Qualitative Research  Data Collection: Participant observation, field

notes, interviews.
It refers to the general strategy in answering the
research problems of your qualitative study. It is an 5. Historical Research
approach used to explore and understand social
phenomena through in-depth inquiry. It is primarily  Analyzes past events to draw insights for the
descriptive and focuses on the experiences, meanings, present and future.
and perspectives of participants.  Data Collection: Archives, historical
documents, newspapers.
Characteristics of Qualitative Research:
6. Narrative Research
 Subjective – Emphasizes human experiences and
interpretations.  Explores personal stories to understand
 Inductive Approach – Develops theories from individuals' experiences over time.
data rather than testing existing ones.  Data Collection: Personal interviews,
 Non-Numerical Data – Uses words, images, or autobiographies, letters, journals, and oral
objects as data. histories.
 Exploratory in Nature – Focuses on  Focus: How individuals construct meaning
understanding meanings rather than measuring through storytelling.
variables.
 Data Collection through Natural Settings –
Phenomenology (Studies individuals' lived
Conducted in real-life environments rather than
experiences)
controlled experiments.
1. Coping with Grief: A Phenomenological Study
Qualitative Research Designs
of Parents Who Lost a Child
2. The Lived Experiences of Teachers Handling
Students with Special Needs
3. Navigating Identity: A Phenomenological Study
of First-Generation College Students
4. The Experience of Social Isolation Among
Elderly Individuals During the Pandemic
5. Surviving Workplace Burnout: A
Phenomenological Study of Healthcare
Workers

Grounded Theory (Develops a theory based on

collected data)

1. From Struggle to Strength: A Grounded

1. Phenomenology
Theory Study on Entrepreneurial Resilience
2. Building Digital Literacy: How High School
 Studies individuals' lived experiences to Students Develop Online Research Skills
understand a particular phenomenon. 3. Understanding Motivation: A Grounded Theory
 Data Collection: Interviews, personal Study on Student Persistence in Online
narratives, journals. Learning
4. Pathways to Leadership: How Young
2. Grounded Theory Professionals Develop Effective Management
Skills
 Aims to develop a theory based on collected 5. Navigating Career Shifts: A Grounded Theory
data. Approach to Mid-Life Career Transitions
 Data Collection: Interviews, focus groups,
observation. Case Study (Analyzes a single case in-depth)

3. Case Study 1. Innovative Teaching: A Case Study of a Multi-

Awarded Science Educator
 Analyzes a single case in-depth. 2. Sustainable Farming in Urban Spaces: A Case
 Data Collection: Interviews, document Study of a Community-Led Initiative
analysis, observations. 3. A Case Study of a Successful Rehabilitation
Program for Juvenile Offenders
4. Ethnography 4. Adapting to Climate Change: A Case Study of
a Coastal Community’s Resilience Strategies
5. Leadership in Crisis: A Case Study of a School
 Studies cultural or social groups by immersing Principal’s Response to the COVID-19
in their environment. Pandemic
Ethnography (Studies cultural or social groups ● participants are encouraged to elaborate on
through immersion) their responses

1. Language and Identity: An Ethnographic Study Unstructured Interviews

of a Multilingual Community
2. Traditional Healing Practices: An Ethnographic ● lack a predetermined set of questions
Study of Indigenous Medicine in the ● done casually
Philippines ● appears to be conversational
3. Living in the Margins: An Ethnographic Study
of Street Vendors in Urban Manila 2. Focus Groups
4. Online Gaming Communities: An Ethnographic
Study of Virtual Socialization
5. Understanding Work Culture: An Ethnographic  Group discussions where participants share
Study of Call Center Employees opinions on a topic.
 Example: Gathering feedback from university
students about campus policies.
Historical Research (Analyzes past events for
insights into the present and future)
3. Observations
1. Propaganda and Public Perception: Analyzing
Political Cartoons from World War II  Researchers watch and record behaviors in
2. The Evolution of Women’s Rights in the 20th natural settings.
Century: A Historical Perspective  Example: Observing interactions in a
3. The Role of Print Media in the Philippine kindergarten classroom.
Revolution of 1896
4. Education in the Colonial Era: A Historical
Analysis of Spanish Influence on Philippine
Schools
5. The Economic Impact of the Great Depression
on Small Businesses

