ITC 1: HISTORY OF COMPUTER

FOUR GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

 Pre- Mechanical 1st Generation Computers
 Mechanical Age 2nd Generation Computers
 Electro-Mechanical Age 3rd Generation of Computers
 Electronic Age 4th Generation of Computers

1ST GENERATION OF COMPUTER: THE PRE- MECHANICAL AGE: 3000 B.C. – 1450 A. D.

1. WRITING AND ALPHABET- COMMUNICATION

 Petroglyths (signs or simple figures carved in rock)- First Humans communicated only
through speaking and simple drawings.
 Pictographs—pictures or sketches that visually resemble that which is depicted.

EXAMPLES OF PETROGLYTHS

Cave painting from Lascaux, France, c. 15,000-10,000 B.C

Prehistoric petroglyth imagery from Western U.S.
 Geometric Signs (dots, squares, etc.) with no apparent depicted object = ideographs
(Symbols to represent ideas or concepts)
 First development of signs corresponding to spoken sounds, instead of pictures, to
express words.
 Starting in c. 3100 B.C., the Sumerians in Mesopotamia (Sothern Iraq) devised
cuneiform—the first true written language and the first real information system.
 Pronounced ―coo-nay-eh-form‖
 Cuneiform’s Evolution: Pictographs for star (which also meant heaven or God), head and
water (on the left) were turned on their side (in the middle), and eventually became
cuneiform symbols (on right).

EXAMPLES OF CUNEIFORM

Early pictographic tablet (3100 B. C.)

 Pictographs were turned on their sides (2800 B.C.)

 and then developed into actual cuneiform symbols (2500 B.C.)- As this clay tablet
illustrates.
 A cuneiform table (c. 2100 B. c.) listing expenditures of grain and animals.

 Around 2000 B. C., Phoenicians created symbols that expressed single syllables and
consonants (the first true alphabet)
  The Greek later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels; the Romans gave
the letters Latin names to create the alphabet we use today.

2. PAPER AND PENS –INPUT TECHNOLOGIES

 Sumerian’s input technology was a stylus that could scratch marks in wet clay.
 About 2600 B.C., the Egyptians wrote on the papyrus plant.
 Around 100 A.D., the Chinese made paper from rags, on w/c modern-day papermaking
is based

3. BOOKS AND LIBRARIES—OUTPUT TECHNOLOGIES

 Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the earliest “books”

 Around 600 B.C., the Greeks began to fold sheets of papyrus vertically into leaves and
bind them together.
 The Egyptians kept scrolls.

THE FIRST NUMBERING SYSTEMS

 Egyptian System
 The numbers 1-9 as vertical lines, the number 10 as a U or circle, the number 100 as a
coiled rope, and the number 1,000 as a lotus blossom.
 The first numbering systems similar to those in use today were invented between 100
and 200 A.D. by Hindus in India who created a nine-digit numbering system.
 Around 875 A. D., the concept of zero was developed.

THE FIRST CALCULATOR: THE ABACUS

 The Abacus was man’s first recorded adding machine.

 An ancient computing device constructed of sliding beads on small wooden rods, strung
on a wooden frame.
 Can be called as the first Calculator.
 Invented in Babylonia, 500 B.C.
 Popularized in India.

2ND GENERATION OF COMPUTERS: THE MECHANICAL AGE: 1450 – 1840

THE FIRST INFORMATION EXPLOSION
 Johann Gutenberg (Mainz, Germany: c. 1387-1468) Invented the movable metal-type
printing process in 1450.

