mÙkj izns'k yksd lsok vk;ksx (UPPSC)

lhlSV

xf.kr
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 UPPSC DLP fo"k; lwph (Contents)

1- ?kkrkad] dj.kh ,oa ljyhdj.k 5 – 18

2- egÙke lekiorZd ,oa y?kqÙke lekioR;Z 19 – 33

3- le;] nwjh vkSj pky 34 – 56

4- le; vkSj dk;Z 57 – 81

5- vk;q lacaèkh iz'u 82 – 94

6- {ks=kfefr µ f}foeh; 95 – 109

7- f=kfoeh; vkÑfr;k¡ µ {ks=kiQy rFkk vk;ru 110 – 124

8- vk/kjHkwr chtxf.kr 125 – 134

 vè;k;
?kkrkad] dj.kh ,oa ljyhdj.k
1 (Indices, Surds and Simplification)

vc rd geus fofHkUu izdkj dh la[;kvksa (le] ?kkrkad dgrs gSaA tSls 25 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 ⇒ 2 vkèkkj]
fo"ke] HkkT;] vHkkT;] ifjes;] vifjes;] n'keyo&fHkUu] 5 ?kkrkad
vkfn) ds ckjs esa i<+k gS rFkk mudh fofHkUu xf.krh; uksV%
lafØ;kvksa ds ckjs esa tkuk gSA iz'uksa dks gy djrs le; 1. am × an = am+n
dbZ ckj tfVy vadxf.krh; in izkIr gks tkrs gSa] ftuesa am
2. = a m−n
tksM+] ?kVko] xq.kk] Hkkx] ckj] dks"Bd vkfn mifLFkr gksrs an
gaSA bl vè;k; esa ge bl izdkj ds vadxf.krh; inksa dks 3. ;fn ax = ay rks x = y
ljy djuk lh[ksaxs 4. ;fn ax = bx rks a = b
5. (am)n = am×n = (an)m
BODMAS fu;e 6. a −m = m
1
a
−m m
fdlh Hkh xf.krh; O;atd ds ljyhdj.k esa gesa tksM+] a b
7.   =  
?kVko] xq.kk] Hkkx] ^dk* vkSj dks"Bd bR;kfn dh lafØ;k,¡ b a
0 1
djuh iM+ ldrh gaSA bu lafØ;kvksa dks djus esa ,d fuf'pr 8. a = 1, a = a
Øe dk ikyu fd;k tkrk gS ftls la{ksi esa BODMAS mnkgj.k% 3x + 3x+1 + 3x+2 + 3x+3 = 360 rks x = ?
fu;e dgrs gSaA gy% 3x + 3x × 31 + 3x ×32 + 3x × 33 = 360
B → Bracket (dks"Bd) ⇒ 3x (1+3 + 9 + 27) = 360
O → of (dk) ⇒ 3x × 40 = 360
⇒ 3x = 9 = 32
D → Division (Hkkx)
⇒ x=2
M → Multiplication (xq.kk)
A → Addition (tksM+uk)
S → Subtraction (?kVkuk)
dj.kh (Surds)
dks"Bdksa dks Hkh gy djrs le; ge ,d fuf'pr Øe ;fn fdlh la[;k dk ewy iw.kZr% Kkr ugha fd;k tk
dk ikyu djrs gSa& ldrk] rks ml ewy dks dj.kh dgrs gSAa tSl&s 5 , 3 11, 4 2
js[kk dks"Bd → NksVk dks"Bd → e>yk dks"Bd → uksV%
cM+k dks"Bd 1 1 1

mnkgj.k% 1 ÷ 2×3+{5+(4 − 3+1 + 2} = ? = 5) 2 , 3 5 (5) 3

5 (= vFkkZr~ n a = a n
vxj a, b èkukRed ifjes; la[;k,¡ rFkk m, n èkukRed
gy% 1 ÷ 2×3+{5+(4 − 3+1 + 2}
iw.kk±d gksa rks&
= [1÷ 2 × 3 + {5 + (4 – 4 + 2)}]
( a)
n
n
1  1. =a
=  ×3+{5+2}
 2  m n mn n m
2. a
= =a a
3  17 
=  + 7 =   3. n
a= m
a m/n
2  2
n
4. a . b = n ab
n

?kkrkad (Indices) a n
a
5. n = n
;fn fdlh la[;k a dks n ckj xq.kk fd;k tk,] tSls b b
a × a × a ×......n ckj = an rks a dks vk/kj vkSj n dks 6. n
a .n a .n a .... nosa in rd = a
6 lhlSV&xf.kr