Narrative Research (Explores personal stories over

time)

1. From Adversity to Advocacy: The Life Story of

a Disability Rights Activist
2. Journeys of Healing: Personal Narratives of
Cancer Survivors
3. Breaking Barriers: The Stories of Women in
Male-Dominated Professions
4. Memoirs of War: Personal Accounts of
Soldiers from World War II
5. A Teacher’s Journey: The Life and Lessons of
a Veteran Educator

Data Collection Methods

1. Interviews

 One-on-one conversations to gather detailed

insights.
 Example: Interviewing high school students
about their experiences with online learning.

Structured Interviews

 pre-set questions
 no follow-up questions
 only ask what is in the guide

Semi-structured Interviews

● more open-ended
● few pre-determined questions
  Example: Choosing ethnography to study
street vendors’ survival strategies.

2. Participants of the Study

 Defines the target population.

 Example: Selecting nurses who worked during
the pandemic for an experience-based study.

3. Research Instrument

4. Content Analysis  Tools used to collect data.

 Example: Interview guides, audio recorders,
field notes.
 Examining written, audio, or visual content to
identify patterns.
 Example: Analyzing social media posts to 4. Data Analysis Plan
understand reactions to a political event.
 Process of interpreting collected data.
5. Narrative Data Collection  Example: Thematic analysis of interview
responses.
 Gathering life stories and personal
experiences. 5. Ethical Considerations
 Example: Recording an immigrant’s journey of
adjusting to life in a new country.  Ensuring informed consent, confidentiality, and
 Methods: Interviews, diary analysis, and life voluntary participation.
histories.  Example: Obtaining consent before recording
interviews.
6. Document Analysis
Sampling
● easily accessible
● can be accessed either physically or online Population - large collection of individuals where
● might already exist prior to the research study sample is taken from

Ensuring Credibility in Qualitative Research Sample - individuals taken from the population to be
study.
1. Triangulation
Types of Samples
 Using multiple sources or methods to confirm
findings. 1. Subjects - least participation, mostly used in
 Example: Cross-checking interview responses experimental studies
with historical documents. 2. Respondents - people who are surveyed
3. Informants - experts guiding a
2. Member Checking researcher,providing information
4. Participants - has the most participation,
mostly in observation-based studies
 Asking participants to verify research
interpretations.
 Example: Sending interview transcripts to Probability Sampling Procedure
respondents for validation.
● Uses chance in choosing or selecting the
3. Reflexivity sample of the study
● Mostly used in quantitative studies
 Researchers acknowledge their own biases
and influences.  Simple Random Sampling
 Example: Keeping a research journal to reflect
on assumptions.  Description: Every individual in the population
has an equal chance of being selected. This is
Research Methodology Components typically done using random number
generators or lottery methods.
 Example: A teacher wants to randomly select
1. Research Design 5 students from a class of 30 for a quiz. She
assigns each student a number and picks 5
 Specifies the type of research approach. numbers from a box.
 Systematic Sampling 4. A library randomly selects 200 books from its
collection of 10,000 to assess book conditions.
 Description: Individuals are selected using a 5. A supermarket manager randomly chooses 20
fixed interval from an ordered list. The first customers from a daily foot traffic count to
individual is chosen randomly, and the rest are complete a feedback survey.
selected at regular intervals.
 Example: A factory supervisor inspects every Systematic Sampling
5th product on the assembly line to ensure
quality control. 1. A restaurant manager surveys every 10th
customer entering the establishment to assess
 Stratified Sampling customer satisfaction.
2. A polling agency calls every 50th registered
 Description: The population is divided into voter from an electoral list to predict election
subgroups (strata) based on a shared outcomes.
characteristic, and a random sample is taken 3. A researcher selects every 3rd car entering a
from each subgroup proportionally. toll booth to monitor vehicle emissions.
 Example: A researcher wants to survey 4. A bank selects every 7th loan application for
students from different grade levels in a an internal audit.
school. She divides students into grade-level 5. A university professor grades every 5th exam
groups (e.g., Grade 7, 8, 9) and randomly paper for a detailed review before finalizing
selects students from each. grades.

