Chapter 01
Human Organism
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Anatomy and Physiology
ANATOMY
- body structure
- means to dissect
- gross or microscopic
-systemic or regional
PHYSIOLOGY
- processes, functions
- systemic physiology
- cellular physiology
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Anatomy and Physiology
Importance of Anatomy and Physiology
understand how the body:
- responds to stimuli
- environmental changes
- environmental cues
- diseases
- injury
- maintains stable, internal conditions
despite continually changing environment
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Anatomy and Physiology
Types of Anatomy
systemic:
studies body systems
regional:
studies body regions (medical schools)
surface:
studies external features, e.g., bone projections
anatomical imaging:
using technologies (x-rays, ultrasound, MRI)
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Structural and Functional Organization
Six levels from chemical to organism:
1. chemical:
smallest level
- atoms, chemical bonds, molecules
2. cellular:
- cells: basic units of life
- compartments and organelles
e.g., mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, cytoplasm
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Structural and functional Organization
3. tissues:
- group of cells with similar structure and
function plus extracellular substances they release
- four broad types:
epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous
4. organs:
- two or more tissue types acting together
to perform function(s)
- e.g., stomach, heart, liver,
ovary, bladder, kidney
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Structural and functional Organization
5. organ system:
- group of organs contributing to some function
- e.g., digestive system, reproductive system
6. organism:
- all organ systems working together
- includes associated microorganisms
such as intestinal bacteria
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Structural and functional Organization
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Structural and functional Organization
Major Organs of the Body
Figure 1.2
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Organ
Systems of
the Body
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Organ Systems of
the Body
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Characteristics of Life
Collectively, all living species show:
organization:
- functional interrelationships between parts
metabolism:
- sum of all chemical and physical changes
sustaining an organism
- ability to acquire and use energy in support of
these changes
responsiveness:
- ability to sense and respond to environmental
changes
- includes both internal and external environments
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Characteristics of Life
growth:
- can increase in size
- size of cells, groups of cells, extracellular
materials
development:
- changes in form and size
- changes in cell structure and function from
generalized to specialized - differentiation
reproduction:
- formation of new cells or new organisms
- generation of new individuals
- tissue repair
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Homeostasis
homeostasis
- maintenance of constant internal environment
variables: measures of body properties that may
change in value
Examples of variables:
body temperature blood glucose levels
heart rate blood cell counts
blood pressure respiratory rate
set point: normal, or average value of a variable
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Homeostasis
normal range: normal extent of increase or decrease around
a set point
example: over time, body temperature fluctuates around
a set point of about 98.6o
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Homeostasis
set points for some variables can be temporarily adjusted
depending on body activities, as needed:
examples common cause of change
body temperature fever
heart rate, blood pressure
respiratory rate exercise
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Homeostasis
negative feedback
- mechanism that maintains homeostasis
- negative feedback response:
detection: of deviation away from set point and...
correction: reversal of deviation toward set point and
normal range
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Homeostasis
Components of Negative Feedback
1 receptor:
detects changes in variable
2 control center:
- receives receptor signal
- establishes set point
- sends signal to effector
3 effector:
- directly causes change in variable
Figure 1.5
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Homeostasis
Figure 1.5
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Figure 1.6 21
Homeostasis
positive feedback
- system response causes progressive deviation away from
set point, outside of normal range
- not directly used for homeostasis
- some positive feedback under normal conditions
example: childbirth
- generally associated with injury, disease
- negative feedback mechanisms unable to maintain
homeostasis
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Terminology and the Body Plan superior
anatomical position:
- person standing erect with face and
palms forward
- all relational descriptions based on the
anatomical position, regardless of body
orientation
supine:
person lying face up
prone:
inferior
person lying face down
inferior superior
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Terminology and the Body Plan
Directional Terms
superior: above
inferior: below
anterior: front (also: ventral)
posterior: back (also: dorsal)
Note: In four-legged animals, the
terms ventral (belly) and
dorsal (back) correspond
to anterior and posterior in
humans
medial: close to midline
lateral: away from midline
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Terminology and the Body Plan
Directional Terms
proximal: close to point of
attachment
distal: far from point of
attachment
superficial: structure close
to the surface
Deep
deep: structure toward the
interior of the body Superficial
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Terminology and the Body Plan
Figure 1.8
Directional Terms
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Terminology and the Body Plan
Directional Terms
Table 1.1
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Terminology and the Body Plan
Body Planes
sagittal: cut along the lengthwise or longitudinal plane of the
body dividing the body to left and right parts.
midsagittal or median: sagittal plane along the midline,
divides body into equal left and right halves
transverse: horizontal plane cutting the
Body into superior and inferior parts
frontal: vertical plane, lengthwise
between lateral surfaces
Figure
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1.11
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Terminology and the Body Plan
Body Planes
Figure
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1.11
Terminology and the Body Plan
Planes of Section Through an Organ
Figure 1.12
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Terminology and the Body Plan
Body Regions
upper limbs:
upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand
lower limbs:
thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot
central region:
head, neck, trunk
Figure 1.9
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Figure 1.9
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Terminology and the Body Plan
Figure 1.9
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Terminology and the Body Plan
Subdivisions of the Abdomen
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Terminology and the Body Plan
Body Cavities
thoracic cavity:
- space within chest wall and
diaphragm
- contains heart, lungs,
thymus gland, esophagus,
trachea
mediastinum:
- space between lungs
- contains heart, thymus
gland, esophagus,
trachea
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Terminology and the Body Plan
Body Cavities
abdominal cavity:
- space between diaphragm and
pelvis
- contains stomach, intestines,
liver, spleen, pancreas,
kidneys
pelvic cavity:
- space within pelvis
- contains urinary bladder,
reproductive organs,
part of large intestine
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Terminology and the Body Plan
Serous Membranes
- line trunk cavities, cover organs
- structure: visceral serous membrane covers organs
parietal serous membrane
cavity between the above, fluid-filled
Figure 1.14 37
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Terminology and the Body Plan
Serous Membranes
Three sets of serous membranes and cavities:
pericardium pericardial cavity
around heart
pleura pleural cavity
around lungs
peritoneum peritoneal cavity
around abdominopelvic cavity
and its organs
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Terminology and the Body Plan
Serous Membranes
pericardium
- visceral pericardium
covers heart
- parietal pericardium
thick, fibrous
- pericardial cavity
reduces friction
3(b) Figure 1.15a
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Terminology and the Body Plan
Serous Membranes
pleura
- visceral pleura
covers lungs
- parietal pleura
lines inner wall
of thorax
- pleural cavity
- reduces friction
- adheres lungs to
thoracic wall
Figure 1.15b
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Terminology and the Body Plan
Serous Membranes
peritoneum
- visceral peritoneum
- covers, anchors organs
- double layers
called mesenteries
- parietal peritoneum
lines inner wall of
abdominopelvic cavity
- peritoneal cavity
reduces friction
4 Figure 1.15
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