Key Equations or Formulae or vT =1

1.
Or = VT
2.

SOUND
IMPORTANT TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

reneats itself after a regular interval of time.

l tenOdic motion is the motion of abody that
mean position, it is said to
l1a bty moves back and forth or un and down repeatedly about its posses
oscillatory or vibratory motion.
Oscillatory motion is always a periodic motion but a periodic motion may or may not be oscillatoe
motion.
3. Wave motion is a form of disturbance which travels through a medium due to repeated periodic motion of
the particles of the medium about their mean position and the disturbance is handed over from one particle
to the other without actual motion of the medium.
In wave motion, there is no transference of the medium. It is only the propagation of energy by
means of the waves. There is no transfer of mass. These types of waves are also called travelling or
progressive waves.
Wave motion has the following characteristics:
() The particles of the medium repeatedly change their position, without net displacement of the
medium.

(ü) This change in position or the disturbance travels through the medium and energy is transferred
without any transfer of mass.
On the basis of medium, waves can be classified into two types, such as,
(i)) Mechanical or elastic waves, and
(ü) Electromagnetic waves.
Mechanical waves require a material medium for their propagation, e.g. sound waves, water waves,
waves in a spring and on ropes, etc.
Electromagnetic waves do not require any material medium for their propagation, e.g. y-rays, X-fas
ultraviolet rays, light waves, infrared radiation, microwaves, radiowaves, etc.
Electromagnetic waves travel through vacuum with the speed of light.
i.e. 299792458 m/s 3 × 10° m/s.
4. Wave motion can be classified into two categories, namely:
(i) Transverse waves (iü) Longitudinal waves
Transverse waves
" In transverse waves, the particles of the medium oscillate perpendicular to the direction of propagation
of the wave.
Transverse waves can propagate through solis and on the surfaces of liauids
Transverse waves propagate in the form of crests and troughs.
 Longitudinal waves
longitudinalIwaves, the particles of the mcdium vibrate back and forth along the direction of
. In
propagation
ofwavC.
longitudinal waves can propagate frecly through solids, liquids and gascs.
" Longitudinal| waves propagate in the form of coompressions and rarcfactions.
. the region of high pressure and rarefaction is the region of low pressure.
is related to the mumber of particles of a medium in a givcn volume. Thus, it can be said that
. Ihesune
noe densitv of the particles in the medium gives more pressure and vice versa.
up in the medium due tosudden andshort disturbance, e.g. wave pulse produced by
in a pond, sound produced by a clap of hands.
wave is caused by continuous and regular vibrations in which a particular pattern repeatsitself after
A Rriodic
ddistance and after a fixed time interval, e.g. prongs of a vibrating tuning fork, oscillations of a load
hangedat the lower end of a vertically suspended spring.
Amplitude isthe maximum displacement of an oscillating particle of the medium of a periodic wave on either
sde of the mean pOSition. It IS represented by 'a' or A and measured in metre.
Time period is the time taken by the particle of the medium in completing one oscillation/vibration. It is
epresented by T. Its SI unit is second.
Or
Time period is also defined as the time taken by crest (or trough) or compression (or rarefaction) to move
at a distance equal to its wavelength.
9, Frequency (v) is defined as the number of oscilations/vibrations completed by a particle of the medium in
one second. Its SI unit is hertz, represented by the symbol Hz.
It can also be defined as the number of crests (or troughs)/compressions (or rarefactions) passing through a
point in one second.
10. Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive crests (or troughs) of a transverse wave.
Or
It is the distance between two consecutive compressions (or rarefactions) of a longitudinal wave.
O
It is the distance between two nearest particles of the wave which are in the same phase.
Its unit is metre (m) and it is denoted by 2 (Lambda).
I1. Wave number is the reciprocal of the wavelength.
12. Wave velocity is the distance travelled by the wave in one second. Its SI unit is m/s.
Table: Physical quantities and their properties

Physical quantity Symbol Unit Nature of the physical quantity

T S scalar
Time period scalar
s or Hz
Frequency scalar
Wavelength m
vector
Wave velocity
13. Sound is a form of energy, which enables us to have the sensation of hearing.
Sound is producedonly when a body vibrates.
* Speed of sound in air or gases is independent of pressure.
Speed of sound in moist air is more than the speed in dry air.
Speed of sound increases with rise in temperature, i.e, 0.61 m/s for every 1° C rise in temperature.
Speed of sound decreases with increase in density of the medium.
Speed of sound in air is about 332 m/s at S.T.P. (Standard Temperature and Pressure). It is more n
solids than in air.
 It is also the
of 20 Hz to 20000) Hz. range of hearine
range
IrequenCyinthe
15. Audible sound is the sound of produced by
in humans. than 20000 Hz. These are bats, dogs,
frequcney mofe
l6. Ultrasound or ultrasonic is the sound of
are produccd by
cats, birds and inscts.
frequcny less tharn 20 Hz. These yolcanic eruptions,
17. Infrasonic or subsonic is the vond of
carthquakes, whales, clephants, cte.
large obstacle (such s high building, hillock,a wall, a
heart again atter retleetion from a
18. Echo is a ound
onginal sound fhom the given source dies o1. persists in a
ship, cte) atter the
for which the sensation of any sound human ear
time reaches the car 0.1 s after
19. Persistence of hearing (0.s) is the we can hcar the eccho only if it
after the eing stimulus cases t0 act.
Hence, sound and echo
is heard within 0.1 s, the original cannot be
the ornginal sound is heard. lf the sound formation of ccho are the size of the
obstacle/reflector must
distinguished. Therefore, the conditions for the
incident sound, the minimum distance between the so
sOund and the
ompad retlector
to the wavelength
should be l6.6 the
ofm(~ 17 m). The intensity or loudness of sound should be sufficient
ae
so that it can be clearly heard atter reflection.