 Clustered Sampling Stratified Sampling

 Description: The population is divided into 1. A health researcher divides participants into
clusters (groups), and entire clusters are age groups (20s, 30s, 40s) and randomly
randomly selected rather than individuals. selects equal numbers from each for a fitness
 Example: A university wants to study student study.
satisfaction, so it randomly selects 3 out of 10 2. A university conducts a survey on study habits
dormitories and surveys all students within by selecting students from different college
those dorms. departments (e.g., Science, Engineering, Arts).
3. A company studying employee satisfaction
divides workers by job level (entry-level, mid-
level, executives) and samples from each.
4. A political analyst surveys voters by dividing
them into urban, suburban, and rural groups
and randomly selecting participants from each
category.
5. A sports scientist selects equal numbers of
athletes from different sports (e.g., basketball,
soccer, tennis) to analyze endurance levels.

Cluster Sampling

1. A government agency selects 5 out of 20

provinces and surveys all residents in those
provinces about healthcare accessibility.
2. A school district randomly picks 4 schools out
of 15 and evaluates all students in those
schools for literacy rates.
3. A tourism department selects 3 out of 10 cities
and surveys all tourists within those cities
about their travel experiences.
Simple Random Sampling 4. A market research firm selects 2 out of 8
shopping malls and interviews all store owners
1. A company selects 50 employees at random about business performance.
from a list of 500 to participate in a workplace 5. A university selects 3 out of 12 student
survey. dormitories and gathers feedback from all
2. A medical researcher randomly picks 100 students living in those dorms.
patients from a hospital's patient database to
study the effects of a new drug.
3. A school principal randomly selects 10
teachers from a faculty of 100 to attend a
leadership workshop.
Non-Probability Sampling Procedure

● Does not use chance in choosing or selecting

the sample of the study
● Mostly used in qualitative research

Convenience Sampling

1. A teacher surveys students leaving the library

to gather opinions about a new book
collection.
2. A mall researcher interviews shoppers who
Convenience Sampling
happen to walk by a particular store entrance.
3. A fitness trainer gathers feedback from gym
📌 Definition: A method where samples are selected members who are available after their workout
based on availability and willingness to participate. session.
4. A journalist interviews people at a nearby
📌 Example: A researcher surveying students in the coffee shop for a news article on work-life
cafeteria because they are easily accessible. balance.
5. A doctor studies patient satisfaction by
Purposive Sampling surveying individuals waiting in the clinic lobby.

📌 Definition: A method where the researcher selects Purposive Sampling

participants based on specific characteristics or criteria
relevant to the study. 1. A study on the impact of leadership training
selects only students who have attended at
📌 Example: A study on youth leaders' effectiveness least one leadership seminar.
would only select students who hold leadership 2. A mental health researcher interviews only
positions in organizations. individuals diagnosed with anxiety disorders to
explore their coping mechanisms.
3. A study on female entrepreneurs selects only
Snowball Sampling
women who have been running businesses for
more than five years.
📌 Definition: A method where existing participants help 4. A university research team investigates the
recruit more participants, often used in hard-to-reach effectiveness of a new teaching method by
populations. selecting only experienced educators.
5. A study on social media influencers analyzes
📌 Example: A study on underground artists starts with only content creators with over 50,000
one artist, who refers another, and so on. followers.

