INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF example: Silk Road is an Asian ancient trade route
GLOBALIZATION that linked China and Europe via an overland route to
Steger pointed out that critics of
Contemporary World. Characterized by globalization,
globalization commit the mistake of
advancement of technology, global politics, cultural
conceptualizing the process along
shifts, and social changes that shape today’s world.
economic lines only, dismissive of
Why do you need to study the world? globalization’s multidimensional character.
Cure Parochialism. From close-mindedness to exchange silk, wool, gold, silver, jade, tea, spices, etc.
stretched imagination, outlook, and concern. One’s
Globalization – the expansion and intensification of
concern is not only for their immediate context or
social relations and consciousness across world-time
environment.
and across world-space.
1. Promote global awareness and education.
Expansion – creation of new social networks and
2. Encourage cross-cultural communication and
multiplication of existing connections that cut across
exchange.
traditional political, economic, cultural and geographic
3. Foster empathy and inclusivity.
boundaries
4. Support global collaborative effort.
5. Embrace technology and global connectivity. Different Levels of Connections:
It can teach you more about yourself. With 1. Social media (establishing global
knowledge about other countries, one can compare connections between people)
their society’s condition with that of other 2. International groups of non-
societies/countries. governmental organizations (NGOs)
1. Cultural exposure broadens your self- Intensification – the expansion, stretching and
understanding. acceleration of these networks
2. Technology and social media show your priorities.
Expansion of Global Connections
3. Global movements and activism challenge your
beliefs. with this connection, transactions happen at a
4. Adapting to a rapidly changing world helps you higher speed
understand your flexibility. integration of economies, markets, nation-states,
cultures, institutions
You are interacting with the world. As global
citizens, being aware of what is happening with the The Human Perception of Time and Space
world is a given.
Steger notes that globalization processes do not occur
1. Cultural exchange and globalization merely at the objective, material level but they also
2. Technology and digital connectivity involve the subjective plane of human consciousness.
3. Political and economic system
The perception that the world has become a smaller
4. Environmental impact and sustainability
space and distance has collapsed from thousands of
Where did Globalization Began? miles to just mouse-click away.
Trading of rare commodities like salt, spices and Globalization vs Globalism
gold. There is exchange of goods among traders
Globalization (process) – represents the many
of different countries mainly because some of
processes that allow for the expansion and
these commodities and goods are not found in
intensification of global connections
their own country.
Globalism (ideology) – a widespread belief among - viewing globalization not as a one-dimensional
powerful people that the global integration of economic phenomenon, but as a multidimensional
market is beneficial for everyone, since it spreads process involving diverse domains of activity
freedom and democracy across the world and interaction, including the cultural sphere
- increasing network of complex cultural
Three Processes of Multidimensional Character
interconnections and interdependence
1. Globalization as an economic process - culture no longer remains tied to fixed localities
- how the evolution of international markets and such as town and nation, but acquires new
corporations led to an intensified form of global meanings that reflect dominant themes
interdependence emerging in a global context
- the notion that globalization involves the - concept of globality, referring to the experience
increasing linkage of national economies of living and acting across borders
through trade, financial flows, and foreign
Anthropologist Arjun Appadurai (1996)
direct investments
identifies multiple and intersecting
- the premium put on free trade
dimensions of global cultural flows he calls
- emergence of transnational financial system
“Landscapes” or “Scapes”.
- creation of international financial markets
Five Conceptual Dimensions
Two Important Aspect
1. Ethnoscape
1.1 Changing nature of the product process
- flows of people
1.2 Liberalization and internalization of
- movement of people for reasons such as work,
financial transactions
recreation, and/or due to displacement
2. Globalization as a political process
- shift in populations made of tourists,
- the implication that economic globalization
immigrants, refugees, and exiles
might be leading to the reduced control of
- this is due to the ease and cheaper travel
national governments over economic policies
costs to travel and borders of countries
- political globalization as a process intrinsically
opening up to accommodate and offer
connected to the expansion of markets
opportunities to people
- the central role of politics especially the
2. Technoscape
successful mobilization of political power in
- flows of technology
unleashing the forces of globalization
- development and boom of technology that
- the continues relevance of conventional
facilitates cross-border connections and
political units, operating either in the form of
transactions
modern nation-states or global cities
- e.g. the internet, information technology, and
- the need for effective global governance
engineering
structures as a consequence of various forces
3. Finanscape
of globalization
- flows of money
- the gradual processes of relative
- the flow of global capital
deterritorialization that facilitate the growth of
- international banking and cash systems allow
supraterritorial relations between people.
this to happen
3. Globalization as a cultural process
- e.g. credit card systems
- confronted with the question of whether
4. Mediascape
globalization increases cultural homogeneity or
- flows of information
it leads to greater diversity and heterogeneity
- the production and dissemination of
information through electronic means
- the access of people to modern popular
culture
- e.g. access to international entertainment like
Hollywood films, K-drama, and anime; media
such as newspapers, magazines, the social
network
5. Ideoscape
- flows of ideas
- ideologies of state, and social movements
- e.g. posting of your views on a certain event or
human reality on Facebook; religious
missionaries spreading their doctrines to other
regions or countries; environmentalism
