Reading & Writing
Properties of a well-written text
The primary aim of writing, is to convey information to the intended readers.
Unity, in this case means that all parts of your text, from the first to the very last one, serve one purpose only.
Connectedness, on the other hand, means being able to weave your ideas in such a way that they flow logically from
one point to the next to ensure that they are, as a whole, making sense.
Organization
Organization refers to the logical arrangement of ideas in a text. You should present your thoughts logically to make it
easier for your readers to comprehend the message that you wish to impart.
A written text is usually divided into three parts: introduction, body, conclusion. You may either present your ideas
deductively or inductively. Deductive organization expresses the main idea presented through a topic sentence-the
sentence that states your main idea-at the beginning of the text. Inductive organization, begins with pieces of evidence,
details, and examples to support the main idea, which is presented in the latter part of the text.
Coherence and Cohesion
Coherence refers to the overall oneness of ideas, sentences, and paragraphs in the text. It is important to note that
coherence does not only mean unity of ideas in the text.
You can maintain coherence in the text by using transitional devices such as moreover, furthermore, in addition to, and
also to tell your readers that you are providing additional information to a previous text.
Cohesion, on the other hand, focuses on the grammatical aspects of writing at the sentence level. The following
sentences show how the principle of cohesion is maintained in the text.
Language Use
Language refers to the medium through which writers transmit the message they intend to impart to their readers. You
can communicate your thoughts and ideas in written text through the use of language, language, the main components
of which are clarity and conciseness, word choice, and formality level.
Mechanics
Mechanics refers to the conventions that writers follow regarding the correct use of punctuation marks, spelling,
format, capitalization, abbreviation, contractions, acronyms, and numerals.
Task 1: ESSAY
1.What is organization? How does the lack of it affect the reader?
2.What is the difference between deductive and inductive organization? Is one better than the other?
Techniques in Selecting and Organizing Information
Brainstorming is one of the most effective ways of collecting information. When you brainstorm, you gather thoughts
and write down specific topics.
Graphic Organizers
A graphic organizer is a visual and structured representation of ideas and concepts that you wish to include in the
written text.
Concept Map-is a diagram that shows relationships between and among ideas or concepts. It can help you brainstorm
and think about subtopics based on a central topic.
Cluster Map-is a diagram of how ideas can be grouped according to certain criteria or similarities. It allows you to divide
a central idea into more specific ideas as the map expands.
Fishbone Map-is a diagram that shows cause-and-effect relationship. It helps readers identify the causes and determine
the specific details of each cause that leads to an effect.
Venn Diagram-is an illustration that uses circles to show the similarities and differences of ideas or concepts. It allows
you to compare and contrast ideas.
KWLH-can help you reflect on your own learning experience. It is an acronym for what you already KNOW, what you
WANT to know, what you LEARN in real time, and HOW more learning can happen. It is a helpful tool to arrange ideas
before, during, and after a lesson.
Flow Chart-is a diagram that shows you the steps involved in a process.
Cycle Diagram-illustrate the steps involved in a continuous or repeated series of events.
Time Line-is a visual representation of events. It allows you to see the chronological sequence of significant events as
they occur over a period of time.
Plot Diagram-is a representation of the plot of a story and is also used to show the relationship between ideas.
TASK 2: ESSAY.
1.What is a graphic organizer?
2.How can graphic organizers help writers?
Pattern of Development: Cause and Effect
A cause-and-effect text allows you to understand human experiences and analyse complex phenomena.
A cause is what brings about something to occur. An effect describes the result or the consequence of an action. Cause
and effect can be classified as informative, persuasive, and speculative based on the writer’s purpose. An informative
cause-and-effect text aims to explain the relationship between two ideas. Cause and effect texts can also be persuasive
when the aim is to influence the readers into believing what the writer is saying. Lastly, some cause and effect texts are
speculative because they suggest possibilities.
TASK 3.
Directions: Go online and search for the possible causes and effects of the following situations. Write your answers on
the spaces provided.
1.Deforestation
Causes
a.________________________________________________________________________________________
b.________________________________________________________________________________________
c.________________________________________________________________________________________
Effects
a.________________________________________________________________________________________
b.________________________________________________________________________________________
c.________________________________________________________________________________________
2.Increasing number of teenage pregnancies
Causes
a.________________________________________________________________________________________
b.________________________________________________________________________________________
c.________________________________________________________________________________________
