = A12 + A22 + 2 A1 A2 cos (1 − 2 )
Displacement in S.H.M:
General equation : x = Asin (t +  ) Resultant phase:

x = Asin t (from mean position,  = 0 )  A1sin1 + A2sin2 

 = tan −1  
 A1cos1 + A2 cos2 

x = Acost (from exteme position,  =
2 Ocillating spring:
Velocity in linear S.H.M: Force, F = mg = −kx

v =  A2 − x 2
m
Period, T = 2
Acceleration in linear S.H.M: k
a = − 2 X
When connected in series,
Period in S.H.M:
2 m 1 1 1 1
T= = 2 = + + + ...
 k ks k1 ks k3

Frequency in S.H.M: When connected in parallel,

1  1 k
n= = = k p = k1 + k2 + k3 + ...
T 2 2 m

l
Simple pendulum: T = 2
Energy in S.H.M: g
1 2
potential energy: P.E = kx Differential equation for angular S.H.M:
2
d 2
1 I + c = 0
(
Kinetic energy: K .E = k A2 − x 2
2
) dt
Magnet vibrating in uniform magnetic field:
1
Total energy: T .E = kA2
2 I
Time period, T = 2
B
Composition of S.H.M:
 B 
Angular acceleration,  = −  
 I 
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SOUND 2 x
Phase difference:  =

Relation between v, n and  :
v = n 
Phase difference: x = 
2
Velocity of sound wave:
Equation of simple harmonic progressive wave:
 v  vL 
n = n0   y ( x, t ) = Asin ( kx − t )
 v vs 
Beat frequency:
Factors affecting velocity of sound:
1 n1 − n2 if n1  n2
Density : v 
 n2 − n1 if n2  n1

Temperature: v  T Period of beats:

Doppler formula for apparent frequency: 1
T= if n1  n2
Source approaching a stationary Listener, n1 − n2
 v 
n = n0   1
 v − vs  T= if n2  n1
n2 − n1
Source receding from a stationary source,
 v  Vibrating Strings:
n = n0  
 v + vs  T
wave velocity: v =
Listener approaching a stationary source, m
 v + vL 
n = n0   Frequency of fundamental mode (or 1st harmonic),
 v 
Listener receding from a stationary source, 1 T
 v − vL  n=
n = n0   2l m
 v 
Both source and Listener approaching each other, Vibrations in a closed pipe:
 v + vL  v
n = n0   Fundamental frequency n =
 v − vs  4L
Both source and Listener receding from each other,
Vibrations in a open pipe:
 v − vL 
n = n0   v
Fundamental frequency: n =
 v + vs  2L

SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES
OPTICS
Velocity of a wave:
v = n =  / T Reflection of light:
2 i = r
Wave number ( k ) =
 Snell’s law:
2 n1sin1 = n2sin 2
Angular frequency:  = = 2 n
T
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Relation between focal length and radius of curvature For the minimum deviation ( i = e ) :
for a spherical mirror:
A + m
R i=
f = 2
2
Angle of minimum deviation for thin prism:
Mirror equation:
 m = A ( n − 1)
1 1 1
+ =
v u f Mean deviation : =
( 1 + 2 )
2
Power of spherical refracting surface/lens:
1
P= where, f is expressed in metre. WAVE OPTICS
f
n2
Relative refractive index of medium 2 w.r.t. 1: Brewster’s Law: tan B =
n1
n2 sini 1 v1
1n2 = = = = where, B is Brewster’s angle,
n1 sinr 2 v2
n2 is R.I. of denser medium,
Realdepth
1n2 = n1 is R.I. of rare medium.
Apparentdepth
For Interference:
Path difference of nth bright fringe,
Critical angle: l or x = n , where, n = 0,1,2,3,…
1
sinic = Path difference of nth dark fringe,
n'

1 1 1 l or x = ( 2n − 1)
Lens formula : − = 2
v u f
For thin lenses kept in contact: where, n = 1, 2, 3, …