SOLVED QUESTIONS
(a) Pand R
(b) Q and T
Choose the correct answers. (d) S and T
1. The speed of sound in air at 0 Cis nearly: (c) Qand S
(a) 450 ms (b) 330 ms Ans. (b)
(c) $100 ms (d) 1450 m s 6. The properties of ultrasound that make it usefnl
are:
Ans. (b) The speed of sound in air at 0°C is
330m s (a) High power and high speed
2. Sound propagates in air in the form of: (6) High power and good directivity
(c) High frequency and high speed
(a) Longitudinal wave
(b) Transverse wave (d) High frequency and bending around the
objects
(c) Both longitudinal and transverse wave
Ans. (b) Properties of ultrasound that make it use
(d) Neither longitudinal nor transverse wave ful to us are:
Ans. (a) Sound in air propagates in the form 1. The energy carried by ultrasound is
of longitudinal wave. very high.
3. The speed of light in air is:
2. The ultrasound can travel along a well
(a) 3x 10 ms-1 (b) 330 m s-! defined straight path. It does not bend
(a) 5100 ms-1 (a) 3 x 1010 appreciably at the edges of an obstacle
Ans.. (a) The speed of light in air is 3 x 10 ms because of its smallwavelength (i.e, it
4. A man can hear the sound of frequency: has high directivity).
(a) 1Hz (b) 1000 Hz 7. SONAR makes use of:
(c) 200 kHz (d) 5 MHz (a) Infrasonic sound (b) Ultrasound
And. (b) The audible range of frequency for humans (c) Ordinary sound (d) Light
is 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Hence, a man can hear Ans. (b) In SONAR (abbreviated form of sound
the sound of frequency 1000 Hz. navigation and ranging) to detect and find
5. Identify the points shown in the diagram ofa wave the distance of objects under water, ultra
travelling on the pond which are one wavelength Sound is used.
apart? 8. Cho0se the correct statement from the following:
(a) Sound and light both require medium for
propagation
(b) Sound can travel in vacuum, but lightcannot
(C) Sound needs medium, but light does no
need medium for its propagation
(d) Sound and light both can travel in vacuum
 Sound needs medium to propagate hence.
(c) sound cannot travel in vacuum, but light (a) Infra-red (b) Sound
Ans.

docs not
need mediunn for its (c) Ligtht (d) Radio
travel in vacuum.
propagation Ans, (b)
and sO caN
Sclect the correct unit for wavelength rom the 14. Choose the true stutements for sound from the
following: following:
(a) nm (b) Hz A. Sound waves are produced by vibration.
(c) dB (d) ns B. Sound waves have an approximate speed of
280 m s
(a)
Ans C. Sound waves are longitudinal waves.
Choosethe correct statement about the speed of (6) Band Conly
10.
sound:
(a) A and C only
(c) A and B only (d) A,B and C
(a) It travels fastest in liquids
Ans. (a)
(b) It travels fastest in a vacuum
15. John blowsa whistle that has a frequency of 10000
(c) It travels fastest in solid Hz. John's friend Roshni cannot hear the sound
d) Ittravels fastest in gases from the whistle while she has normal hearing.
Ans. (c) What could bea reason why she cannot hear the
.. Why do we hear sound when a ball strikes the sound?

floor? (a) The amplitude is too large.

(a) The air particles from the floor flow into our (6) The amplitude is too small.
ears. (c) The frequency is too high.
(b) The wavelength of the sound wave is large (d) The frequency is too low.
enough to produce the sound. Ans. (b)
vibrate and
(c) The air particles from the floor 16. The speed of sound in air(v,), water(v,) and
produce longitudinal waves which reach into steel(v.) is different. Choose the correct option
Our ears through the air. showing the speed of sound in descending order:
vibrate and
(d) The air particles fromn the floor which (a) speed of sound in air(v,), speed of sound in
produce transverse waves to flow steel(v.), speed of sound in water(v,)
reach into our ears through the air. (b) speed of sound in air(v,), speed of sound in
Ans. (c) water(v,), speed of sound in steel(v.)
sound
2. A flash of lightning and the
corresponding (c) speed of sound in water(v,), speed of
thunderclap are detected 5 s apart. Calculation in air(v,), speed of sound in steel(v)
reveals that the lightning struck
about 1600 (d) speed of sound in steel(v),speed of sound
n away. Identify the assumption
on which the in water(v.), speed of sound in air(v,)
calculation is based: Ans. (d)
sound hospital to scan a patient.
(a) Light travels 320m s faster than 17. Ultrasound is used in a between
(6) Sound reaches us almost instantaneously, Ultrasound refracts at the boundary
at a greater
but lighttravels at 320 m s muscle and bone because it travels
takes place when
instantaneously, but speed in bone. Which change
() Light reaches us almost from muscleinto bone?
Sound travels at 320 ms the ultrasound travels
decreases.
(a) The sound of the thunder was emitted 5 s (a) The frequency of the wave
increases.
after the flash (b) The frequency of the wave
decreases.
Ans. (c) (c) The wavelength of the wave
increases.
13. Astar explodes in outer space. Choose the correct (d) The wavelength of the wave
Option for the waves from the exploding Sla Ans. (d)
Earth?
 IS. A pulse of sound is prduced at the
bottom of a Displacement
boat which travels thmugh the water. Itis eflected
fhom a shoal of fsh and reaches the boat ngain
(c)
ater 1.4s, The specd of sound in the water is
is00 m's How far below the bottom of the boat
is fhom the shoal of fish: Dislance
Boat
Displacerment WA