Quota Sampling Snowball Sampling

📌 Definition: A method where the researcher selects a 1. A researcher studying homeless individuals
specific number of participants from different groups to starts with one person, who then introduces
ensure representation. others in similar situations.
2. A study on underground musicians begins with
📌 Example: A study on student opinions might require one artist, who refers other independent
350 males and females to ensure gender balance. musicians.
3. A journalist researching secret societies gets
contacts from an initial interviewee who
connects them with more members.
4. A study on recovering drug addicts starts with
one participant, who introduces others
undergoing rehabilitation.
 5. A researcher studying LGBTQ+ experiences in
rural areas finds participants through
recommendations from initial respondents.

Quota Sampling III. In-Text Citations

1. A survey on political opinions requires 500 1. Parenthetical Citation (Author, Year)

participants, ensuring equal representation
from different age groups (teens, adults,  Example: (Brown, 2021).
seniors).
2. A study on workplace diversity ensures equal
participation from employees of different ethnic 2. Narrative Citation (Author Year)
backgrounds.
3. A researcher studying public transportation  Example: Brown (2021) stated that...
satisfaction collects responses from an equal
number of commuters who use buses, trains, 3. Multiple Authors
and taxis.
4. A company testing a new product ensures  Two authors: (Smith & Jones, 2020).
50% of its sample consists of regular  Three or more authors: (Garcia et al., 2019).
customers and the other 50% consists of new
users.
4. Citing Direct Quotes
5. A university study on study habits selects
equal numbers of students from each college
department (Science, Engineering, Business,  Include page number: (Williams, 2022, p. 45).
Arts).
IV. Reference List Formatting

 Title: "References" (bold, centered, on a new

Drawing Conclusions page).
 Alphabetical Order by the first author’s last
name.
 Summarizing key findings based on patterns
 Hanging Indent (First line flush left,
and themes.
subsequent lines indented).
Formulating Recommendations
V. Common Reference Formats
 Providing practical applications for findings.
1. Book
Introduction to APA 7th Edition
Format:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the book (Edition if
The American Psychological Association (APA) 7th applicable). Publisher.
Edition is the latest version of the APA citation style, Example:
widely used in academic and scientific writing. It Smith, J. (2020). Psychology in everyday life (3rd ed.).
provides guidelines for formatting papers, citing Oxford University Press.
sources, and structuring references.
2. Journal Article
II. Key Changes from APA 6th to 7th Edition
Format:
1. No “Running Head” for Student Papers Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of the article.
(only for professional manuscripts). Journal Name, Volume(Issue), Page numbers.
2. Three or More Authors – Use "et al." in in- https://doi.org/xxxxx
text citations after the first author. Example:
o Example: (Smith et al., 2020). Brown, K. (2021). Effects of sleep deprivation on
3. Publisher Location Omitted – No need to memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 25(2), 45-56.
include the city/state in reference entries. https://doi.org/10.1234/neu.2021.003
4. DOI Format – Always use the URL format:
https://doi.org/xxxxx.
3. Website
5. Use of Singular "They" – Inclusive language
is encouraged.
6. Website Citations – No need to include Format:
"Retrieved from" unless the content changes Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of the webpage.
over time. Website Name. URL
7. More Flexible Font Options – Times New Example:
Roman (12pt), Calibri (11pt), Arial (11pt), and Johnson, L. (2022, March 15). The impact of climate
others.
change. National Geographic.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/climate

4. Newspaper Article (Online)

Format:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of the article.
Newspaper Name. URL
Example:
Davis, M. (2023, July 10). Advances in AI technology.
The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/ai-
advances

5. YouTube Video

Format:
Author/Channel Name. (Year, Month Day). Title of the
video. YouTube. URL
Example:
TEDx Talks. (2021, August 12). The power of positive
thinking. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=xyz

VI. Formatting an APA Paper

 Title Page:
o Title (bold and centered).
o Student’s name, instructor’s name,
course, date (centered).
 Abstract (if required): Summary of the paper,
about 150-250 words.
 Body: Double-spaced, 1-inch margins, indent
first line of paragraphs.
 References: On a separate page, hanging
indent format.