THE FIRST GENERAL-PURPOSE “COMPUTERS”

 Actually, people who held the job title “computer: one who works with numbers”
 1614: John Napier introduces logarithms: allow multiplication and division to be reduced
to addition and subtraction.
 1617: John Napier employing an ancient numerical scheme known as the Arabian
Lattice, lays out a special version of the multiplication tables on a set of four-sided
wooded rods, allowing users to multiply and divide large numbers and find square and
cube roots.
 1623: Wilhelm Shickard, a professor at the University of Tubingen, Germany, invents at
the first mechanical calculator; it can work w/ six digits, and carries digits across
columns. It works, but never makes it beyond the prototype stage.
 1625: William Oughtred (1575-1660), invented the Slide Rule; it is a mechanical analog
computer, consisting of at least two finely divided scales (rules) most often a fixed outer
pair and movable inner one, w/ a sliding window called the cursor.
 The Slide Rule is used primarily for multiplication and division, and also for ―scientific‖
functions such as roots, logarithms and trigonometry, but does not generally perform
addition or subtraction.
 1642: Blaise Pascal, a mathematician, invented the mechanical calculation machine,
Pascaline.
 1671: Gottfried Leibniz, German mathematician, invented the machine called the
Stepped reckoner that could multiply 5 digit and 12-digit numbers yielding up to 16-digit
numbers.
 1801: Joseph Marie Jacquard, develop an automatic loom that was controlled by
punched card.
 1820: Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar (1785-1870) France developed an
Arithmometer, a device that performed the same type of computations as Leibniz’s
Stepped reckoner, but was more reliable.
 1821: Charles Babbage, invented the first, modern computer design: a stream-
powdered adding machine called ―The Difference Engine‖
 Babbage also invented the ―Analytical engine‖, a mechanical adding machine that took
information from punched cards to solve and print complex mathematical operations.

Punch Card—is a piece of stiff paper that contains digital information represented by the
presence or absence of holes in predefined positions.
  Babbage difference engine and analytical engine are regarded as the first
“thinking machines”
 They were easy to operate and produced solutions at the turn of a hand crank
Babbage’s inventions earned him the title ―Father of Computer”

Ada Augusta Lovelace (1815-52) –wrote the first program for Babbage’s Analytical Engine,
credited her with being the First Computer Programmer. The programming language ADA is
named in her honor.

3RD GENERATION OF COMPUTERS: THE ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE: 1840 – 1940

 The discovery of ways to harness electricity was the key advance made during
this period. Knowledge and information could now be converted into electrical
impulses.
 The Beginnings of Telecommunication:

Voltaic Battery = the first electric battery, known as the voltaic pile, was
invented in 1800 by Alessandro Volta.

Voltaic Piles = consisted of a stack of alternating discs of zinc and copper or silver separated by
felt soaked in brine.

Telegraph = is a machine for transmitting and receiving messages over long distances, i.e. for
telegraphy.

TELEPHONE AND RADIO

1876: Alexander Graham Bell. Developed the first working telephone and transmitted his now
famous quotation ―Watson, come here, I want to see you.’’ His telephone was introduced on
a large scale at the Philadelphia Centennial exposition in 1877.

1894: Guglielmo Marconi discovered that electrical waves travel through space and can
produce an effect far from the point at which they originated.

1852: George Boole develops binary algebra. Became Boolean algebra and became important
in the 20th century when binary computers were developed.

ELECTROMECHANICAL COMPUTING
1853: Pehr and Edvard Scheutz, complete their Tabulating Machine, capable of processing
fifteen-digit numbers, printing out results, and rounding off to eight digits.

1885: Dorr Felt devises the Comptometer, a key driven adding and subtracting calculator.

1889: Felt’s Comptograph, containing a built-in printer, is introduced.

1890: Herman Hollerith, the first person to successfully use punched cards - specifically for
census taking. Punched Card, adapted for use in early computers and provides computer
Programmers with a new way to put information into their machines. Hollerith’s Successful use
of punched cards in gathering and storing information made him the father of information
processing.

 He founded the Tabulating Machine Company, which later became the

Computer Tabulating Recording Company
 In 1921 his company went on to become the International Business Machines
Corporation, known today as IBM.
 In 1893: Millionaire, the first efficient four-function calculator, is invented by
Otto Shweiger, a Swiss engineer.

 Vacuum Tubes 1906: The vacuum tube was developed by Lee De Forest.
Vacuum Tubes: look similar to light bulbs First major electrical part of a
computer, replacing manual switches.

4TH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS: . THE ELECTRONIC AGE: (1941 – PRESENT)

In 1941, Konrad Zuse built the first programmable computer called Z3.
Z3—was the first computer designed to solve complex engineering equations, rather than basic
arithmetic problems.