1 1 1 1 Relation between phase difference and path

= + + + ... 2
f f1 f 2 f3 difference:  =  l

For two lenses kept distance d apart: D
Fringe (band) width: W =
1 1 1 d d
= + + th
f f1 f 2 f1 f 2 Distance of n bright fringe from centre of screen:
D w
Focal power for thin lenses kept in contact: yn' = ( 2n − 1) − ( 2n − 1)
2d 2
P = P1 + P2 + P3 ...... =  Pi Where n = 1, 2, 3,…
For diffraction at a single slit:
Lens maker’s equation Condition for nth secondary minimum:
1  1 1 
= ( n − 1)  −  Path difference = asin = n
f  R1 R2 
Where n = 1, 2, 3, …
Prism angle : A = r1 + r2 Condition of nth secondary maximum:
Angle of deviation:  = i − r if i  r
Path difference = asin = ( 2n + 1)(  / 2 )
The relation between i, e, A and 
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where n = 1, 2, 3, … 1N
P= mv 2
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 3V
Root mean square speed:
F 3RT
Pressure: P = vrms = v 2 =
A M0
Absolute pressure: P = P0 + h g
Average total energy:
Pressure difference in liquid column: 3 3
Et = NK BT = PV
P2 − P1 = h g 2 2
Kinetic energy of gas molecule
F
Surface tension: T = 3
l K . E per molecule = k BT
2
Surface energy: E = dW = T ( dA )
Relation between molar specific heats:
2T CP − CV = R
Excess pressure inside a drop or air bubble: P =
r
R
CP − CV =
Excess pressure inside a soap bubble: J
4T
P= Cp
r =
Cv
Rise or fall of liquid in capillary tube
Radiant energy incident on a surface:
2Tcos Q = Qa + Qt + Qt
h=
r g Coefficient of radiation:
Q4
dv Coefficient of absorption, a =
Velocity gradient: vg = Q
dx
dv QT
Viscous force: F =  a coefficient of reflection, r =
dx Q
Stokes’ formula: F = 6 rv Q1
Coefficient of transmission, t r =
2r 2
Q
Terminal velocity: v = ( − ) g
9 Relation between a, r, and tr : a + r + tr = 1
R
Coefficient of emission (Emissivity): e = =a
Rb
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES AND Q
RADIATION Emissive power/Power radiated per unit area: R =
At
Ideal gas equation: Quantity of radiant heat emitted by a blackbody:
Q =  AT 4T
PV = nRT where, n = M = N
M0 NA (When temperature of surrounding is not given)

PV = NK BT (
Q =  A T 4 − T04 t)
(When temperature of the surrounding is given)
Pressure exerted by gas:
Radiant energy emitted by ordinary body:
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Q = eA T 4t THERMODYNAMICS
Work done:
(
Q = eA T 4 − T04 t ) dW = PdV = P (V f − Vi )
Rate of heat radiation:
First law of thermodynamics:
dQ
dt
(
= eA T 4 − T04 ) ΔU = Q − W

Total radiant energy emitted from a body: Q = ΔU + W

(
Q = eAt T − T 4
0
4
) Equation of states:
b PV = nRT
Wien’s law: max =
T
Isothermal process:
PV constant
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Heat exchanged during isobaric process:
Final length of a rod after heating: Q = nC P (T f − Ti )
L 2 = L1 (1 + αΔT ) Heat exchanged during isochoric process:
Q = ΔU = nCV (T f − Ti )
Final area of plate after heating:
Adiabatic process:
A 2 = A1 (1 + βΔT )
PV γ = constant
Coefficient of superficial (areal) expansion: TV γ −1 = cosntant
A 2 − A1 Cyclic process:
β= Q=W
A1ΔT

Final volume after heating:

