UNIT-I: Web GIS Introduction, Web Services, Frameworks, & Libraries

1. What is Web GIS, and how does it differ from traditional GIS?

o Web GIS is an online GIS system that allows users to interact with spatial data through web
applications. Unlike traditional GIS, it operates on the internet and enables remote access to
GIS tools and services.

2. What are web services, and why are they important in Web GIS?

o Web services are standardized methods of communication between applications over the
internet. In Web GIS, they allow for the sharing and processing of geospatial data across
different platforms.

3. What are some commonly used Web GIS frameworks and libraries?

o Some popular Web GIS frameworks and libraries include Leaflet.js, OpenLayers, ArcGIS API
for JavaScript, and Mapbox GL JS.

4. How does a REST API work in the context of Web GIS?

o A REST API allows Web GIS applications to communicate with GIS servers using HTTP
requests. It enables operations like querying spatial data, retrieving maps, and performing
spatial analysis.

5. What is interoperability in Web GIS?

o Interoperability refers to the ability of different GIS software and systems to work together,
enabling seamless data exchange and functionality across platforms.

UNIT-II: Query Overview / Review

1. What is a query in GIS, and why is it important?

o A query in GIS is a request to retrieve specific spatial or non-spatial data from a database. It
helps in analyzing and visualizing relevant geographic information.

2. What is the difference between spatial and attribute queries?

o Spatial queries retrieve data based on location (e.g., "Find all schools within 5 km of a
hospital"), whereas attribute queries retrieve data based on specific attributes (e.g., "Find all
cities with a population greater than 1 million").

3. What query languages are commonly used in GIS applications?

o SQL (Structured Query Language) is the most common language used in GIS databases to
perform attribute and spatial queries.

4. What is a buffer query in GIS?

o A buffer query creates a zone around a spatial feature (e.g., a river or road) to analyze its
surroundings within a certain distance.

5. How does indexing improve query performance in GIS databases?

o Indexing speeds up queries by organizing spatial data efficiently, reducing search time when
retrieving geographic features.
UNIT-III: Object Oriented JavaScript, Namespacing, Constructor Functions & Prototypal Inheritance, Insights
into jQuery

1. What is Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in JavaScript?

o OOP in JavaScript is a programming paradigm that allows developers to create objects with
properties and methods, enabling better code organization and reusability.

2. What is namespacing in JavaScript, and why is it useful?

o Namespacing prevents variable and function name conflicts in JavaScript by grouping related
code under a unique identifier.

3. How does prototypal inheritance work in JavaScript?

o In JavaScript, objects can inherit properties and methods from other objects using
prototypes, allowing for shared functionalities without duplicating code.

4. What are constructor functions in JavaScript?

o Constructor functions are special functions used to create and initialize new objects with
predefined properties and methods.

5. What is jQuery, and how does it help in Web GIS development?

o jQuery is a JavaScript library that simplifies tasks like DOM manipulation, event handling, and
AJAX calls, making it useful for building interactive GIS applications.

UNIT-IV: Google Maps JavaScript API & Geolocation

1. What is the Google Maps JavaScript API used for?

o It allows developers to embed Google Maps in web applications, customize maps, and add
features like markers, routes, and geolocation.

2. What is geolocation, and how is it implemented using the Google Maps API?

o Geolocation determines a user's location using GPS, Wi-Fi, or IP address. The Google Maps
API provides the navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition() method to access this feature.

3. How can markers be added to a Google Map using the API?

o Markers are added using the new google.maps.Marker() function, specifying latitude,
longitude, and other properties.

4. What are map layers in Google Maps API?

o Map layers allow additional data to be displayed on a map, such as traffic, terrain, or satellite
imagery.

5. What is reverse geocoding in Google Maps API?

o Reverse geocoding converts latitude and longitude coordinates into a human-readable

address.

UNIT-V: PHP Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

 1. What is Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in PHP?

o OOP in PHP is a programming approach that uses classes and objects to organize and manage
code efficiently.

2. What is encapsulation in PHP?

o Encapsulation is the concept of restricting direct access to an object's properties and

methods, allowing controlled access through getters and setters.

3. What is polymorphism in PHP?

o Polymorphism allows different classes to use the same method name while implementing
different behaviors.

4. What are magic methods in PHP?

o Magic methods are predefined methods in PHP (e.g., __construct(), __destruct(), __get(),
__set()) that provide additional functionality when working with objects.

5. What is the difference between an abstract class and an interface in PHP?

o An abstract class can have both implemented and unimplemented methods, whereas an
interface only contains method signatures that must be implemented in derived classes.

UNIT-VI: PHP MVC Frameworks - Part 1

1. What is the MVC architecture in PHP frameworks?

o MVC (Model-View-Controller) is a design pattern that separates application logic (Model),

user interface (View), and control flow (Controller).

2. What is the role of the Model in an MVC framework?

o The Model handles data logic and database interactions in an MVC application.

3. What is the purpose of a Controller in MVC?

o The Controller manages user input and coordinates between the Model and View.

4. What are some popular PHP MVC frameworks?

o Laravel, CodeIgniter, Symfony, and Yii are commonly used PHP MVC frameworks.

5. How do you install and configure a PHP MVC framework?

o It typically involves using Composer, configuring a database, and setting up routes, models,
views, and controllers.

UNIT-VII: PHP MVC Frameworks - Part 2

1. What is Active Record in PHP MVC frameworks?

o Active Record is a pattern that simplifies database interaction by representing database rows
as objects.

2. What is Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) in PHP?

 o ORM is a technique that converts database tables into PHP objects, making database
operations easier and reducing SQL code.

3. What is the difference between raw SQL queries and ORM?

o Raw SQL queries are manually written, while ORM provides an abstraction layer, allowing
developers to use PHP objects instead of direct SQL statements.

4. What are migrations in PHP frameworks?

o Migrations are version control systems for databases that allow developers to track and
manage schema changes.

5. How can you connect a PHP application to a database using an MVC framework?

o By configuring database settings in the framework’s configuration file and using models to
interact with the database.

UNIT-VIII: Real-time Applications

1. What is a real-time web application?

o A real-time web application updates data dynamically without requiring a page reload.

2. What technologies are commonly used for real-time applications?

o WebSockets, AJAX, Node.js, and Firebase are commonly used for real-time updates.

3. How does WebSockets enable real-time communication?

o WebSockets establish a continuous connection between the server and client, allowing
instant data transfer.

4. What is AJAX, and how is it used in real-time applications?

o AJAX allows web pages to send and receive data asynchronously, enabling dynamic content
updates.

5. What are some examples of real-time applications?

o Live chat, stock market updates, multiplayer games, and GPS tracking applications.