Howard Aiken—a student at a Harvard university-built Mark I, The first stored program
computer.

John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry—completed the first all-electronic computer, called the
ABC-- (Atanasoff-Berry Computer) in 1942.

FOUR GENERATIONS OF DIGITAL COMPUTING

  First Generation (1951-1958)
-Vacuum Tubes as their main logic elements.
-Computers had vacuum tubes, resistors, and welded metal joints.

 Second Generation Computers (1959-1963)

-Vacuum tubes replaced by Transistors as main logic element.

 Third Generation Computers (1963-1974)

-Integrated circuits- replaced the individual transistor.

 Fourth Generation Computers(1979-present)

-Intel Corporation, designed the first tiny computer on a chip, it was called a
microprocessor.

Microprocessor –is an integrated circuit built on a tiny piece of silicon.

HISTORY OF INTEL MICROPROCESSOR

 1971: 4004 Microprocessor The 4004 was Intel’s first microprocessor. This
breakthrough invention powered the Busicom calculator and paved the way for
embedding intelligence in inanimate objects as well as the personal computer.

 1972: 8008 Microprocessors The 8008 was twice as powerful as the 4004. A 1974
article in Radio Electronics referred to a device called the Mark-8 which used the
8008.

 1974: 8080 Microprocessors The 8080 became the brains of the first personal
computer.

 1978; 8086-8088 Microprocessors A pivotal sale to IBM’s new personal

computer division made the 8008the brains of IBM’s new hit product—the IBM
PC.

 1982: 286 Microprocessors The 286, also known as the 80286, was the first Intel
processor that could run all the software written for its predecessor. This
software compatibility remains a hallmark of Intel’s family of microprocessors.

 1985: Intel386TM Microprocessors The Intel386TM Microprocessor featured

275,000 transistors—more than 100 times as many as the original 4004.

 1989 Intel 486TM DX CPU Microprocessor The 486TM processor generation

really meant you go from a command-level computer into point-and-click
computing. The Intel486TM processor was the first to offer a built –in math
 coprocessor, w/c speeds up computing because it offloads complex math
functions from the central processor.
 1993: Pentium® Processor The Pentium ® processor allowed computers to more
easily incorporate ―real world‖ data such as speech, sound, handwriting and
photographic images.

 1997: Pentium ®II Processor The 7.5 million-transistor Pentium® II processor is

designed specifically to process video, audio and graphics data efficiently.

 1999: Pentium ® III Processor The Pentium®III processor features 70 new

instructions—internet Streaming SIMD extensions—that dramatically enhance
the performance of advanced imaging,3-D, streaming audio, video and speech
recognition applications.

 2000: Pentium ® Processor IV Users of Pentium® 4 processor-based PC’s can

create professional-quality movies; communicate w/ the real-time video and
voice; render 3D graphics in real time; quickly encode music for MP3 players;
and simultaneously run several applications while connected to the internet

ITC 2: WHAT IS COMPUTER?

COMPUTER- is an electronic device that helps people performs different tasks. It also used for
storing and processing data.

FOUR TYPES OF COMPUTERS

1. Microcomputers
 Is generally a synonym for the more common term, personal computer or PC, a
computer designed for individual. Personal computers first appeared in the late 1970s
 It indicates a microprocessor as it is central processing unit

TYPES OF MICROCOMPUTERS
 Desktop
 Laptops
 Tablets
 Smartphones

TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF MICROCOMPUTER

 Personal Computer or PC
 Portable Computer

2. Minicomputers
 A midsize computer. In size and power, microcomputers lie between workstations and
mainframes

3. Mainframe Computers
 A very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds or even thousands
of users simultaneously

4. Supercomputers
 The fastest types of computers
 Are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense
amounts of mathematical calculations

THREE FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER

 SYSTEM UNIT
 OUTPUT DEVICES
 INPUT DEVICES

INPUT DEVICES- is any peripheral appliance that generates input for the computer and allows
users to enter information into the computer to be processed