ELECTROSTATICS
V2 = V1 (1 + γΔT )
Electrostatic force:
1 q1q2
Moment of couple: Fmed =
4πε0 K r 2
α β γ
= = = cosntant Dielectric constant:
1 2 3
ε F
K= = vac
Centre of mass: ε0 Fmed
Q = mL Electric intensity:
1 q
Rate of flow of heat: E=  2
4πε0 r
Q  T1 − T2 
kA   F
t  x  E=
q0
 9

V Electric intensity at a point outside a charged

E=
d cylindrical conductor:
λ
Work done: Cylinder in any medium E =
W = qV 2πεr

W = q (VB − VA ) Electric intensity at short distance from a charged

conductor of any shape:
Electric flux: σ
 =  E . ds = E dscosθ E=
kε0
Gauss’s law
q Electric intensity at a point outside a uniformly
 =  E . ds =
ε0 charged infinite plane sheet:

Electric dipole moment: σ

E=
p = q  21 2ε

Torque on a dipole: Work done by the external torque on dipole:

τ = p E
W = pE cosθ0 − cosθ 
τ = pEsinθ
Q
Capacity of condenser: C =
Electric intensity due to electric dipole: V
1 2 pr
Eaxis = Electric intensity at a point outside a charged spherical
( )
2
4πε0 r − l 2
2
conductor:
V = V1 + V2 + V3 + Vn
1 2p
For r  l , Eaxis =
4πε0 r 3
Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = = Qn
1 p
Eeq = 1 1 1 1 1
( ) = + + + +
3/2
4πε0 r 2 + l 2
c C1 c2 c3 cn

1 p Parallel combination of ‘n’ condensers:

For r  l , Eeq =
4πε0 r 3 Q = Q1 + Q2 +  +Qn
Electric intensity at a point outside a charged spherical
conductor: V = V1 = V2 = V3 = .. = Vn
q σR 2 
Emedium = 2
= 2
(r  R  C = C1 + C2 + C3 + + Cn
4πkε0 r kε0 r 
Parallel plate condenser:
q σR 2 
Evaccum = 2
= 2
(r  R  σ
4πε0 r ε0 r  Intensity between the plates, E =
ε
q
where, σ = Potential difference between the plates, V = Ed
4πR 2
Energy stored in a charged capacitor:
Einside = 0.(r  R )
 10

1 Q2 1 1 V
U= = CV 2 = QV X= − G = G ( n − 1)
2 C 2 2 Ig

V
Ig =
CURRENT ELECTRICITY X +G

ρL
Resistance of a wire: R =
A
Voltage across an external resistance: MAGNETIC FIELDS DUE TO ELECTRIC
Kirchhoff’s aw: CURRENT
 I = 0 (current/junction rule Force on a moving charge:
F = qvBsinθ
 IR +  E = 0 (voltage rule)
Lorentz force:
Balancing condition of wheat stone’s bridge
P S F = qE + q(v  B )
=
Q R
Cyclotron motion:
Metrebridge: Unknown resistance, mv
Radius of circular path in a cyclotron: R =
l  qB
X = R 1 
 l2  Time period for charged particle to complete
2πm
Comparison between the e. m. f. s of two cells, circular path: T =
qB
E1 l1
Individual cell method: = 1 qB
E2 l 2 Frequency of charged particle: f = =
T 2πm
E1 l1 + l2
Sum and difference method: =
E2 l1 − l2 Force acting on a conductor carrying current:
Internal resistance of a cell: For straight wire F = I Bsinθ
l   NAB 
r = R  1 − 1 Deflection:  = 
 l2  I
 K 

E  Magnetic moment of current carrying loop:

r = R  − 1
V  m = nIA ( For n turns )

Ammeter: Torque on a current loop in terms of magnetic dipole

moment (m):
 G  t = mB sinθ
IS =  I
 S +G 
Magnetic potential energy of a dipole:
GS G U = −m.B = −mBcosθ
R= =
S +G n
Biot - savart’s law:
Voltmeter: μ 0  I dl  r 
dB =  
4π  r 3 
 11

