Mole Concept
Lecture - 01
Matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass is called as matter.
Eg. Water , air , salt , sugar etc.
MATTER
On the basis of
Physical phase
Solid Liquid Gas
MATTER
On the basis of
Composition
Element Compound Mixture
ELEMENTS They are made up of only one type of atoms .
eg. Fe , O2 , diamond , graphite etc.
Compound They are formed by chemical combination of two or
more than two elements in a fixed ratio .
eg. FeO, CO2 , C6H12O6 etc.
Elements and compounds are pure substances.
ILLUSTRATIONS Water if formed by two different reaction.What will be the
mass ratio of oxygen & hydrogen in water produced by both methodes.
MIXTURES They are formed by mixing two or more than two non reacting pure
substances in any ratio.
Mixtures don't have fixed ratio.
MIXTURES
On the basis of
composition
Homogenous Heterogenous
mixture mixture
ATOM Atom is the smallest particle of matter which can take part in a
chemical reaction.
Representation of atom
Z
X
Atomic Number(Z)
Atomic number = Number of protons or number of electrons in an atom.
If two atoms have same atomic number then they are atoms of same element.
Mass Number(A)
Mass number = Sum of Number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
Mass number and atomic number are unitless quantity.
For elements till Z = 20
If Z is even then
Mass number (A) = 2 Z (Not for 4Be , 18Ar)
If Z is odd then
Mass number (A) = 2 Z + 1 (Not for 1H , 7N )
ILLUSTRATIONS Find the number of e-,protons & neutrons in
the following
(i) Al3+
(ii) S-2
(iii) D.
(iv) Si-4
(v) Ar.
(vi) Cl-
Molecules Molecule is the smallest particle of matter which can exist
independently in nature.
Eg. CO2 , H2O , C6H12O6 etc.
Atomicity The number of atoms in a molecule is called as atomicity
Eg. Atomicity
CO2
H2O
C6H12O6
C12H22O11
H2SO4
C6H6
Fundamental Particles of matter
Particles Mass(Kg) Charge(C) e/m
Proton 1.672×10-27 1.602×10-19 (C/Kg)
9.6×108
Electron 9.1×10-31 1.602×10-19 1.76×1011
Neutron 1.674× 10-27 0 0
Relative atomic mass (RAM)
Average mass of an atom
RAM =
Mass of one neucleon
Average mass of an atom
RAM =
1/12 Mass of an atom of 12C
Relative molecular mass (RMM)
Average mass of an molecule
RMM =
1/12 Mass of an atom of 12C
Atomic Mass unit (amu)
𝟏
1 amu = Mass of one 12C atom.
𝟏𝟐𝐭𝐡
1 amu = 1.66 × 10 -24 g
Average mass of an molecule
RMM =
1/12 Mass of an atom of 12C
Average mass of an atom
RAM =
1/12 Mass of an atom of 12C
Mass of one atom & molecule
Mass of one atom = (mass number) amu
Mass of one molecule = (sum of mass number of all the atoms ) amu
Molecule RMM Mass of a molecule (amu)
CO2
H2SO4
HNO3
C6H12O6
C12H22O11
C6H6
Molecule RMM Mass of a molecule (amu)
H2O
H2C2O4
N2O4
NH3
NH2CONH2
CH3COOH
C4H10
ILLUSTRATIONS Find the number of atoms & molecules in
(i) 29400 amu of H2SO4.
(ii) 3600 amu of H2O.
(iii) 34200 amu of C12H22O11.
Mole 1 mole is the collection of 6.022 × 1023 particles.
NA = 6.022 × 1023 = Avogadro’s Number
ILLUSTRATIONS A telescope counts 1.2044 × 1020 celestial bodies per day.
In how many day it will count one mole celestial bodies.
Mole & mass relation
12 g of C-12 contains exactly 1 mole of C-12 atoms.
Gram atomic mass (GAM)
Mass of one mole of atoms in gram is gram atomic mass.
GAM = (mass number ) grams
Gram molecular mass (GMM)
Mass of one mole of molecules in gram is gram molecular mass.
GMM = M = (sum of mass number of all the atoms) grams
Mass of “n” mole molecules =
ILLUSTRATIONS Find number of moles of
(i) Na+ ion and Cl– ion in 1 mol of NaCl.