(d)
Distance
Shoalof fish
Which statement is correct?
(a) $25 m (a) The amplitude of wave W, Is the same a
(b) 1050 m the amplitude of wave W,
(c) 2100m
(d) 4200 m (6) The amplitude of wave W, is double the
Ans. (b)
amplitude of wave W,.
19. Which range is (c) The wavelength of wave W, is double the
approximately correct for the
audio frequencies that can be
detected by a wavelength of wave W,.
healthy human ear? (d) The wavelength of wave W, the same as
(a) 2 Hz to 2000 Hz the wavelength of wave W,.
(b) 2Hz to 20000 Hz Ans. (a)
(c) 20 Hz to 2000 Hz 22. A fire alarm is not loud enough and
the pitch is
too low. An engineer adjusts the alarm so that it
(d) 20 Hz to 20000 Hz
produces a louder note of a higher pitch. What
Ans. (d) effect does this have on the
20. Which waves are
amplitude and on
the frequency of the sound waves
longitudinal? that the alarm
produces?
(a) light waves from a lamp
(b) Amplitude Frequency
microwaves
in an oven (a) larger
(c) water waves on the surface of a pond larger
(b) larger smaller
(d) sound waves from a trumpet (c) smaller larger
Ans. (d) (d) smaller smaller
21. The diagram shows four waves drawn to the samne Ans. (a)
23. In an experiment to measure the
scale. speed of sound,
Reji finds the time taken for a sound wave to
Displacement travel from A to B six times using a stopwa
W Sound travels from Ato B
A
(a) The table shows her results.
Distance

First
Measurement Time/s
0.5
Second 0.7
Displacement W Third 0.6
Fourth 0.4
(b) Fifth 0.9
Distance |Sixth 0.5
Which value for the time should to
be used
calculate the speed of sound?
 (a) 0.4s (b) 0.5 s
(c) 0.6s (d) 0.9 s 27. When the
was heard volcano
5000 kmKrakatoa
Choose the statementaway. erupted 1883, it
(c) candleeiis placed int front in
Alighted of a
nce that is making a loud, steady note. loudspeaker
The volcano which is not about the sound from the
Name vibrates because of the sound wave, candle
Which (a) If such a correct?
of waves are sound waves and
(pe
direction does the flame vibrate? in which an loud sound were to be
astronaut orbiting in space (amade today,at
a height of
(b)
400 km could hear it. vacuum)
Lospeaker People further
Sound later thanfrom
no.
the volcano heard
the
people nearer to the volca
(c) The
have amplitude
of the
been smaller furthersound waves would
from the volcano.
(d) The sound was
very loud
Candle flame ergy was transferred to because a lot of en
Ans. (a) vibrations of the ai.
28. A
loudspeaker on a boat produces a pulse of
sound in the sea which is received
after
from the 2250 mn deep seabed, at the reflection
3.0 s. what will be the speed of boat after
sound in the sea
Type of wave water?
Direction of
vibration Boat
(a) Longitudinal
Pulse of sound
(b)Transverse
Sea bed
(c)Longitudinal
(d) |Transverse
Ans. (c) (a) 330 m s-! (b) 750 ms1
25. Select the row which shows an example of a (c) 1500 ms1 (d) 6750 ms!
transverse wave and an example of a longitudinal Ans. (c)
Wave:
29. In SONAR, waves used are
Transverse Longitudinal (a) ultrasonic
(a) light radio (b) infrasonic
radio sound
(c) radio
(c) Sound X-rays (d) audible sound waves
(a) water light
Ans. (b) Ans. (a)
26. Jimi throws asmall stone into a pond. Waves 30. Sound propagates in air if
place to
Spread out from the point where the stone hits (a) particles of medium move from one
another
Ce water and travel to the side of the pond. Jimi
atmosphere
oices that nine waves reach the side of the pond (b) there is no moisture in the
In atime of 6.0 s. What is the frequency of the (c) disturbance moves
waves?
(d) both particles as
wellas disturbance move
(a) 0.16 Hz (b) 0.78 Hz from one place to
another.
(c) 1.5 Hz (d) S4Hz
Ans. (c)
Ans. (c)
 marked on the
Choose the arrow
31. Ifa sound is changed om ferble to lond sound.
8. shows the amplitude of the wave. graph whieh
from the following which term elated to sound
will increase?
(a) frequeny () wavelength
(c) vekwiy (d) amplitude
D
Ans, (d)
32. ln the curve shown here identißy half the
wavclength. (b) B
(a) A
(c) C (d) D
A
Ans. (b)
questions.
Answer the following
wave?
(a) A B (b) BD 39, What is a
disturbance.
(c) DE (d) AE Ans. Wave is a kind of
40. Astone is dropped on the surface of water in a
Ans. (b)
3. Which kind of sound is produced by earthquake pond. Name the type of waves produced.
before the main shock wave begins? Ans. Transverse waves.
(a) audible sound (b) infrasound 41. What do you mean by a travelling wave?
(c) ultrasound (d) none of the above Ans. Wave motion is a form of disturbance which trovt
Ans. (b) through a medium due to repeated periodic motion
34. Who can hear the Infrasound? of the particles of the medium about their mean
(a) bat position and the disturbance is handed over from
(b) dog
(c) rhinoceros (d) human beings one particle to the other without actual motien
of the medium.
Ans. (c)
In wave motion, there is no transference of the
35. If an object is moving at a speed greater than
that of sound, it is said to be moving at medium. It isonly the propagation of energy by
means of the waves. There is no transfer of mass
(a) infrasonic speed
also. These types of waves are called travelling
(b) sonic speed or progressive waves.
(c) ultrasonic speed 42. State the requisites of the medium for the
(d) supersonic speed propagation of waves.
Ans. (d)
Ans. The requisites of the medium for the propagation
36. Choose in which of the following case sound wave of waves are:
is not produced.
() The medium must possess elasticity, 12.
(a) a gun fired in a room with no echoes able to return to its original condition atter
(b) abell ringing under water being disturbed.
(c) an explosion in outer space () The medium must possess inertia due o
(d) a hammer hitting a block of rubber which particles have the capacity to store
Ans. (c) energy.
37. If wáter waves move from a shallower to a deeper (üi) The medium should be frictionless so
region, its that there will be no energy loss during
(a) frequency decreases propagation.
(b) wavelength increases. 43. Define the
following:
(c) frequency increases. (i) frequency
(d) wavelength decreases. (i) wavelength
Ans. (b) (iüi) velocity of a wave.
 Frequencyis defined as the number
of Ans. Sound of striking a long
()oseillations/vibrations complctcd by a one through the iron tubeironandtube is heard twice,
particle of the mediunm in onc sccond. the air which reaches the car after another through
is due to differcncc in some timc. It
Altemativch. it can also lbe defincd as the specdof sound in iron and
in air because specd of sound in iron is
mumberof complete Wavelengths traverscd times more than thc spccd of sound in about 16
onesCOOnd. I is represented by air.
byWCin
v(Greksmbol vpronounced as 'nu'). Its 48. Why is the sound produced in air, not
a person deep inside the water!
heard by
Slunitis hertz, represCnted with unit symbol
Ans. Although spccd of sound in water is 4
times
morc than that of air but sound is not heard by
Wvclengthis detined as the length of one
omplete wave or the distance travelled aperson deep inside the water because there
is little refraction of sound from air to
by wave in its time period. Alternatively, water.
Most of the sound is reflected from the surface
it is defined as the distance between of water.
Wo consecutive crests or troughs. It is 49. Why is it possible to detect the approaching of
represented by Greck symbol (Lambda). a distant train by placing the ear very close to
Its SI unit is metre.
the railway line?
i) Wave velocity is defined as the distance Ans. If a distant train is approaching. it is possible to
travelled by wave per unit time in a specified detect by placing the ear very close to the railway
direction. It is represented by V. Its SI unit line because sound travels 16 times faster in iron
is m s than in air.

