Answers to Networking and Related Questions
1. Compare the UDP and TCP protocol giving their frame Structure. How does
UDP differ from TCP?
Answer: TCP is connection-oriented, ensures reliable communication with
error-checking, retransmission, and flow control. UDP is connectionless,
lightweight, and used for fast transmissions but lacks reliability. Detailed frame
structures are provided.
2. What is network topology? Explain the different network topologies with
suitable diagrams.
Answer: A network topology describes the arrangement of devices in a
network. Types include Bus, Star, Ring, Mesh, and Hybrid, each with diagrams
and advantages explained in detail.
3. Explain various types of sliding window protocols along with diagrammatic
workings.
Answer: Sliding window protocols like Stop & Wait, Go-Back-N, and Selective
Repeat are discussed with examples. These are used to ensure reliable data
transfer by controlling frames sent and acknowledged.
4. Explain the protocols and standards used in the OSI model. Issues of OSI
model and TCP/IP development.
Answer: OSI model defines seven layers with protocols for standardization.
TCP/IP developed due to practical implementation issues in OSI. Detailed
layer-wise protocols provided.
5. Explain Stop & Wait, Go-Back-N ARQ, Selective Repeat ARQ. List their
drawbacks.
Answer: Stop & Wait is simple but inefficient. Go-Back-N improves throughput
with cumulative acknowledgment, and Selective Repeat offers even better
efficiency by resending only lost packets.
6. What do you mean by Cryptography? Discuss its types and functioning.
Answer: Cryptography ensures secure communication. Types include
symmetric, asymmetric, and hashing, explained with examples.
7. What is error? Explain the types of error.
Answer: Errors occur during transmission (e.g., single-bit, burst errors).
Detection and correction methods like CRC, checksum, and Hamming are
detailed.
8. Write short notes on various topics.
Answer: i. DDNS ii. TELNET iii. HTTP iv. DNS v. Piggybacking. All explained
briefly with examples.
9. Explain IPv4 and IPv6 frame structures and advantages.
Answer: IPv4 uses 32-bit addressing, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addressing for
expanded capabilities. Frame structures and differences are detailed.
10. Difference between IPv4 and IPv6.
Answer: IPv4 is limited in address space, lacks built-in security, while IPv6
offers larger address space and better protocol optimization. Detailed
comparison provided.
11. Which network layer protocol is responsible for address resolution?
Answer: ARP resolves IP to MAC, and RARP resolves MAC to IP. Their roles in
TCP/IP model discussed.
12. Explain the role of Firewalls and their types.
Answer: Firewalls secure networks by filtering traffic. Types include
packet-filtering, proxy, and stateful firewalls.
13. Discuss DHCP protocol and its role at the network layer.
Answer: DHCP automates IP address allocation, making network management
efficient.
14. What is congestion? Causes and control mechanisms.
Answer: Congestion occurs due to network resource overload. Control
techniques like congestion avoidance and window adjustments discussed.
15. Interpret SNMP protocol.
Answer: SNMP manages network devices through monitoring and configuration
commands.
16. Unicast routing protocol with forwarding protocol.
Answer: Routing protocols like RIP, OSPF ensure efficient unicast routing.
17. Examine the CSMA/CA protocol.
Answer: CSMA/CA prevents collisions in wireless networks by using backoff
and acknowledgment mechanisms.
18. Performance parameters in transmission media.
Answer: Bandwidth, delay, jitter, and packet loss affect transmission. Impact
explained.
19. Explain multiplexing: TDM, WDM, FDM.
Answer: Multiplexing allows multiple signals on a single medium. Comparisons
provided.
20. Short notes: Bluetooth, FTP, WWW, Email, URL.
Answer: Detailed overview provided for each.
21. ALOHA protocol usage.
Answer: ALOHA and slotted ALOHA improve random access efficiency.
22. What is bandwidth?
Answer: Bandwidth measures data transfer capacity.
23. Wired and Wireless LAN.
Answer: Differences in setup, performance, and security between wired and
wireless LANs.
24. Quality of Service at transport layer.
Answer: QoS ensures reliable, prioritized transport, critical in real-time
communications.