(ii) Al3+ ion and ion in 1 mol of Al2(SO4)3.
(iii) Oxygen atoms in 1 mol of oxygen gas
(iv)Each element in 2 mol C6H12O6
(v) No. of moles of sulphur in 3.2 gm of sulphur
ILLUSTRATIONS How many molecules of water, H & O atoms are
present in 9 gm of water.
(b) How many electrons are present in 1.6 gm of methane.
(c) From 220 mg of CO2, 1021 molecules are removed. How many moles
of CO2 are left?
ILLUSTRATIONS How many molecules of H2SO4, H , S & O atoms
are present in 4.9 gram of H2SO4.
ILLUSTRATIONS How many molecules of C6H12O6, H , C & O
atoms are present in 3.6 gm of water.
ILLUSTRATIONS A CuSO4.5H2O sample contains 64 gm oxygen
then mass of Cu in same sample will be. Atomic weight of Cu is 63.
Molecular formula (MF) & Empirical formula (EF)
Molecular formula represents the exact number of atoms in the
molecule.
Empirical formula represents the simplest whole number ratio of
atoms in the molecule.
COMPOUND MOLECULAR EMPIRICAL
FORMULA FORMULA
Benzene
Acetylene
Ethylene
Glucose
Sucrose
Methane
Iso-butane
Neopantane
Mass % of an element
Mass % of an element in any compound
𝐍𝐨.𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐞 𝐆𝐀𝐌 ×𝟏𝟎𝟎
=
(𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝)
ILLUSTRATIONS Calculate mass % of each element in
(i) C6H12O6
(ii) C6H6
(iii) C2H2
(iv) CH4
ILLUSTRATIONS ‘X’ is molecular substance containing 21
atoms of carbon per molecule. The weight % of C in ‘X’ is 50.4%.
What is molecular weight of X.
ILLUSTRATIONS A compound contains 28% Nitrogen, by mass.
The minimum molecular mass of the compound is :
ILLUSTRATIONS A substance has 16% by mass of Sulphur and
4% by mass of Oxygen. Calculate minim molar mass of the
substance.
ILLUSTRATIONS The molecular mass of a compound 'cartisone' is
360. If this compound contains 70% carbon, by mass, then the number of
carbon atoms in each molecule of this compound is :
Determination of molecular formula
ILLUSTRATIONS Given that an organic compound has the following %
composition C = 60%, O = 32%, H = 8%. Find E.F.
Ans. C5H8O2
ILLUSTRATIONS A compound containing C,H & O was found to contain
40% C by mass & its empirical formula mass was equal to 30 amu. Find
E.F. of the compound.
Ans. CH2O
ILLUSTRATIONS A compound containing C,H & O was found to contain
40% C , 6.67 % H by mass & its molecular mass is equal to 180g. Find E.F.
of the compound.
Ans. CH2O
ILLUSTRATIONS (a) Find the E.F. of a hydrocarbon of 1.4 gm of which
on complete combustion give 4.4 gm CO2 and 1.8 gm H2O.
Ans. (a) CH2
(b) Find the E.F. of a hydrocarbon of 3 gm of which on complete
combustion give 4.4 gm CO2 and 1.8 gm H2O.
Ans. CH2O
Vapour density Density of as gas with respect to density of H2.
Density of gas
Vapour density (VD) =
Density of H2
Average atomic mass and molecular mass
𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑎2 𝑥2 +. . . . . +𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑛
Average atomic mass of X (Ax) =
100
a1, a2, a3 ... atomic mass of isotopes
x1, x2, x3 .... mole % of isotopes.
ILLUSTRATIONS 11B AB
(by mole) 80% 20%
Average atomic mass of Boron = 10.8. Find A.
[Ans. A = 10]
ILLUSTRATIONS
An element has three isotopes
A-2 A+1 & A+2
(% abundance by mole) 30% 20%
Average atomic mass of Element will be?
ILLUSTRATIONS An element has three isotopes A-3 , A-1 & A+2
If % abundance by mole for the lightest isotope is 30% . If Average atomic
mass of Element is (A-0.1) .Then determine % abundance of heaviest isotope.