djf.k;ksa dk ljyhdj.k 1 1 1
6 6 = (6) 6 = (62 ) 6×2 = (36)12
;fn fdlh dj.kh esa fdlh nwljh la[;k ;k dj.kh ls 1
xq.kk djus ij iw.kk±d izkIr gksrk gS rks bl izfØ;k dks 12 12 = (12)12
ifjes;hdj.k dgrs gSaA 1 1 1 1
 (64)12 > (36)12 > (27)12 > (12)12
tSls& 5 5 × 5 54 = 5 vr% ;gk¡ 5 5 dk ifjes;dkjh 12
∴ 12 < 4 3 < 6 6 < 2
xq.kd 5 54 gS rFkk 5 54 dk ifjes;dkjh xq.kd 5 5 gSA
⇒ ( x− y ) izdkj dh djf.k;ksa dk ifjes;hdj.k izeq[k chtxf.krh; lw=k
djus ds fy;s ge buds la;qXeh ls bUgsa xq.kk djrs gSaA 1. (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
tSls% ( x− y ×) ( x + y ) =−x y 2.
3.
(a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab
a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
vr% ( x+ y ) vkSj ( x − y ) ,d&nwljs ds 4. (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
ifjes;dkjh xq.kd gSaA 5. (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)
6. a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)
djf.k;ksa dh rqyuk 7. a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
3
1 1  1
pw¡fd leku ?kkr okyh djf.k;ksa esa] cM+h la[;k okyh ⇒ x3 +
3
=  x +  − 3 x + 
dj.kh cM+h gksrh gS] vr% djf.k;ksa dh rqyuk djus ds fy;s x  x   x 
2 2
ge mUgsa leku ?kkr okyh djf.k;ksa esa ifjofrZr dj nsrs gSaA 1  1   1
⇒ x2 + 2 =  x +  − 2 =  x −  + 2
mnkgj.k% x  x  x
8. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
fuEufyf[kr djf.k;ksa dks vkjksgh Øe esa ltk,¡
9. (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc)
2 , 4 3 , 6 6 , 12 12 = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
1 1 1
gy% 2= (2) 2 = 6 2×6
(2 ) = (64)12 ;fn a + b + c = 0 gks] rks a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
1 1 1 10. (a2 + b2) – (a2 – b2) = 2(a2 + b2)
4 3 = (3) 4 = (33 ) 4×3 = (27)12 11. (a + b)2 – (a – b)2 = 4ab

vH;kl iz'u
1. fuEufyf[kr dks vkjksgh Øe esa O;ofLFkr dhft;s (a) 7 o"kZ (b) 5 o"kZ
vkSj uhps fn;s gq, dwV ls lgh mÙkj nhft;s% (c) 4 o"kZ (d) 3 o"kZ
(i) 2 (ii) 3
3 UPPCS (Pre), 2017
(iii) 6
6 (iv) 4
5 A B C A+B+C
3. ;fn = = , rks dk eku gksxk%
3 4 7 C
dwV% (a) 1 (b) 2
(a) (i), (ii), (iv) rFkk (iii) (c) 3
(b) (iii), (ii), (ii) rFkk (iv) (d) mi;qZDr esa ls dksbZ ugha
(c) (ii), (i), (iii) rFkk (iv) UPPCS (Pre), 2016
(d) (iii), (i), (ii) rFkk (iv) 4. ;fn a = 0.25 , b = 0.25, c = (0.25)2 rFkk d =
UPPCS (Pre), 2017 0.05] rc
2. ,d firk dh mez mlds iq=k dh mez dh ukS xquh (a) a < b < c < d (b) b < c < d < a
gS rFkk ekrk dh mez ml iq=k dh mez dh vkB xquh (c) d < c < b < a
gSA firk vkSj ekrk dh mez dk ;ksxiQy 51 o"kZ gSA (d) mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ugha
iq=k dh mez D;k gS\ UPPCS (Pre), 2014
?kkrkad] dj.kh ,oa ljyhdj.k 11

mÙkjekyk
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (d)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (d)
31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (a) 35. (b) 36. (c) 37. (d) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (a)
41. (c) 42. (b) 43. (c) 44. (a) 45. (a ) 46. (a) 47. (d) 48. (b) 49. (b) 50. (c)
51. (a) 52. (a) 53. (b) 54. (c) 55. (c) 56. (d) 57. (c) 58. (a) 59. (c) 60. (d)
61. (b) 62. (b) 63. (b) 64. (a) 65. (c) 66. (c) 67. (c) 68. (d) 69. (b) 70. (c)
71. (a) 72. (c) 73. (b) 74. (c) 75. (d) 76. (b) 77. (b)

vH;kl ç'uksa ds gy
1 1 1 x 2 + 4x 2 + 4x + 1 58
1. = 2
2 2= ( 26 )12= 6412
2x 2 + x
=
21
1 1 1 (5x2 + 4x + 1)21 = 58 (2x2 + x)
=
3 3 3
3= ( )
3 4 12
= 8112
105x2 + 84x + 21 = 116x2 + 58x
1 1 1 116x2 – 105x2 = 84x – 58x + 21
6 6
6 6=
= ( 62 )12= 3612
2
11x2 = 26x + 21
1 1 1 11x – 26x – 21 = 0
4 4
5 5=
= (53 )12= 12512 11x2 – 33x + 7x – 21 = 0
vr% (iii), (i), (ii) rFkk (iv) 11x (x – 3) + 7(x –3) = 0
(x – 3) (11x + 7) = 0
2. ekuk iq=k dh mez = x −7
firk dh mez = 9x x = 3, x =
11
ekrk dh mez = 8x vr% fHkUu =
3
=
3
9x + 8x = 51 3× 2 +1 7
17x = 51 ⇒ x = 3  
 