u 0btain the relation between wave velocity, 50. What type of hearing aids are required to the
frequency and wavelength. astronauts on the moon and why?
Ans. Sound waves require a material medium for
Ans, Relation between Wave Velocity, Frequency and their propagation. On the moon, as there is no
Wavelength: atmosphere, so, hearing aids are required by
Let the particle takes time T to complete one persons which are capable of transmitting and
vibration during which it travels a distance . detecting electromagnetic waves.
Therefore, the velocity of the wave is given by 51. If a person sets his watch by the sound of a
distant siren, willit go fast or slow and why?
V= Ans. If a person sets his watch by hearing the sound
T
of a distant siren, the watch becomes slow by as
V= và much time as is taken by sound to reach him,
e.g. if the siren sounds at 5:00 p.m. and sound
takes 5 seconds to reach the listener, he will set
Wave velocity = frequency Xwavelength. his watch after listening the siren at 5:00 p.m.
45. Explain, why a distant lightning flash is seen hence, his watch will be slower by S seconds.
before the thunder is heard. 52. How does the sand scorpion locate its prey?
Ans. Distant lightning flash is seen long before the Ans,
thunder because velocity of flash (light) is 3 X
10 m/s which is much faster than the velocity of
thunder (sound) in air (~ 332 m/s).
46. Why can we not hear each other on the moon?
Ans, Sound waves require a material medium for
their propagation. On the moon, as there is no
amosphere, so, the sound waves cannot propagate
and hence we cannot hear each other. Beetle
47, If a person strikes at the one end of along iron
tube and the listener places his ear at a very far
When a beetle disturbs the sand slightly it sends
distance on the other end. He hears the sound of fast longitudinal pulses (V = 150 m/s)and slower
striking two times, why?
 transveN pues ( ) m) aong the sAns
Surta Thc y n mth ite cht legs qread
rouchh in aine o a t mn hanneter first What do you mean by
intect the ngtudnal u e fom his leg
61.
mechanical
electromagnetic waves? Give suitable and
nhahndrturdearet an came the dircvtin Ans. Mechanical waves a rcquire material
their propagation, c.g. sound waavcs, water
exampl
mediumes,for
intenal v hwwn the first nteneption ant the
ntenvN he mrr transwerve waves and
waves in a spring. on ropes, ctc.
Electromagnctic waves do not require any waves.
UN temie the distae d of the beetle. medium for their propagation, c.g. -rays, material
radiaX-titoayn,s.
ultraviolet rays, light waVes, infrared
microwaves, radiowaves, ctc.

4 Mrite the differences between elastic and electromagnetic waves.

Lnn Difenas beeen Mechanical (or Elastic) and Electromagnetic waves.
Mechanical or Elastic waves Electromagnetic waves

() These waves require a material medium for (i) These waves do not require material medium
their propagation, e.g. water waves, sound waves, for their propagation, e.g. light waves, radio
waves.

(ü) These are caused due to the vibrations of the (iüi) These are caused due to vary1ng electric and
particles of the medium. magnetic fields in space.

(m) These waves have low speeds which vary from (ü) These waves have very high speed of 3x 10
-1
medium to medium. m s

( ) Usually, these waves have low frequency and| (iv) These waves have very high frequency and
large wavelength. extremely low wavelength.

() These waves can be transverse or longitudinal. (v) These waves are only transverse waves.

55. Differentiate between a pulse and a periodic wave.

Ans. Difference between aPulse and a Periodic Wave:

Pulse Periodic wave

(i) A pulse is a wave set up by sudden and short () A periodic wave is set up by acontinuOus
duration disturbances. disturbances of long duration in the medium.

(ü) It is not repetitive. (ii) It has a basic pattern which repeats itself after
a fixed interval.

(üü) Due to a pulse, the medium oscillates for al (ii) Due to a periodic wave, medium vibrates fo
short while and then returns to its original along time after it is disturbed.
undisturbed position.
(iv) It is formed in asmall portion of themedium. (v) I is stretched over the entire length of e
medium.
 sound? Deseribe an simple experiment 58. Denmonstrate thata materialmedium is necessary
What is
demonstrates that the sound produced by for the propagation of sound.
which vibrations,
tningfork is due to its
Ans.