EXAMPLES OF INPUT DEVICES

  KEYBOARD- the set of typewriter-like keys that enables you to enter data into a
computer
 MOUSE- is a device that controls the movement of the cursor or pointer data into a
computer
 MICROPHONE- allows the computer to receive and record sound
 SCANNER- an input device that takes in an optical image and digitizes it into an
electronic image represented as binary data

FIVE ELEMENTS OF COMPUTING PROCESS

1. Hardware
 The tangible or physical parts or device on our computer

2. Software
 Also called “program”
 Is also the instruction that tells the hardware what to do

3. Data
 Also called “program”
 Is also the instruction that tells the hardware what to do important

4. People
 Are also called the ‘’end users”
 Most computers need people to operate them

5. Procedures
 Are the steps or directions that the end user needs to follow in order to complete a
certain task

SYSTEM UNIT - the core of computer responsible for processing and storing data and all
computer functions

BASIC PARTS OF THE COMPUTER

1. POWER SUPPLY- it supplies power to the motherboard, the drives and also normally contains
a fan that helps assist in the task of cooling the computer
2. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT OR CPU- is the device that interprets and executes instructions.
The CPU is the chip that functions as the brain of the computer

3. MOTHERBOARD- the largest board of the computer system, every other component connects
to the motherboard

4. EXPANSION SLOT- are located on the back of the computer where a circuit board can be
inserted to add new capabilities to the computer

5. CD ROM DRIVE- use to store computer data

6. 3 ½ FLOPPY DRIVE- a disk drive that can read and write to floppy disks

7. HARD DRIVE- usually designated as drive C. a device used for storing large amounts of data
for a computer

8. SYSTEM CASE- is a plastic and metal box that houses components such as the motherboard,
disk drives and power supply unit

TWO TYPES OF SYSTEM CASE

 Desktop Case- is designed to sit horizontally on a surface, so that it is wider that long
 Tower Case- is designed to sit vertically on a surface, so that it is higher than it is wide

OUTPUT DEVICES-is any peripheral device that presents, displays alters, or records output after
it has left a computer system units

EXAMPLES OF OUTPUT DEVICES

 COMPUTER SPEAKER- convert output data into sound

 MONITOR- receives signal from a video card inside of the computer and gives user a
graphical or textual display
 PRINTER- create images on paper, plastic cloth and other print media using technologies
like ink transfer, heat transfer, chemical reactions and physical force

TYPES OF PRINTERS

 LASER PRINTERS- uses toner and an internal laser to print

 INK JET OR BUBBLE JET PRINTER- uses ink to print, usually are available in color
 DOT MATRIX PRINTERS- creates characters by sinking pins against an ink ribbon
Printers are also classified by the following characteristics:

 Quality of type
 Speed
 Impact or non-impact
 Graphics

ITC 3: SOFTWARE
 Is the program and data that a computer uses
 Consist of both programs and data

KINDS OF SOFTWARE
1. APPLICATION SOFTWARE
 Are programs that people use to get their work done
 It may include data entry, update query and report programs, productivity software for
spreadsheets, word processing, databases and custom accounting programs for payroll,
billing and inventory

EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE

 Word processor

 Spreadsheets Software

 Presentation Software

 Database Software
  Web Browser

 PIM

2. OPERATING SYSTEM

 Are software which controls the computer and runs applications, it keeps all the
hardware and software running together smoothly

EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

 DOS
 Windows
 Mac OS
 Linux
 Unix
3. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
 Are used to create all other software whether it is operating or application software

PROGRAMMING

PROGRAM

 is a sequence of instructions that tells the hardware of computer what operations to

perform on data
 can be built to the hardware itself, or they may exist independently in a form known as
software

PROGRAM LANGUAGES

 Machine- Language
 Assembly- language
 High- Level Language
 Forth and Fifth Generation Languages

FIRST GENERATION LANGUAGES: MACHINE- LANGUAGE

 Machine-Language programming is such a tedious, time-consuming task that the time

saved in running the program rare justifies the days or weeks needed to write the
program
SECOND GENERATION LANGUAGES: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