A B C 6- 20  39 – 28  71 – 44 121  
3. pw¡fd = =   
3 4 7  
vr% A = 3, B = 4 rFkk C = 7 j[kus ij]
( )
 
3+ 4+7 14 = 20  39 − 28 71 − 44 × 11 
= =2  
7 7  
4. a = .25 = .5  
b = .25
= 20  39 − 28

( 71 − 22 

)
c = (.25)2 = .0625
d = .05 = 20 39 − 28 × 7 = 20 39 − 14
vr% Li"V gS fd d < c < b < a = 20 ×= 5 100
= 10
1
5. ekuk fHkUu dk va'k x gSA 7-  x +  = 4
\ fHkUu dk gj = 2x + 1  x
iz'ukuqlkj] nksuksa vksj oxZ djus ij]
x 2x + 1 16 1 1
+ = 2 ⇒ x2 + 2
+ 2x 16
=
2x + 1 x 21 x x
x 2 + ( 2x + 1)
2
58 2 1
= ⇒ x + = 16 − 2 = 14
x ( 2x + 1) 21 x2
 vè;k;
egÙke lekiorZd ,oa y?kqÙke lekioR;Z
2 (H.C.F. and L.C.M.)

vadxf.kr dks i<+us ds Øe esa ;g vè;k; (y?kqÙke mnkgj.k% izFke 158 la[;kvksa esa 3 osQ oqQy fdrus
lekioR;Z rFkk egÙke lekiorZd) egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk vioR;Z (Multiple) gksaxs\
gSA y-l- rFkk e-l- dk iz;ksx dj ijh{kk esa rhoz xfr ls 158 
gy% 3 ds dqy vioR;ks± dh la[;k =   =
iz'uksa dks gy fd;k tk ldrk gS] lkFk gh le; dh cpr  3 
Hkh gksrh gSA ,d vksj tgk¡ dqN vè;k;ksa_ tSlsµ le; rFkk [52.66] ⇒ 52
nwwjh] dk;Z rFkk le;] ikbi rFkk Vadh esa y-l- rFkk e-l-
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ogha dqN iz'uksa tSls vfèkdre lekiorZd rFkk lekioR;Z (Common
lkbt dh Vkby] vfèkdre yackbZ dk Vsi rFkk dqN la[;kvksa Factor and Common Multiple)
okys iz'u lhèks&lhèks y-l- rFkk e-l- ij gh vkèkkfjr gksrs gSaA
nks ;k nks ls vfèkd la[;kvksa dk lekiorZd
iz'uksa dks gy djrs le; izk;% lekiorZd (Common
(Common Factor) og la[;k gksrh gS tks nh xbZ lHkh
Factor) rFkk xq.kt ;k lekioR;Z (Common Multiple) dk
la[;kvksa dks iw.kZr% foHkkftr dj ldsA
iz;ksx gksxk] vkb;s le>rs gSaA tSls& 12, 18 rFkk 30 ds lekiorZd 2, 3 rFkk 6
gksaxs D;ksafd rhuksa la[;k,¡ 2, 3 rFkk 6 ls iw.kZr% foHkkftr
xq.ku[kaM rFkk xq.kt gksrh gSaA
(Factor and Multiple) nks ;k nks ls vfèkd la[;kvksa dk lekioR;Z og la[;k
gksrh gS tks nh xbZ lHkh la[;kvksa ls iw.kZr% foHkkftr gksA
fdlh nh xbZ la[;k dk xq.ku[kaM og la[;k gS tks tSls] ‘45’ ; 1, 3, 5, 9, 15 rFkk 45 ls iw.kZr% foHkkftr
ml la[;k dks iw.kZr% foHkkftr djrh gSA gksrk gSA vr% 45; 1, 3, 5, 9, 15 rFkk 45 dk ,d lekioR;Z
tSls& 24, 6 ls iw.kZr% foHkkftr gksrk gSA (Multiple) gSA
rks 6, 24 dk ,d xq.ku[kaM gksxkA
tcfd] ;fn dksbZ la[;k] fdlh vU; la[;k ls iw.kZr%
egÙke lekiorZd rFkk y?kqÙke lekioR;Z
foHkkftr gksrh gS rks igys okyh la[;k] Hkkx nsus okyh (Highest Common Factor and Least
la[;k dk xq.kt ;k vioR;Z (Multiple) dgykrh gSA Common Multiple)
tSls& 32, 8 ls iw.kZr% foHkkftr gksrk gS nks ;k nks ls vfèkd la[;kvksa dk e-l- (HCF) og
rks 32, 8 dk ,d vioR;Z gSA cM+h ls cM+h la[;k gksrh gS ftlls nh xbZ lHkh la[;k,¡
iw.kZr% foHkkftr gks ldsA
nh xbZ izkÑfrd la[;kvksa esa fdlh la[;k ds vioR;Z@ tcfd nks ;k nks ls vfèkd la[;kvksa dk y-l- (LCM)
xq.kt dh la[;k Kkr djuk& og NksVh ls NksVh la[;k gksrh gS tks nh xbZ lHkh la[;kvksa
izFke n izkÑr la[;kvksa esa a ds dqy vioR;ks± dh }kjk iw.kZr% foHkkftr gks ldsA
n  tSls& 6, 15, 18 dk e-l- (HCF) = 3
la[;k =  
a  (D;ksafd 3 og cM+h ls cM+h la[;k gS ftlls 6, 15
tgk¡] [ ] → vfèkdre iw.kk±d iQyu vFkkZr~ [  ] ds vanj rFkk 18 iw.kZr% foHkkftr gksrh gSA)
dh la[;k dk eku ges'kk iw.kk±d gh cprk gS] 'ks"k la[;k 6, 15 o 18 dk y-l- (LCM) = 180
gV tkrh gSA (D;ksafd 180 og NksVh ls NksVh la[;k gS tks 6, 15
tSls& [1.22] ⇒ 1, [5.99] ⇒ 5, [.99] ⇒ 0 rFkk 18 rhuksa ls iw.kZr% foHkkftr gksrh gSA)
 vè;k;
le;] nwjh vkSj pky
3 (Time, Distance and Speed)