Pith ball -200000

Tuning

Electric
bell
Bell jar
Stand

Sund is a torm ot energy which enables us to

have the scnsation of hearing. Vacuum pump
Experiment to demonstrate sound produced by
ibration: Sound requires material medium for
Take atuning fork, strike it gently against a rubber propagation.
pad and hold it close to your ear. A sound is Asmall electric bell is hung inside a glass jar as
heard because sound wave travels through air shown in the following figure.
in the form of compressions and rarefaction. It The jar is connected to a vacuum pump. When the
strikes the eardrum and makes it to vibrate to electric bell inside the jar is switched on, the sound
and fro from where the auditory nerve picks up produced by it can be heard clearly. Now, pump
this motion as a signal and sends it to the brain out the air from the jar.As the air is pumped out
where these signals are interpreted as sound. Now, from the jar, gradually, the sound of the electric
take a freely suspended pith ball and touch the bell becomes slower and slower.Finally, when the
same end of tuning fork to it. It is observed that air is taken out completely from the jar, the sound
pith ball repeatedly flies outwards. Hence, it is of the electric bell cannot be heard at all although
proved that sound is produced due to a vibrating the hammer can stillbe seen striking the metallic
body. gong. It is because there is no medium (air) in
57. Draw a sketch of the variation of the displacement the jar through which sound can propagate. Now.,
with time for a sinusoidal wave motion and mark if air is again filled up gradually in the jar, the
amplitude, wavelength, time period on it. sound would become steadily stronger until jar is
Ans. Amplitude almost filled up. This clearlyshows that material
A E
medium is necessary for the propagation of sound.
59. What do you mean by wave motion? Explain it
D \F H with a suitable example.
K
Ans. Wave motion is a form of disturbance which travels
Time
through amedium due to repeated periodic motion
G of the particles of the medium about their mean
position and the disturbance is handed over from
Wavelength
one particle to the other without actual motion
Amplitude is represented by the distance: AI, of the medium.
CJ, EK, GL. Wavelength is represented by the When a stone is dropped in still water of a pond, a
distance: OD, BE DH, AE, CG.
disturbance is created at the place of dropping the
Time period is represented by the time taken by stone. The disturbance in the form of concentric
the wave between the points circles, called ripples, spreads outwards from the
() O and D (ii) B and F (ii) D and H (iv) A point of disturbance. Such disturbances which
and E (v) C and G. travel are called waves.
 Hencc. time taken to complete v
It we ple a small piv of acr o drv leaf or
ork on the surfar of water, it is sbened that Time taken to complete oneoscillation
Oscil ation = 1s

it does not me away ahng wth the wavC, but

mcrch tuer up and dmn at the pnition where But time taken to complete one
it wa plavi It xhm that watcr does not move time period. oscillationis called
wants ut the nartaef the water oscillate up or V
and dmn aht their ormat level. Such motion
dnturhnN YWaveN N Called wave motion. Hence, frequency is the reciprocal of time
Ste dropped in water
61. How do the following factors affect, if at all,
velocity of sound in air? the
period.
(i) pitch of sound (iü) temperature of air,
pressure of air, (iv) moisture of the (iüil
air.
Ans. (i) There is no effect of frequency or pitch
Rinles the speed of sound. on