 One method programmer devised to shorten and simplify the process is called
“assembly language” programming
 In assembly language, each command and its symbolic operands equals one machine
instruction

ASSEMBLER- program translate the mnemonic “op codes” (operation codes) and symbolic
operands into binary language and executes the program

THIRD GENERATION LANGUAGE: HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES

 High level languages often use words that are more like the English language ( List, Print,
and Open) as commands that might stands for a sequence of tens or hundreds of
machine language instructions

EXAMPLES:

FORTRAN (Formula Translation)- begun in 1954 and completed in 1957, was the first
comprehensive high- level language programming language

ALGOL (Algorithmic Language)- another scientifically oriented language. Widely used in Europe
during the 1960’s and 70’s

COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language)- a commercial and business programming

language concentrated on data organization and file handling and was widely used at one time
in business

BASIC (Beginner’s All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)- was developed Dartmouth College
in the early 1960’s for use by nonprofessional computer users

PASCAL (Named for Blaise Pascal)- originally designed as a teaching tool. Enjoyed considerable
popularity for several years

FORTH AND FIFTH GENERATION LANGUAGE

 Are even closer to natural language or rely on graphical development interfaces (GUI)
featuring symbolic icons and dragged and drop technique and English like statements.
Dephi and Visual basic are the most popular examples of such environments
ITC 4: SOFTWARE CATEGORY

 OPEN SYSTEM- software can be modified for use with any hardware
 PROPRIETY- software product are designed for particular systems and cannot be used
with other hardware. Its inner working are protected information

APPLICATION SOFTWARES

1. WORDS PROCESSORS- are usually the first application that leads people to using a computer
for their work

EXAMPLE OF WORD PROCESSOR:

 Microsoft Word XP

 Lotus Word Pro

 Word Perfect
2. SPREADSHEET SOFTWARE- are commonly used for accounting purposes such as tabulating of
complex mathematical equations with a row and column matrix

EXAMPLE OF SPREADSHEET SOFTWARE:

 Lotus 123

3. DATABASE SOFTWARE- are programs that manage large amounts of data organized as files
records and files. Database structure information so you can search the database by specific or
generalized content called a query

EXAMPLE OF DATABASE SOFTWARE:

 Lotus Approach

 Microsoft Access
4. PRESENTATION SOFTWARE- is designed to showcase information to an audience. It used
extensively in business to display graphics, charts, diagrams, photos, and text blocks to highlight
information

EXAMPLE OF PRESENTATION SOFTWARE:

 Lotus Freelance Graphics

5. WEB BROWSERS- a web browser is a program that you use to view pages

EXAMPLE OF WEB BROWSER:

 Netscape Navigator
6. PERSONAL INFORMATION MANAGER (PIM)- a software designed to organize names,
addresses, and random notes for easy and efficient retrieval. Its like an electronic equivalent of
a conventional book type personal organizer

EXAMPLE OF PIM:
 Lotus Organizer

7. INTEGRATED SOFTWARE PACKAGES- it is a single software program that includes multiple

applications. it generally includes a word processing program, an electronic spreadsheet
program, database software, a personal management program and limited graphics capabilities

EXAMPLE OF INTEGRATED SOFTWARE PACKAGES:

 Microsoft Works
8. APPLICATION SUITES- is a bundle of application that were created, packaged and designed to
work together. Like the integrated package, it includes a word processing program, an electronic
spreadsheet program, database software, a personal management program and graphics
application

EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION SUITES:

 Lotus Smart Suite

 Microsoft Office
ITC 5:OPERATING SYSTEM
 Is the software that controls the allocation and use of a computer’s hardware
 It also keeps components working in unison, acting as a communicator between the user
the computer’s hardware and software

OPERATING SYSTEM’S COMPONENTS

1. User Interface
 The operating system’s user interface is what users see on screen and interact with
when giving a computer instructions and commands
 A user communicates to the computer either by typing commands at a command
prompt or bu issuing commands through a graphical user interface. (GUI)

2. Kernel (OS Executive)

 Considered the operating system’s core because it controls a computer’s hardware and
is responsible for either directly activating computer hardware or for interfacing with
software that drives the hardware