xfr] le;] nwjh] pky bR;kfn ij ç'u mnkgj.k

1. vxj jke us viuh ;k=kk ds 'kq#vkrh 15 fdeh- 1
bl çdkj ds ç'uksa dks gy djus ds fy;s gesa dqN
?kaVs esa rFkk mlds ckn ds 15 fdeh- 1.5 ?kaVs esa
vkèkkjHkwr voèkkj.kkvksa dks le>uk gksxkA ge mUgsa ,d&,d
r; fd;s rks mldh vkSlr pky fdruh gksxh\
djds le>uk 'kq: djrs gSaA egÙoiw.kZ ;g gS fd bUgha
15 + 15 30
voèkkj.kkvks a dk ç;ks x lkekU; ekufld ;ks X ;rk gy% Sav = = = 12 fdeh- @?kaVk
1 + 1.5 2.5
(Reasoning) ds ^fn'kk ijh{k.k* ,oa ^xfr ,oa fn'kk ls   vr% jke dh vkSlr pky = 12 fdeh-@?kaVk
lacafèkr xzkiQ* esa Hkh gksxkA vr% vko';d gS fd vki bu 2. ;fn jke us S1 pky ls d1 nwjh r; dh rFkk fiQj
vkèkkjHkwr voèkkj.kkvksa dks le>sa vkSj ç'uksa dk i;kZIr S2 pky ls d2 nwjh r; dh] rks mldh vkSlr pky
vH;kl djsa& fdruh gS\
xfr% d1
gy% d1 nwjh r; djus esa yxk le; =
S1
;fn dksbZ O;fDr ;k oLrq le; ds lkis{k viuh fLFkfr
d
(Position) ifjofrZr djrk gS vFkkZr~ vius vkjafHkd LFkku d2 nwjh r; djus esa yxk le; = 2
S2
;k fcanq ls fdlh vU; LFkku ;k fcanq ij tkrk gS rks ge dqy nwjh d + d2
∴ vkSlr pky = = 1
dgrs gSa fd og xfr'khy gSA dqy yxk le; d1 d 2
+
S1 S2
3.;fn jke S1 pky ls t1 le; rd pyk rFkk fiQj
S2 pky ls t2 le; rd pyk rks mldh vkSlr
pky fdruh gS\
;fn xfr'khy O;fDr ;k oLrq t le; esa d nwjh r; gy% t1 le; esa r; nwjh = S1t1
djrk gS rks t2 le; esa r; nwjh = S2t2
S t +S t
∴ vkSlr pky Sav = 1 1 2 2
t1 + t 2
nwjh d uksV%
mldh = pky = s = speed = pky
le; t (i) vxj dksbZ O;fDr S1 pky ls t le; pys vkSj fiQj
d = distance = nwjh
vc pw¡fd S2 pky ls Hkh leku le; t rd gh pys rks mldh
t = time = le;
⇒ d = st = pky × le; vkSlr pky
S1t + S2 t t (S1 + S2 )
d nwjh Sav = =
t
= = t+t 2t
s pky
S1 + S2
vkSlr pky% Sav =
2
fdlh ds }kjk r; dh xbZ dqy nwjh dks dqy le; ls vFkkZr~ vxj dbZ fofHkUu pkyksa ls leku le;karjky
Hkkx nsus ij vkSlr pky çkIr gksrh gSA rd ;k=kk,¡ dh tk,¡ rks
d1 + d 2 + d 3 + ......... lHkh pkyksa dk ;ksx
Sav = vkSlr pky =
t1 + t 2 + t 3 + ......... pkyksa dh la[;k