(i) Velocity of sound in a gas is

directly
proportional to the square root of its absolute
temperature, i.e. Vc /T. That is
(a) The disturbance on the water surface when
stone is dropped in still water of a pond.
velocity
of sound in air increases roughly by 0.61 m/s
per degree Celsius rise in temperature.
Cork moves up and down (iii) If the temperature of the gas remains
about its mean position constant, then there is no effect of the
Normal level
of water pressure change on the speed of sound.
V= /yPlp.
(iv) When moisture is present in air, the density
of air gets decreased. It is because the density
of water vapours is less than that of dry ai.
Velocity of sound is inversely proportional
to the square root of density (Vc 1//p)
hence, Sound travels faster in moist air than
in dry air.
(b) When water surface is disturbed, the 62. Describe two events that demonstrate that light
wave moves ahead and cork starts travels much faster than sound.
tossing up and down about its mean Ans. To demonstrate clearly that speed of light is much
position.
faster than speed of sound, following are the two
60. Define time period and frequency for a wave events:
motion. Hence, obtain their mutual relation. () Observe a washerman beating a clotn
Ans. Time period is the time taken by the particle of against a stone slab from a far away place.
the medium in completing one oscillation/vibration. You will observe the action first and hear
It is represented by T. Its SI unit is second. the sound later because the action lS
Frequency is defined as the number of oscillations/ observed with the speed of light within
no time while sound takes finite time 1n
vibrations completed by a particle of the medium in
one second. Alternatively, it can also be defined as travelling through air due to its slow speed
the number of complete wavelengths traversed by (i) Ifwe observe the firing of a canon or blasting
light
of a rock by gun powder, the flash ofheard
wave in one second. It is represented by v (nu). Its
SIunit is hertz, represented with unit symbol Hz. smoke is seen first and, the sound is
much later. This is because light reaches U
Relation between frequency and time period: takes
almost instantly, whereas the sound in
If the frequency of an oscillating body is v, it finite time due to its much slower speed
means it completes v waves in one second. air.
 piflerentiate betwecn sound waves and
Differenes between sound wavçs light waves.
and hght
waves
Sound wves
Light waves
() Thesc waCs equinc a
pnygatkon. material nnedium for their () Thec waves deo not require any material medium
(u) These are causcd duc to the for theit propagation.
partiles of the medium. vibrations of the ()
Thesc are caused due to varying clectric and
(2) These wAves have low spceds
medium to medium, which vary from (i) magnctic fields in spacc.
Thcse waves have very high speed of 3 1ms,
x
() Usuall, these waves have low
wavelength. frequency and large (iv) These waves have very high frequency and
( ) These waves can be
transverse or extremely low wavelength.
longitudinal. (V) These waves are only transverse waves.
Differentiatebetween speed of sound and speed of
light.
Difterences between speed of sound and speed of light:
Speed of sound
Speed of light
() In vacuum speed of sound is zero as it reguires ) Speed of light is 3 × 10° m/s as it 1s an
material medium for its propagation.
electromagnetic wave.
(ü) Speed of sound in air at STP is 332 m/s.
(ü) Speed of light in air at STP is 3 x 10° m/s
which is nearly 10 times the speed of sound
(üi) In general, speed, propagation of sound in liquids in air.
is greater than that in air. In water speed of|(i) Light does not pass through many
dark liquids.
sound is about 1480 m/s. In water speed of light decreases than in air.
Speed oflight in water is 3/4 of that in air, i.e. 2.25
(v) In solids, propagation of sound is much more x 10 m/s.
than in gases and liquids. In stainless steel speed| (iv) For transparent solids, the speed of light
of sound is 5800 m/s. decreases, e.g. it is 2/3 of speed of light in
air i.e. w 2x 10° m/s. But in opaque solids.
speed of light is zero.
Hence, it can be inferred that speed of light is 10 to 10° times more than the speed of sound in the same
medium.
03. Answer the following (in one word or in one Ans. () (a) Medium must be elastic.
sentence): (b) Medium must have the inertia.
(i) State three characteristics of the medium (c) The medium should be frictionless
so that there is no loss of energy in
required for the propagation of sound. propagation.
(ü) What is the eftect of density of the medium (ii) The speed of soundisinversely proportional
on the speed of sound? to the square root of the density of the
(iiü) The Spectatorswatching the cricket match medium.
hear the sound alittle later than the batsman (iüi) Action of driving a stroke is observed with
actually drives a stroke. Why? the speed of light within negligibly small time
while sound takes finite time in travelling
(") How does the speed of sound depend on through air due to its low speed.
(a) amplitude and (b) wavelength? (iv) Speed of sound does not depend on
(") To which range offrequencies are the human amplitude and wavelength.
ears most sensitive? (v) 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.
 66. Define the following terms: In a longitudlinal wave there is a state of
68. compression
() amplitude ) time period o)hequency
( ) wavrlength ()war number (r) wve
at a point at any instant.
time interval, the same point will be
of muximum rarefaction, if the
maximum
inAfttheer what
state
Ans.
veoit wave is 50 Hz?
We know that thc timc interval|
frequency (he of
Sol.
between
rarmaxicfactmioumn
Anplitude cOmpression and|succcssive maximum
will be half of thc time pcriod,
T
Time interval (Ar) =
2 2v
2x 50 Hz
= 0.01 s
() Amplitude is the maximum displacement
ot an oscillating particle of the medium
ot a periodic wave on either side of the 69. A source of wave produces 20 crests anda
men position. It is represented by 'a or troughs in 0.4 s. Find the frequency of the
:A and measured in metre. In Fig. particles We know that one crest and one wave.
at B, D, F and H represent the
maximum
Sol.
one wavelength. trough constitute
displacement of the particle from the mean .. Time taken to complete one wavelength
position.
0.4
(iü) Time period is the time taken by the particle 0.02 s
of the medium in completing one 20
oscillation/
vibration. It is represented by T. Its SI unit 1 1
is second. Frequency (v) =
Time period (T) 0.02 s
(ü) Frequency is defined as the number of = 50s-1 or 50 Hz
oscillations/vibrations completed by a
particle of the medium in one second.
70. Figure shows a wave form in a string. The speed
of the wave is 12.0m/s. What is its
Alternatively, it can also be defined as the wavelength?
y(cm) Calculate the frequency of the wave.
Displacement
number of complete wavelengths traversed
by wave in one second. It is represented by
v. ItsSI unit is hertz, represented with unit
symbol Hz.
(iv) Wavelength is defined as the length of one
|8 16 24 32 40
complete wave or the distance travelled by
wave in its time period. It is represented
by Greek symbol à (Lambda). Its SI unit
1S metre. Position x (cm)
Sol. Since one complete wave fits in 16 cm
(v) Wave Number: The reciprocal of wavelength distance,
is called wave number, i.e. wave number = hence, the wavelength is 16 cm.
1/0. Its SI unit is m. .. Frequency, v = 12.0 m/s = 75 Hz.
(vi) Wave Velocity is the distance travelled by 2 0.16 m
wave per unit time in a specified direction. 71. The given figure shows a
It is represented by V. Its SI unit is m s snapshot of a ware
form of frequency 50 Hz in a string. The number
on the figure represents distance in centimetres.
Find (i) wavelength, (ii) the amplitude, and(üi)
Illustrative Numericals the velocity for the given wave motion.
4

67. Calculate the corresponding frequency of the sound

wave emitted by a bat of shortest wavelength 2
3.3 mm. Take velocity of sound as 330 n/s. 15 25 35 45 55
Sol. Given: V = 330 m/s, A = 3.3 mm = 3.3 X 10 5 10 20 60
m, v = ? 30 40 50

V=
330 m/s
= 100000 Hz = 100 kHz
3.3 x 10-3 m
Distance (cm)
 Since one complete wave fits in 20 Cm
()
distance, hence the wavclcngth is 0em o 2.5s
V= vÀ.
0.2 m Specd of the watcr waves,
Amplitude of h Wave maxiMum I 0,4 0,4 m= 0.16 m/s
displaementt on cither side of its mean consecutive troughs in
INsition m. 76. The distance hetween two Find
in a string is 5 cm.
Wrvewin, = À =S0 Hz X 0,2 m = Hwave train produced pass
complete waves
the speed of the wave, if two
through any point per second.
observer observes that in
shore, an
Onthe se Sol. Wavelength of the wavc, ).
one minute 72
waves reach the shore. Caleulate troughs
two consecutive
the wavelength of the waves is S = distance between
theirvelocity if
= 5cm

Frequency of the wave = 2 s

60
72 Speed of the wave, V= và
cm/s
V= (2s) x 5 cm =10
| =r) = X 5 m =6 m/s
60 s
transmission station is pulses, are emitted at the
-; The frequency of radio 77. Using SONAR, sound are detected after
radio
300 kHz. What is the wavelength of the Surfaceof sea water which interval
3.00 × 108 bottom. If the time
waves? The speed of light in air, c = reflection from water
detection of the sound
from the emission to the
the depth of sea water,
m/S.