Magnetic induction at a point at a perpendicular

distance R due to straight conductor carrying current:
MAGNETIC MATERIALS
μI
For infinite wire: B = 0
2πR Time period of angular oscillations of a bar magnet:
I
μ0 I T = 2π
For semi – infinite wire: B = mB
4πR
For a revolving electron:
Force per unit length between two infinitely long
current carrying conductors:  evr  eL
Magnetic moment, morb =  =
F μ0 I1 I 2  2  2m
=
L 2πd
where, L = angular momentum
Magnetic field due to current carrying arc:
e e ev
μI I= = ef = =
B = 0 θ T 2πr / v 2πr
4πR
me e
Where,  is in radian Gyromagnetic ratio: =
L 2 me
Magnetic field at the centre of the circular coil:
eh
Bohr magnetion:
μ0 I 4πme
B= (for single turn)
2r B0
Magnetic intensity: H =
μ0 nI μ0
B= (for n turns)
2r mnet
Magnetization: M =
V
Ampere’s law:
Magnetic field due to iron core in toroid:
 B  ds = μ0 I
B = μ0 ( H + M ) = B0 + BM = μ0 μr H = μH
Magnetic induction at a point along the axis of a long
Where, B0 = μ0 H and BM = μ0 M
solenoid:
Induction at a point inside the solenoid,
M B − B0
Magnetic susceptibility: χ = =
B = μ0 ni H B0
N B
Where, n = = turns per unit length, Magnetic permeability: μ =
l H
Relation between permeability and susceptibility:
i = current flowing through wire.
μ = μ0 (1 + x )
Induction at a point near the end of solenoid,
μ
1 Relative permeability: μr = 1+ x
Bend = μ0 ni μ0
2
Magnetic induction along the axis of a toroid:
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
B = μ6 ni
Magnetic flux :  = BAcosθ
N Magnitude of induced e .m .f :
Where, n =
2πr
 12

d Alternating Current i − i0sin ( ωt + α )

e = (for one turn)
dt Average value of current : iav = 0.637i0
d Average value of emf: eav = 0.637e0
e =n (for n turns)
dt e0
R. M. S value of induced e. M. f: erms =
E .M .F . Induced in a straight conductor in 2
translational motion perpendicular to magnetic field: i0
R. M. S value of induced current: irms =
e = Blv 2
E .M . F . Induced in a straight conductor in rotational Heat produced by a sinusoidally varying AC cover a
motion about its end in a plane perpendicular to the complete cycle:
1 2
magnetic field: e = Bl ω 2π
H = R ( irms ) ,
2
2
ω
Where, l = length of the conductor
For a pure inductor circuit:
Instantaneous e .m .f . In a rotating coil
 π
e = e0sinωt i = i0sin ωt − 
 2
Magnetic flux due to self inductance:  = LI Inductive reactance:
Induced e. m. f. in a coil erms
dI XL = = ωL = 2πfL
(Self induction): e = L irms
dt
For a pure capacitor circuit:
Magnetic flux due to mutual inductance:
s = MI p  π
i = i0sin  ωt + 
 2
Induced e. M. f . in the secondary coil (Mutual
induction): Capacitive reactance:
dI erms 1 1
es = M XC = = =
dt irms ω C 2πfC
Coefficient of coupling:
Impedance:
M erms
K= In LCR circuit, Z = = R 2 + ( X L − XC )
2
L1 L2 imis

N In LR circuit, Z = R 2 + X L2
n=
l
In CR circuit, Z = R 2 + X L2
Relation between voltage and current in transformer:
es N s I p Average power in AC circuit with resistance only:
For an ideal transformer: = = e0 i0 e0 i
e p N p Is Pav = =  0 = e r . m . s  ir . m . s
2 2 2
Average power dissipated in AC circuit with LCR
series:
AC CIRCUITS Where, cos = power factor
Alternating emf: e = e0sinωt
 13