 vè;k;
le; rFkk dk;Z
4 (Time & Work)

fdlh dk;Z dks djus esa yxus okyk le; rFkk ml ekuk ;fn dksbZ O;fDr fdlh dk;Z dks n fnu esa iwjk
dk;Z ds chp dk lacaèk gh ^le; ,oa dk;Z* gSA bl vè;k; djrk gS rks]
esa blh lacaèkksa ds vkèkkj ij iz'u gksaxsA dk;Z ,oa etnwjh 1
O;fDr ds 1 fnu dk dk;Z =
Hkh blh vè;k; dk Hkkx gSA bl vè;k; dh ladYiuk n
(Concept) gsrq iz'uksa dk foLr`r gy ,oa izfr;ksfxrk ijh{kk 5
O;fDr
ds 5 fnu dk dk;Z =
esa iz'uksa dks gy djus gsrq feyus okys de le; dks è;ku n
n
esa j[krs gq, y?kq fofèk (Short Method) }kjk Hkh gy fn;k O;fDr ds n fnu dk dk;Z = =1
n
x;k gSA
uksV% vkSipkfjd fofèk esa dk;Z dks lnSo 1 ds :i
bl vè;k; esa fofHkUu izdkj ds iz'uksa dk lekos'k esa ekuk tkrk gSA
fd;k x;k gSA
3. (A) fdlh O;fDr dh dk;Z{kerk ftruh vfèkd
dqN egRoiw.kZ fcanq% gksrh gS] og dk;Z lekIr djus esa mruk gh
O;fDr dh dk;Z{kerk% bdkbZ le; esa O;fDr
1. (A) de le; ysrk gS vFkkZr~
1
}kjk fd;k x;k dk;Z gh ml O;fDr dh {kerk dk;Z {kerk ∝
gksrh gSA (;gk¡ bdkbZ le;] fnu] ?kaVk] feuV] dyq fy;k x;k le;
o"kZ bR;kfn ds :i esa gks ldrk gS)A (B) ftl O;fDr dh dk;Z{kerk vfèkd gksxh] mldh
O;fDr dh {kerk ftruh ”;knk gksxh] dk;Z etnwjh Hkh vfèkd gksrh gSA
mrus gh de le; esa gksxk rFkk O;fDr dh dk;Z{kerk ∝ etnwjh
{kerk ftruh de gksxh] dk;Z mrus vfèkd (C) ;fn dksbZ O;fDr vfèkd dk;Z djsxk rks mls
le; esa gksxkA etnwjh vfèkd feysxh vkSj de dk;Z djus
1 ij de etnwjh feysxhA
le; ∝
O;fDr dh {kerk dk;Z ∝ etnwjh
(B) O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k% O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k 4. ;fn ‘M1’ O;fDr ‘T1’ ?kaVs dk;Z djrs gq, ‘D1’
ftruh de gksxh] dk;Z lekIr gksus esa mruk fnu esa ‘W1’ dk;Z djrs gSa vkSj ‘M2’ O;fDr izfrfnu
gh vfèkd le; yxsxk rFkk la[;k ftruh ‘T2’ ?kaVs dk;Z djrs gq, ‘D2’ fnu esa ‘W2’ dk;Z
”;knk gksxh le; mruk gh de yxsxkA djs rksµ
1 M1D1T1 M 2 D 2 T2
le; ∝ =
O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k W1 W2
dk;Z% dk;Z ;fn c<+ tk,] ysfdu mldks iwoZ fuèkkZfjr zzblesa nks ;k nks ls vfèkd O;fDr;ksa }kjk fdlh dk;Z
le; ij gh [kRe djuk gks rks O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k dks vyx&vyx lekIr djus esa yxs fnuksa dh la[;k
esa o`f¼ djuh gksxhA nh tkrh gS rFkk lHkh osQ }kjk feydj laiw.kZ dk;Z
;g o`f¼ mlh vuqikr esa gksxh] ftl vuqikr esa dk;Z lekIr djus esa yxs fnuksa dh la[;k iwNh tkrh gSA
esa o`f¼ gksxhA tSls& P O;fDr fdlh dk;Z dks L fnu esa rFkk Q
dk;Z ∝ O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k O;fDr M fnu esa iwjk djrk gS rks P rFkk Q }kjk
1 feydj dk;Z lekIr djusa es yxs fnuksa dh la[;k
2. O;fDr ds 1 fnu dk dk;Z =
liaw.kZ dk;Z esa fy;s L×M
=
x, fnukas dh la[Õkk L+M
 vè;k;
vk;q lacaèkh iz'u
5 (Problem Based on Age)

izfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa esa iwNs tkus okys vk;q ls lacafèkr \ 1 ;wfuV = 4 o"kZ
vfèkdka'k iz'uksa dks fodYiksa dh lgk;rk ls vklkuh ls gy \ 5 ;wfuV = 4 × 5 = 20 o"kZ
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
zz;fn A o B dh orZeku vk;q dk vuqikr fn;k
fdarq dqN iz'uksa esa ;g fofèk cgqr vfèkd le; ys
gks rFkk dqN o"kZ ckn ;k igys dk vuqikr Hkh
ldrh gSA vr% bl izdkj ds iz'uksa dks gy djus ds fy;s
fn;k gks rcµ
y?kq fofèk;ksa (Short tricks) dks tkuuk vko';d gSA
nlw js vuqikr dk varj × le; dk varj
zzA, B ls mruk gh cM+k gS] ftruk fd og C ls x=
nksuksa vuqikr ds frjNs xq.kuiQy dk varj
NksVk gS rksµ
mnkgj.k 1. ';ke rFkk lqanj dh orZeku vk;q dk
B dh vk;q + C dh vk;q
A dh vk;q = vuqikr 2 : 3 gSA 12 o"kks± esa ;g vuqikr 5 : 6 gks tk,xkA
2
mnkgj.k% ,drk] ijh ls mruh gh cM+h gS] ftruh A dh orZeku vk;q Kkr dhft;sµ
og fguk ls NksVh gSA ;fn ijh o fguk dh vk;q dk ;ksx nlw js vuiqkr dk vUrj × le; dk vUrj
gy% x =
42 o"kZ gks rks ,drk dh vk;q fdruh gS\ frjNs vuqikr ds xq.kuiQy dk vUrj
ijh dh vk;q + fguk dh vk;q (6 − 5) × 12 1× 12 12
gy% ,drk dh vk;q = x= = = = 4
2 (5 × 3 − 6 × 2) 15 − 12 3
42 A dh vk;q = 2x = 2 × 4 = 8 o"kZ
,drk dh vk;q = ⇒ 21 o"kZ
2
zzA rFkk B dh vk;q dk ;ksx x rFkk vuqikr vFkok
p : q gSA rcµ igys vuqikr 2 : 3
A dh vk;q = +3 +3 3 ;wfuV → 12o"kZ
A dk vui q kr (p) ckn esa vuqikr 5 : 6 1 ;wfuV → 4 o"kZ
×x
A o B ds vui q kr dk ;ksx (p + q) \A dh vk;q = 2 ;wfuV = 2 × 4 = 8 o"kZ
B dh vk;q =
uksV% ;g fofèk dsoy rHkh iz;ksx djsa] tc vuqikr
B dk vui q kr (q)
×x dk varj leku gksA tSls ;gk¡ 5 o 2 dk varj 3 rFkk 3
A o B ds vui q kr dk ;ksx (p + q)
o 6 dk varj Hkh 3 gSA
mnkgj.k% A rFkk B dh orZeku vk;q dk vuqikr 5
: 8 gS rFkk orZeku vk;q dk ;ksx 52 o"kZ gSA A dh orZeku mnkgj.k 2. A rFkk B dh orZeku vk;q dk vuqikr
vk;q D;k gS\ 7 : 3 gSA 15 o"kZ igys ;g vuqikr 4 : 1 FkkA A dh orZeku

gy% A dh vk;q vk;q Kkr dhft;sµ

A dk vuqikr gy% ekuk A dh orZeku vk;q 7x rFkk B dh orZeku
= ×x
A o B ds vui q kr dk ;kxs vk;q 3x gSA
5 nlw js vuqikr dk varj × le; dk varj
= × 52 = 20 o"kZ \ x=
13 nksuksa vuqikr ds frjNs xq.kuiQy dk varj
vFkok (4 − 1) × 15
x=
Q (5 + 8) ;wfuV = 52 o"kZ (12 – 7)
 vè;k;
{ks=kfefr&f}foeh;
6 (Mensuration-Two Dimensional)

fdlh vkÑfr }kjk ,d gh ry esa ?ksjs x, {ks=k dh gy% A

eki dks {ks=kiQy dgk tkrk gS rFkk {ks=k dks ?ksjus okyh
js[kk ;k js[kk[kaMksa dh dqy yackbZ dks mldk ifjeki dgrs gSAa
10 lseh-
f}foeh; (Two Dimensional) vkÑfr;k¡ os gSa ftudk
foLrkj fliQZ ,d gh ry esa gksrk gS vFkkZr~ muesa yackbZ]
45°
pkSM+kbZ gksrh gS ysfdu eksVkbZ ;k Å¡pkbZ ugha gksrhA tSls B C
f=kHkqt] vk;r] o`Ùk bR;kfnA vkb;s ge ,d&,d djds bu 5 2 lseh-
vkÑfr;ksa dk {ks=kiQy vkSj ifjeki fudkyuk lh[krs gSaA 1
∆ABC dk {ks=kiQy = ×10 × 5 2 × sin 45°
2
f=kHkqt (Triangle) 1 1
= × 50 2 × = 25 lseh-2
fp=k esa ,d f=kHkqt ABC fn[kk;k x;k gSA ;fn 'kh"kZ 2 2
A dh vkèkkj BC ls nwjh h gS vFkkZr~ A ls BC ij Mkys 2. ,d f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa dh yackb;k¡ fuEu fp=k esa
x, yac dh yackbZ h gS rks nh xbZ gSaA bldk {ks=kiQy fudkfy;sA
1. f=kHkqt ABC dk {ks=kiQy A
1 5 lseh-
= 2 × vkèkkj × Å¡pkbZ c
h
b 3 lseh-
1 B C 90°
ar ( ∆ABC ) = 2 × BC × h a
4 lseh-
uksV% lkekU;r% 'kh"kZ A ds lkeus okyh Hkqtk (BC) 1
dh yackbZ dks a ls] 'kh"kZ B ds lkeus okyh Hkqtk (AC) gy% f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy = × 4 × 3 = 6 lseh2
2
dks b ls rFkk 'kh"kZ C ds lkeus okyh Hkqtk (AB) dks c f}rh; fof/
ls ladsfrr fd;k tkrk gSA a+b+c 3 + 4 + 5 12
∴ s= = = =6
2. f=kHkqt ABC dk {ks=kiQy = s ( s − a ) ( s − b ) ( s − c ) 2 2 2