300 × 10° Hz. c= 3.00 pulses is 2 seconds, find

Sal. Given: v = 300 kHz = speed of sound in sea water
1531 m/s.
x 10 m/s. A = ?
We know that C = V^ Sol. Depth of sea water, d=
3.00 × 10 m/s 1531 m/s x 2s
2=
1000 m d =
300 x 10 Hz 2

= 1531 m
240 m/s and a wavelength
74. Awave has a speed of (visible) range from
frequency and ü) 78. Wavelength of light waves
of 3.2 m. What are the (i) nm in the red.
period of the wave? 400nm in the violet to albout 700
light waves?
= 3.2 m, v=?,T=? What is the range of frequencies of
Sol. Given: V = 240 m/s, , The speed of electromagnetic waves
in vacuum is
() V= và 3 X 10° m/s.
240 m/s = 75 Hz y= 400 nm = 4 x 10
y=
3.2m
Sol. Given: c=3 X 10° m/s, m, v, =?, v, =?
m, , = 700 nm =7x 10
1 1 =0.013 s
(ü) Time period, T= 75 Hz We know that c = và
C 3x 10 m/s
and a floating object
na pond ripples are sent Vy = 4x 10 m
in 15 s. The wave
goes up and down 6 times
the wavelength, =7.5 X 10 Hz
Crests are 0.4 m apart. Calculate
Irequency and speed of the water waves. C 3x 10° m/s
consecutive
Sol. distance between two 7x 10 m
Wavelength,.=
Crests = 0,4 m. =4.3 X 10 Hz
Iime period of the water waves, for
79. Calculate the corresponding wavelength range
shortwave radio
T= 15 = 2.5 s the range of frequencies of )
6
1.5 300 MHz (ii) X-rays 5 nm to about 0.01 nm.
Hence frequency of the water wave,
 Sol, () Gien: = 3x 0 m, = L5 MHz = According to question,
Wavelength of sound in water.
3x 0m/s
1.5x 10 Hz =
Wavelengt
0.344 m;
h of
sound in
V, = ? V,, = \480 air)
00) m
Rr v = 000 MHz = 3O0 × 10" Hz.
m/s,
Vw 1480 m/s
3x 10 m/s
À =
300 x 10 Hz
= 1m 0.344 m = 4302.3 H
82. Find the wavelength for an (i)
(2) Wavelength of X-rays, AM
À = 5 nm = 5 × 10 m
with frequency 1000 kHz
station with frequency 100 and (ii)
radiFMo station
3x 10 m/s
waves in
vacuum is equal toMHz.
the Speed of radirading
5x 10m
i.e. 3 x 10° m/s. speed of light.
= 6X 10! Hz Sol. (i) Given: v= 1000 kHz = 10 H
For wavelength, à = 0.01 nm = c=3 x 10° m/s, =?
0.01 × 10 m
m =
3x 10 m/s 3x 10 m/s
10- m
= 3x 1019 Hz. = 300 m 10° Hz
80. In a large outdoor
concert,
from the speaker system Jinto isseated 300m
(ü) Given: c=3 x 10 m/s,
5000 kmaway due to live andAlisha is listening
V= 100 MHz= 10° Hz, 2 =?
at the speed of light. broadcast via satellite 3× 10 m/s
Who hears the music first
Jinto or Alisha and by what time =3 m
10 Hz
speed of sound V =343 m/s anddifference? Take 83. Ripples are generated by a vibrator on the
c=3 X 10* m/s. speed of light of surface
water which covers a
Sol. 1.8 s. The distance distance of 37.8 cm in
GIven: dinto = 300 m, between
10° m, V = 343 m/s, cdaisha x= 5000 km = 5 X
S
=3 10° m/s, tinto trough is 1.5 cm. Calculate consecutive crest and
the wavelength, wave
2. LAlisha = ? velocity and the frequency of the
Sol. generated waves.
We know that V=
d Wavelength
=
of the
generated wave,
twice the distance between
d
consecutive crests
t= and troughs
= 2 x 1.5 cm = 3cm.
300m Wave velocity (V) = 37.8 cm = 21 cm/s
tjinto 343 m/s
= 0.875 s
1.8s

5x 10° m
Frequency of the generated waves, (v) =
'Alisha = 0.017 s 21 cm/s
3x 10 m/s = 7s
3cm
Alisha hears the music 0.86 s earlier 84. A wave of
than Jinto. with aspeed
81. Find the
frequency of a sound wave such that its of 4.8 km/speriodic
in iron.timeWhat s travels
0.004vill be its wavelength
wavelength in water is the same as the wavelength in (i) iron and (ii) air? Take Speed of soundin
in air at 20 °C of a air as 332 m/s.
sound wave of
Hz. Take speed of sound in water, frequency 1000
V = 1480m/s, Sol. (i) T=
speed of sound in air at 20 °C, V=344 m/s. Given: ViAiron
0.004 ron = 4.8 km/s = 4800 m/s,
=?
Sol. Given: V, = 344 m/s, v =
a
1000 Hz, = ? iron = Von
iron X IT
0.004 s
a 344 m/s
=0.344 m = 4800 ms x
1000 Hz = 19.2 m
 332 m/s, T = 0,004 s,
Given: air = 87. The sound of the splash ofa stone dropped into
n well is heard 3 s later. What is the depth of
the well? Take speedof sound in air as 343 m/s.
- 332 m/s x 0,004 s
= 328 m = 1.33 m
Sol. As the stone is dropped into the well. let it will
tke timc , for downward motion of the stone
stoneis dropped into a well 44.1 mdeep. The to hit the water surface in the well. Then the
woundof the splash is heard 3.13 s after the sOund of splash rcach the top of the well in time
dropped. Find the velocity of sound in I, = (3 - 1,) s
stone is m/s
= 9.8 So using cquation of motion
sir Takeg
the time for the
l I ,is
downward motion (free s = u!, +
stone to hit the water surface in the well
tall) of (3.13
- I,) is the time for the sound of u = 0, s = h.
Nd , = reach the top of the well.
splashto h =
1
1
h= ul| +
L, = /2h/g
44.1 m = 0X t, +2x Now, the time taken by sound of splash to reach
the top of the well
(-9.8 m/s) x ,
t,
44.1
4.9 = 9 s² lz = (3 - 1) s = 3 - /2hg
depth of the well (h)
t, = 3 s Velocity of sound ()=
d 44.1 m h
V= V=
(3.13 -3) s 3-/2hlg
44.1 mn 339.2 m/s
V=
0.13s 3- /2h/g =

rod at one end.

