Basic Operating Systems
Linux:
1.Kali Linux
2.Parrot OS
3.Ubuntu
Kali Linux:
Two methods to run:
1.Booting 2.Virtual
Installed
Live
1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128
66 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
99 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
128 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Computer binary language for 8 bit
1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128
256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 16384 32678
Computer Binary for 16 bit and so on....!
"Website for conversion: Binary to decimal hexadecimal converter"
1/0 = 1 Bit
8 Bits= 1 Byte
Kilobyte {KB}
Megabyte {MB}
Gigabyte {GB}
Terabyte {TB} =1024
Petabyte {PB}
Exabyte {EB}
Zettabyte {ZB}
Yottabyte {YB}
Brontobyte {BB}
Bonus...!
40Mb/s is not equal to 40MB/s
40Mb/s = 40 Megabits per second
8 bits = 1 byte
40 bits = 5 bytes
Therefore,
40 Megabits = 5 Megabytes per second
IP Address
{Internet Protocol Address}
There are two types of IP Addresses
1. IPv4
2. IPv6
1. IPv4:
.It is made of 32 bit address
.It is made of 4 Octets
.Size of each Octet is 8 bits
e.g. 192.168.1.1
i.e. 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001
Range of the IPv4 address
0.0.0.0
to
255.255.255.255
There are over 4 billion combinations of IPv4 addresses 4,29,49,67,296
We will divide IPv4 into 4 classes:
Class A = 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255
Class B = 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
Class C = 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
Class D = 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
Class E = 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
Class A,B,C are reserved and used for LAN and WAN
Class D is reserved and used for Multicasting
Class E is reserved and used for Research and development
IPv4 address can be of two types
1. Public {Paid}
2. Private {Free}
For Private IP address or Free IP address, it is designed and given to normal
people for day to day usage
Private IP address lies in Class A,B,C
Class A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
Class B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
Class C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
Website: "IP to Binary converter"
In an IP address there are two parts
Network Portion {N}
Host Portion {H}
Network Portion always remains constant
Whereas, the Host Portion of the IP address changes
Class A Class B Class C
N.H.H.H N.N.H.H N.N.N.H
Subnet Mask: "Differentiation of Network portion and Host portion"
Network Portion = 255 in numerical value
1111111 in binary form
Host portion = Value can change
Subnet mask of Classes:
Class A : N.H.H.H = 255.0.0.0
Class B : N.N.H.H = 255.255.0.0
Class C : N.N.N.H = 255.255.255.0
"Every network has it's own Network ID"
"Network ID is the stating IP address of every network"
"ANDing Process: Used to find Network ID"
Process:
IP address
192.168.1.5 = 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000101
Subunit Mask
255.255.255.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Multiplying I with II from RHS, we get
11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000 = 192.168.1.
Similarly, the last part of the IP address is known as Broadcast IP address
Therefore,
192.168.1.0 Network Id
to
192.168.1.255 Broadcast IP Address
The rest of the IP addresses that lie in between the Network ID and Broadcast IP
address is known as "Valid IP Address"
Classless Inter Domain Routing {CIDR} :
Classes were removed and Notations were introduced
"Notations: Total number of Consecutive One's {1's} in the binary form of any IP
address
CIDR Subnet Mask
/8 255.0.0.0
/9 255.128.0.0
/10 255.192.0.0
/11 255.224.0.0
/12 255.240.0.0
/13 255.248.0.0
/14 255.252.0.0
/15 255.254.0.0
/16 255.255.0.0
/17 255.255.128.0
/18 255.255.192.0
/19 255.255.224.0
/20 255.255.240.0
/21 255.255.248.0
/22 255.255.252.0
/23 255.255.254.0
/24 255.255.255.0
/25 255.255.255.128
/26 255.255.255.192
/27 255.255.255.224
/28 255.255.255.240
/29 255.255.255.248
/30 255.255.255.252
/31 255.255.255.254
/32 255.255.255.255
IPv6 Address:
.128 bit address
.8 Octets
.Size of each octet is 16 bit
.Hexadecimal to binary
Hexadecimal = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
{Each decimal is 4 bit}
Hexadecimal to Binary
0 0000
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111 {Binary Form of Hexadecimals}
8 1000
9 1001
A 1010
B 1011
C 1100
D 1101
E 1110
F 1111
IPv6 has also two types:
1. Global Unicast or Public IP Address :
Range: 2000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
To
3fff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff
2. Unique Local or Private IP Address :
Range: fc00:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
To
fdff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff
Media Access Control Address {MAC Address} :
.Physical Address
.48 Bit Address
.Made of 6 Octets
.Each Octet's size is 8 Bit
.MAC address is Permanent
.IP address is not Permanent
How to Change MAC address..?
In Windows
To Change MAC address we need a 3rd party app
"Technetium MAC Address Changer"
In Linux
Command: sudo macchanger -r eth0
Ports, UDP, TCP etc.
Ports in Computer Network
0 to 65535 {Number of Ports in Computer Network}
Protocols
2 Types of the Protocols on each port :
UDP or TCP
User Data Protocol or Transmission Control Protocol
UDP is fast but Inaccurate UDP cannot predict data loss
TCP is not as fast as UDP but is accurate TCP can predict the loss
0-1023 is Reserved for Well known Services like https, ftp, smtp
1024-49151 is Registered ports for Companies
49512-65535 are Private Ports {Jo Chahe Karo}
"Website Iana Ports and Protocols"
Uniform Resource Locator {URL} :