tgk¡ s = a + b + c ∴ ar ( ∆ABC ) = 6 ( 6 − 5 ) ( 6 − 4 ) ( 6 − 3)
2
lseh.2
= 6 × 1× 2 × 3 = 6
3. ;fn f=kHkqt dh dksbZ nks Hkqtk,¡ ,oa muds chp dk
dks.k fn;k x;k gks] fdlh Hkh f=kHkqt dk ifjeki = rhuksa Hkqtkvksa dh
A yackb;ksa dk ;ksx = a + b + c
vr% s f=kHkqt dk v¼Zifjeki gSA
c b
leckgq f=kHkqt (Equilateral Triangle)
B C
a ;gk¡ a = b = c
1 A
rks f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy = bc sinA ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = 60°
2 60°
mnkgj.k% 1- leckgq f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy c b
1. ∆ABC esa AC = 10 lseh-] BC = 5 2 lseh- vkSj 3
ar (∆ABC) = Hkqtk 2 60° 60°
∠C = 45° gks rks DABC dk {ks=kiQy D;k gksxk\ 4 B a C
 vè;k;
f=kfoeh; vkÑfr;k¡ – {ks=kiQy rFkk vk;ru
7 (3-Dimensional Figures – Area and Volume)

mu vkÑfr;ksa dks f=kfoeh; vkÑfr;k¡ dgk tkrk gS] ?kukHk (Cuboid)

ftuesa yackbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ ds lkFk&lkFk eksVkbZ ;k Å¡pkbZ Hkh
?kukHk esa yackbZ vkSj pkSMk+ bZ ds lkFk eksVkbZ Hkh gksrh gSA
gksrh gSA ;s vkÑfr;k¡ ,dryh; u gksdj Bksl oLrq,¡ gksrh
gSaA tSls& ?ku] ?kukHk] 'kadq] csyu] xksyk vkfnA ;g vk;rkdkj vkèkkj ij cuh ,d f=kfoeh; vkÑfr gSA

vk;ru (Volume)
fdlh Hkh f=kfoeh; oLrq }kjk ?ksjs x, LFkku dks mldk
vk;ru dgrs gSaA tSls&

ekuk fd ?kukHk dh yackbZ = l (length)

pkSM+kbZ = b (breadth)
rFkk Å¡pkbZ = h (height)
fp=k esa ?kukHk }kjk ?ksjk x;k LFkku = ?kukHk dk 1. vk;ru = yackbZ × pkSM+kbZ × Å¡pkbZ = lbh
vk;ru = l × b × h = lbh 2. ?kukHk dk laiw.kZ i`"B {ks=kiQy = lHkh 6 lrgksa ds
{ks=kiQy dk ;ksx = 2lb + 2bh + 2lh
i`"B {ks=kiQy (Surface Area)
= 2(lb + bh + lh)

3. ?kukHk ds fod.kZ dh yackbZ = l 2 + b 2 + h 2

uksV% fdlh Hkh ?kukHk ds vanj j[kh tk ldus okyh lcls
yach NM+ mlds fod.kZ dh yackbZ ds cjkcj gksrh gSA
fdlh Hkh oLrq dh lrgksa dk {ks=kiQy mldk i`"B {ks=kiQy = l 2 + b2 + h2
dgykrk gS] tSls fdlh ?ku ds ,d i`"B dk {ks=kiQy = a2
mnkgj.k% ,d 4 ehVj yacs vkSj 3 ehVj pkSM+s iyax
vr% bldk laiw.kZ i`"B {ks=kiQy = 6a2
ij ,d ePNjnkuh yxkbZ xbZ gSA ,d ePNj iyax
uksV%
ds ,d dksus ds ikl ls ePNjnkuh esa ?kqlk vkSj lhèks
1. vk;ru ds ek=kd (Units) = ehVj3] lseh-3] yhVj3]
mM+rs gq, ePNjnkuh ds fod.kZr% foijhr Åij okys
bR;kfnA
dksus esa tkdj cSB x;kA ;fn ePNj us dqy 26 ehVj
rFkk 1 eh-3 = 1000 yhVj
dh nwjh r; dh rks ePNjnkuh dk vk;ru fdruk gS\
2. {ks=kiQy ds ek=kd = ehVj2] lseh-2] bR;kfnA
1 ehVj2 = 100 lseh × 100 lseh-
gy% pw¡fd ePNjnkuh 4 eh- × 3 eh- ds iyax ij
= 10000 lseh2
yxh gSA
vc ge ,d&,d djds lHkh çeq[k f=kfoeh; Bksl mldh yackbZ = 4 ehVj
vkÑfr;ksa ds vk;ru vkSj i`"B {ks=kiQy fudkyuk pkSM+kbZ = 3 ehVj
lh[krs gSa& ekuk mldh Å¡pkbZ = h
 vè;k;
vkèkkjHkwr chtxf.kr
8 (Fundamentals of Algebra)