Power factor: 1 1 
True power R = hc  − 
cos = =  λ λ0 
Apparent power Z
K .Emax = eV0

The phase difference between X , X and R : Stopping potential

L C
hv e
 X − XC  V0 = −
 = tan  L
−1
 e e
 R 
hc 0
V0 = −
The phase difference between X , X and R : eλ e
L C

1 Relation between momentum and kinetic energy:

fr =
2π LC p = 2mE

De Broglie wavelength:
h h
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER λ= =
p mv
Energy of photon:
h
hc λ=
E = hv = 2mE
λ
h
Angular momentum: For charged particle: λ =
2meV
E hv h
p= = =
c c λ 1.228
For electron: λ ( nm ) =
Work function v ( in volts )
hc
0 = hv0 =
λ0
STRUCTURE OF ATOMS AND NUCLEI
Where, v0 = threshold frequency and 0 = threshold Wave number
wavelength
1  1 1   1 1 
v= = R  2 − 2  = RH Z 2  2 − 2 
Condition for photoemission: λ n m  n m 
v  v0 me e 4
Where, RH =
8cε0h3
λ  λ0
Angular momentum:
Maximum energy of photoelectron: nh
1 L = me vr =
K  Emax = mvmax
2 2π
2
Radius of nth Bohr orbit:
K  Emax = hv − 0
ε0 n 2 h 2
rn = i.e., rn  n
2
2
= h ( v − v0 ) πme Ze
 14

2 Binding energy:
r n 
 1 = 1  ΔMc 2
r2  n2  E B = ΔMc J = 2
eV
e
Velocity of electron in nth orbit: Binding energy per nucleon:

Ze 2 1 E B  Zm p + ( A − Z ) mn − M  2
vn = i.e., v n  =  c J / nucleon
2 ε0 n h n A  A 
Radioactive decay:
Energy difference between two successive energy
For -decay:
level:
ΔE = E2 − E1 = hv
A
Z X → ZA−−24 Y + α

Energy of nth Bohr orbit For -decay:

me Z + 1
A
X → ZA +1Y + e − + antineutrino
i.e., E n  2
Z
En = − 2 2 2
8επ n h n For -plus decay:

E n 
2 A
Z X → ZA−1 Y + e + + neutrino
 1 = 2 
E2  n1  For -decay:

−13.6 Z 2 Xexcited → Xrelaxed + γ

En = eV
n2
Decay law:
K. E. of nth orbit: N ( t ) = N 0e − λt

me Z 2 e 4 Activity
K .E . = −
8ε22 n2 h 2 A ( t ) = A 0e − λ .t = λN(t )
Potential energy in nth orbit:
Half life period:
m Z 2e 4 1 0.693
P.E. = − e2 2 2 i.e., P.E  2
4 ε0 n h (n ) T1/2 =
λ
Relation between K.E, P.E and T.E: Average life:
P.E. = −2 K.E.
1 T
P.E = 2 T.E. τ= = 1/2
λ 0.693
T.E. = P.E. + K.E.
Radius of a nucleus: SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
R = R0 A1/3 Current in the transistor:
IE = I B + IC
Nuclear density:
3m Current Gain of transistor:
ρ=
4πR03 IC
DC current gain ( α DC ) : α DC =
IE
Mass defect:
ΔM =  Zm p + ( A − Z ) mn  − M
 15

IC ΔVBE
Current amplification factor () β DC = Input dynamic resistance: ri =
IB ΔI B

Relation between  and : ΔVCE

Output dynamic resistance: ro =
β DC ΔI C
α DC =
1 + β DC
Vo
α Voltage gain: AV =
β DC = DC Vin
1 − α DC
ΔVCE
AV = −
ΔI C i C ri ΔI B
AC current gain: β AC = =
ΔI B i B
β AC RL
AV = −
Resistance of transistor: ri