3. File Management System

 Is the operating system’s organizer, arranging files in hierarchy tree-like structure the
root directory
 File are data collections with single, logical names

MAJOR OPERATING SYSTEM

1. CP/M: An early Operating System- in 1973, a man named Gary Kildall wrote the first
operating system (using the program language he invented) called Control Program for
Microcomputer

2. MS-DOS and PC-DOS- the “Quick and dirty Operating System” or Q- DOS, first developed by
Tim Patterson of Seattle. Computer Products

3. Microsoft Windows- by 1974, xerox had developed the friendly systems we take for granted
today. Xerox’s Alto workstation featured the first graphical user interface, mouse, and computer
to computer communication

4. OS 2- IBM operating system upgraded led to the emergence the OS/2 family, OS/2 was one of
the most powerful operating systems available when it was initially released

5. MAC OS- Apple Computer gave its system 7 operating system a new name in 1997:MAC OS.
Its easy to use GUI interface and standard Plug and Play hardware configuration have made it
very popular among its legions of dedicated users
6. Unix- developed in 1969, for users whose power needs are huge and complex, the UNIX
operating system offers major complexity, stability and power

7. Linux- is a free UNIX type operating system originally created by Linus Torvalds with the
assistance of developers around the world. Developed under the GNU General Public License

WINDOWS EVOLUTION

 Windows 1x- was released on November 20, 1985. It was Microsoft’s first attempt to
implement a multitasking graphical user interface-based operating environment on the
PC platform. Windows 1.0 was the first version of windows launched

 Windows 2x- is a 16 bit Microsoft Windows graphical user interface-based operating

environment that was released in November 1987

 Windows 3x- is the third major release of Microsoft Windows and was released on 22
May 1990

WINDOWS 1

WINDOWS 2

WINDOWS 3
WINDOWS 3.1

WINDOWS EVOLUTION

WINDOWS95- was released in August of 1995. Microsoft has made numerous changes and
additions to the operating system

WINDOWS98-major revisions to Window95 culminated in Microsoft’s introduction of

Window98. It was released to manufacturing on May 15, 1998. It is more polished version of
Windows95 offering enhanced features
WINDOWS MILLENNIUM(ME)- Introduces system recovery features that allow the computer to
recover from the corrupted system files. It is a graphical operating system released on
September 14, 2000 by Microsoft.

WINDOWS EVOLUTION:
WINDOWS XP- is an operating system produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers
including home and business desktops, laptops, and media centers.it was first released in
August 2001, and is currently one of the most popular versions of Windows. The name “XP” is
short for “eXPerience”
WINDOWS XP

WINDOWS 2000

WINDOWS 2007
WINDOWS VISTA

WINDOWS 8

WINDOWS 8.1

WINDOWS 10
BITS AND BYTES
 The computer only understands two things: two things are ON and OFF. On is
represented by the number (1), while off is represented by (0). This is based on the
Binary number system; these digits are known as bits

FILES
 Files are clumps of a computer data stored somewhere in your computer. Each file has
name, location, and length, and usually a date of when it was last changed. Holds amd
store information that can be read by the computer

WHAT KINDS OF FILES ARE THERE:

Anything.com- a list of instructions for the computer, a program Domain name.com is the top
level domain of the internet. It runs, you execute it by typing the name or double clicking on it

Anything.exe- a list of instructions for the computer a program. It runs, you execute it by typing
the name or double clicking on it common file name

Anything.bat- a list of instructions for the computer a program. It runs, you execute it by typing
the name or double clicking on it

Reame.txt- a text that is readable information. It is there for you to read

Anything.gif- graphical information. When viewed using graphics program, you can see the
picture

Lesson3.html- textual information. When viewed using a browser program, you can see the text
in a pretty format. When viewed using an ordinary editor, you can see the text and the codes
that makes it pretty
FILES ARE STORED IN SEVERAL PLACES
 Floppy Drives

 Hard Drives

 CDs

 Computer Memory

 Tapes of a Tape back up device

 Random Access Memory (RAM)

 Read only Memory (ROM)