UPPCS esa bl vè;k; ls çR;{kr% ç'u lkekU;r% nks pj okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe
ugha iwNs tkrs] ysfdu bl vè;k; esa lehdj.kksa dks gy (Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables)
djus dh lh[kh xbZ fofèk;k¡ vU; vè;k;ksa ds ç'uksa dks gy
nks pj okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dk ewy:i%
djus esa dkiQh enn djrh gSAa fo'ks"kdj ,d?kkrh; lehdj.kksa a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
dks gy djukA
lehdj.k dh çÑfr
,d?kkrh; lehdj.k@jSf[kd lehdj.k
(Linear Equation) a1 b1
1. ;fn ≠ gks] rks lehdj.k ;qXe dk ,d vkSj
a 2 b2
,sls cgqin ftuesa pj jkf'k (Variables) (x, y, z
dsoy ,d gy gksxk vFkkZr~ vf}rh; gy gksxk rFkk
bR;kfn) dk vfèkdre ?kkr 1 gks mUgsa jSf[kd lehdj.k
,sls lehdj.k ;qXe dks laxr (Consistent) ;qXe
dgrs gSaA tSls&
dgrs gSaA
ax + b = 0 (,d pj okyk jSf[kd lehdj.k)
a b c1
tSls& 3x + 7 = 0 2. ;fn =
1
=
1
gks] rks lehdj.k ;qXe ds vusd
a2 b2 c2
2z – 5 = 0
x=3 ⇒ x–3=0 gy gksaxs vkSj ,sls lehdj.k ;qXe dks vkfJr ,oa
4y = 0 ⇒ 4y + 0 = 0 bR;kfnA laxr (Consistent and Dependent) ;qXe dgrs gSaA
fdlh ,d?kkrh; lehdj.k esa ftruh pj jkf'k;k¡ gksrh a b1 c1
3. ;fn =
1
≠ gks] rks lehdj.k ;qXe dk dksbZ
gSa] mUgsa gy djus ds fy;s mrus gh lehdj.kksa dh a2 b2 c2
vko';drk gksrh gSA gy ugha gksxk vkSj ,sls lehdj.k ;qXe dks vlaxr
tSls& 5x + 9 = 0 (Inconsistent) ;qXe dgrs gSaA
−9 uksV% nks pj okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe esa dsoy
⇒ x=
5 laxr ;qXe okys lehdj.k dks gy fd;k tkrk gS vkSj pw¡fd
⇒ ,d pj] vr% ,d gh lehdj.k ls pj dk eku vkfJr ;qXe ds vusd gy gksrs gaS blfy;s Kkr fdlh ,d
çkIr gks x;kA pj ds eku ds vkèkkj ij nwljs pj dk eku Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA
tSls& 5x + 2y = 9 …(1)
3x + 8y = 19 …(2) lehdj.k ;qXe dks gy djus dh fofèk %
lehdj.k (1) esa 4 ls xq.kk djus ls izkIr lehdj.k nks pj okys jSf[kd lehdj.k ;qXe dks eq[;r% rhu
esa lehdj.k (2) dks ?kVkus ij çdkj ls gy fd;k tkrk gS%
20x + 8y = 36
1. foyksiu fofèk (Elimination Method)
3x + 8y = 19
– – – 2. çfrLFkkiu fofèk (Substitution Method)
17x = 17 3. otzx.q ku fofèk (Method of Cross Multiplication)
x = 1, y = 2 1. foyksiu fofèk% bl fofèk esa lehdj.kksa esa xq.kk@
nks pj] vr% gy djus ds fy;s nks lehdj.kksa dh Hkkx djds fdlh ,d pj dks leku dj foyqIr
vko';drk iM+hA dj fn;k tkrk gSA mlh vkèkkj ij pjksa dk eku Kkr
uksV% fdlh lehdj.k esa ^cjkcj* fpÉ (=) ds nksuksa fd;k tkrk gSA
vksj ,d gh jkf'k ls xq.kk djus ij lehdj.k vifjofrZr tSls& 5x + 2y = 9 …(1)
jgrk gSA 3x + 8y = 19 …(2)