86. A boy strikes a long aluminium
Another boy at the other end with his ear
tothe rod, hears the sound of the blow
twice
close
(one
/2hg = -4)
through air and other through the rod), with an Squaring both sides, we have
interval of 0.120 s. Find the length of the rod. 2h
3
Take velocity of sound in air, V= 343 m/s and
velocity of sound in aluminium, V,= 6420 m/s. 2h = 9
6h

Sol. Given: V, =343 m/s, ta- (Al rod) = 0.120 s,

Va = 6420 m/s As h << Vso (h/D will be negligible, hence
Let the length of aluminium rod be d. (h/Vy neglected.
2h 6h
According to question, 9

d d
- V,xVA ’
2h
8
+
6h = 9

d =
(,-a)x V,xVal 9 ’ 2h 9

(Va-V) 9gV 9x9.8x 343

0.120 s x 343 m/s x 6420 m/s h= 2(343 +3x9.8)
d =
343 m/s) 2(V+3g)
(6420 m/s 30252.6
h = =40.62 m
= 43.48 m ~ 43.5 m 744.8
:. Length of the aluminium rod is 43.5 m.
 PRACTICE QUESTIONS
I. Which of the following is omect for thc sound 7. Which of the following factors does
the spccd of sound in agas? not affeo
(a)
anNCINC and Mechanical waves (a) Density (b) Temperature
(b) Longitudinaland Mechanical waves (c) Amplitude (d) Humidity
() Non-mechanical waves 8. Which of the following factors affect
(d) Tiansverse and
Electromagnetic waves of sound in a gas? the speed
2. Which ot the following have smallest (a) Pressure
wavelength? (b) Direction of wind
(a) audible (b) microwaves
(c) intrasonic (d) ultrasonic (c) Frequency
3. Chose the medium through which (d) Wavelength
waves can propagate. longitudinal What is the relation between modulus
9. of
(a) Solids only and speed of sound. elasticity
(b) Liquids only 10. What do you mean by audible range of
(c) Gases only
(d) Solids, liquids and
11. What is SONAR? frequency?
4. What is the
gases 12. Draw a curve showing density or pressure variations
audible range of
frequency? with respect to distance for a disturbance produced
(a)2Hz to 20 Hz
(b)
20 kHz to 20000 kHz
by sound. Mark the position of compression and
rarefaction on this curve.
(c)20 Hz to 20000 Hz
(d) 13. Bats can ascertain distances, directions, nature
20000 Hz 30000 Hz
5. ChoOse the medium in which the and size of objects, how?
is the maximum.
velocity of sound 14. Differentiate between transverse wave and
(a) Steel (b) Water
longitudinal wave.
(c) Vacuum 15. How does the following factors
(d) Air affect the speed
6. When sound travels from air to of sound (Both in material and in gas):
water, which of
these remains constant? () density,
(a) Wavelength (iü) wind?
(b) Frequency 16. Write down the properties of
(c) Velocity ultrasound. State
the approximate speed of ultrasound in air.
(d) Velocity and frequency 17. Differentiate between ultrasonic and subsonic.
Also define the term
supersonic.
 Self-Evaluation 'Test
levell 10. State three differcnces hetwccn the modes of
,What is the ot sound waey propagation of soOund and light waves.
(a) TanrINC 1. State three factors which do not affect the speed
() Longitudinal of sound in a gas.

c) Party transvese, partly longitudinal 12. Explain the following:

Sme timestransvesC, SOMe time longitudinal (i) It is not possible to talk through open space
on the surface of the moon.
Inwhich unit, trequency of sound is expressed?
(a) msl (ii) The flash of lightning reaches earlier than
(b) s
the sound of thunder.
(c) H2 (d) m
13. What is ultrasound? State its two properties that
1A wave vibrates up and down five times in 05 make it useful for us. How do bats locate obstacles
s and it covers a distance of 7 m during this in and prey in their way? Explain.
terval. Calculate (i) frequency of the wave and 14. If you place your ear close to an iron railing
(ü) velocity of the wave. which is tapped some distance away, write your
4, The speed of sound through a gas contained in observation giving reason.
a tube is V. What will be the speed of sound, if
the gas in the tube is compressed to double its Level 3
pressure? 15. Which of the following waves are mechanical
5. State two properties of a material medium on waves?
which the speed of sound depends. (a) radio waves (b) microwaves
6. How does the speed of sound differ in the fol (d) sound waves
(c) light waves
lowing media? 16. What do you call the minimum distance between
Solids, liquids, gases and vacuum. two crests?
7. Describe an experiment to show that the source (6) amplitude
(a) displacement
of sound in air is a vibrating body. (c) wavelength (d) wave pulse
Level 2 17. Draw a displacement-distance graph of a wave.
8. How is frequency of sound related to time period? Mark on it the amplitude of wave and wavelength
of wave.
V
(b) Tyl
18. A source of wave produces 20 crests and 20
(c) vT = -1 (d) v =T-! troughs in 0.2 s. Calculate the frequency of wave.
9. Inalongitudinal wave, what is the distance between 19. State four applications of ultrasound.
a compression and the next rarefaction? 20. How does sound propagate in air?
(b) 21. Ocean waves of 0.125 Hz have velocity 12.5 m
(a) 4
s. Find the wavelength of these waves. Also,
(c) (d) 2 find the horizontal distance between a wave crest
and its adjoining wave trough.

ors to all unsolved questions are

given at the end of all the chapters.