ILLUSTRATIONS O2 N2
by moles 20% 80%
Find average mol. wt. and % by mass oxygen and nitrogen .
Standard temperature & Pressure (STP)
At S.T.P. condition :
Temperature = 0°C or 273 K
Pressure = 1 atm = 760 mm of Hg
Volume of one mole of gas at STP = 22.4 litres
VOLUME OF GAS
NUMBER AT STP
MOLE
MASS
ILLUSTRATIONS Calculate
(i) Density of O2 gas at STP.
(ii) Number of O atoms in 44.8L O3 at STP.
(iii) Mass of 692 L SO3 (g) at STP.
ILLUSTRATIONS The number of nucleons in 5 atoms of an element,
which has atomic mass 30 amu, is :
(1) 6 (2) 12 (3) 150 (4) 120
ILLUSTRATIONS If a sample of CuSO4.5H2O contains 3 moles of oxygen
molecule, then moles of H-atoms present in the sample is
(1) 5 (2) 9 (3) 10/3 (4) 20/3
ILLUSTRATIONS The mass of Magnesium that contains the same number
of atoms as are present in 2g of Calcium is :
(1) 1.2 g (2) 2.4 g (3) 0.6 g (4) 1.8 g
ILLUSTRATIONS Mass of 1 atom of Hydrogen is -
(A) 1.66 × 10–24 g (B) 10–22 g (C) 10–23 g (D) 10–25 g
ILLUSTRATIONS 13Mass of 10 moles of sodium sulphite is –
(A) 126 gram (B) 1260 gram (C) 126 amu (D) 1260 amu
ILLUSTRATIONS The total number of protons, electrons and neutrons in
12gm of 6C12 is -
(A) 1.084 × 1025 (B) 6.022 × 1023 (C) 6.022 × 1022 (D) 18
ILLUSTRATIONS The total number of electrons presents in 18 mL water
(density 1 g/mL) is -
(A) 6.023 × 1023 (B) 6.023 × 1024 (C) 6.023 × 1025 (D) 6.023 × 1021
ILLUSTRATIONS Total number of atoms in 4.4 mg of CO is -
2
(A) 1.806 ×1023 (B) 1.806 × 1020 (C) 6.02 × 1022 (D) 6.02 × 1019
ILLUSTRATIONS Which of the following contains the largest number of
atoms -
(A) 11g of CO2 (B) 4g of H2 (C) 5g of NH3 (D) 8g of SO2
ILLUSTRATIONS What is correct for 10 g of CaCO -
3
(A) It contains 1g-atom of carbon
(B) It contains 0.3 g-atoms of oxygen
(C) It contains 12 g of calcium
(D) None of these
ILLUSTRATIONS One atom of an element ‘X’ weighs 6.664 × 10–23 gm.
The number of gram atoms in 40 kg of it is -
(A) 10 (B) 100 (C) 10000 (D) 1000
ILLUSTRATIONS The empirical formula of a compound is CH. Its
molecular weight is 78. The molecular formula of the compound will be -
(A) C2H2 (B) C3H3 (C) C4H4 (D) C6H6
ILLUSTRATIONS 16 gm of SOx occupies 5.6 litre at STP. Assuming ideal
gas nature, the value of x is -
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) None of these
ILLUSTRATIONS 5.6 litre of a gas at N.T.P. weighs equal to 8 gm the
vapour density of gas is -
(A) 32 (B) 16 (C) 8 (D) 40
ILLUSTRATIONS In a hydrocarbon, there is 3gm of carbon per gm of
hydrogen present in the molecule. Therefore, molecular formula of the
hydrocarbon is-
(A) CH4 (B) C2H6 (C) C3H8 (D) C4H10
ILLUSTRATIONS An oxide of metal M has 40% by mass of oxygen. Metal
M has atomic mass of 24. The empirical formula of the oxide :
(1) M2O (2) M2O3 (3) MO (4) M3O4
SOLUTION A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more than
two pure substances .
SOLUTION A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or
more than two pure substances .
CONCENTRATION TERMS
% weight by weight (w/w)
It is given as mass of solute present in per 100 g of solution.
mass of solute in g
mass of solution in g
ILLUSTRATIONS If in 10 grams of NaOH is dissolved in 100 grams
of H2O . Determine %w/w for the solution.
