BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ECE 302
Electronics 3: Electronic
Systems and Design
(Lecture)
ENGR. DONALD M. LAPIGUERA
CHAPTER 6

INTERFACING
TECHNIQUES
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
 INTERFACING TECHNIQUES

1. Definition and Type of Interface

2. Data Transfer Schemes
3. Microprocessors vs Microcontrollers
4. Bandwidth vs Throughput
5. Internet of Things

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 TOPIC

DEFINITION AND
COMPONENTS OF
INTERFACE
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
WHAT IS AN INTERFACE?

Interface is the path for

communication between two
components.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 WHAT IS AN INTERFACE?

Interface is a shared boundary between

system elements defined by common
physical interconnection characteristics,
signal characteristics, and meanings of
interchanged signals.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 WHAT IS AN INTERFACE?

Interface is a tool and concept that refers

to a point of interaction between
components and is applicable at the level
of both hardware and software.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 WHAT IS AN INTERFACE?

Interface allows a component to function

independently while using interfaces to
communicate with other components via
an input/output system and an associated
protocol.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 TYPE OF INTERFACE

Interfacing is of two types,

memory interfacing and I/O
interfacing

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 MEMORY INTERFACING

When we are executing any instruction, we

need the microprocessor to access the
memory for reading instruction codes and the
data stored in the memory.

For this, both the memory and the

microprocessor requires some signals to read
from and write to registers.
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
 MEMORY INTERFACING

The interfacing process includes some key

factors to match with the memory
requirements and microprocessor signals.

The interfacing circuit therefore should be

designed in such a way that it matches the
memory signal requirements with the signals
of the microprocessor.
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
 I/O INTERFACING

There are various communication devices like

the keyboard, mouse, printer, etc.
So, we need to interface the keyboard and
other devices with the microprocessor by
using latches and buffers.

This type of interfacing is known as I/O

interfacing.
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
INTERFACING TECHNIQUES

Block Diagram of Memory and I/O Interfacing

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
INTERFACING TECHNIQUES

Different Interfacing Techniques

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
 DB 25 connector
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
 USB Connector Types
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
INTERFACING TECHNIQUES

DATA TRANSFER
SCHEMES

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 DATA TRANSFER SCHEMES

Programmed Data Transfer

- requests the device for data transfer to or from one
of the processor register scheme is used when a
relatively small amount data are to be transferred
- usually one byte or word of data is transferred at a
time
- Examples of devices using parallel data transfer are
ADC,DAC, Hex-keyboard, 7-segment LED's, etc.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 DATA TRANSFER SCHEMES

3 Types of Programmed Data Transfer

The scheme can be further classified into the

following:
1. Synchronous data transfer scheme
2. Asynchronous data transfer scheme
3. Interrupt-driven data transfer scheme

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 DATA TRANSFER SCHEMES
Direct Memory Access (DMA) Data Transfer
- the processor is forced to hold state by an I/O
device until the data transfer between the device
and the memory is completed
- the processor does not execute any instructions
during the hold period and is used for large block
of data transfer between I/O device and memory
- typical examples of devices using DMA are CRT
controller, floppy disk, hard disk, high speed line
printer, etc.
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
 DATA TRANSFER SCHEMES
3 Types of DMA Data Transfer

The schemes are:

1. Cycle stealing DMA

2. Block or Burst mode DMA
3. Demand transfer mode DMA

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

INTERFACING TECHNIQUES

MICROPROCESSORS
VS
MICROCONTROLLERS
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
 MICROPROCESSORS VS MICROCONTROLLERS

Microcontroller and microprocessor both

terms seem similar but there is a huge
difference between these two ICs.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 MICROPROCESSORS VS MICROCONTROLLERS

Microprocessor only have CPU in the chip like

most of the Intel processors but
microcontroller also have RAM, ROM and
other peripherals along with the CPU or
processor.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 MICROPROCESSORS VS MICROCONTROLLERS

Both ICs have different applications and have

their own advantages and disadvantages.
They can be differentiated in terms of
applications, structure, internal parameters,
power consumption, and cost.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

MICROPROCESSORS VS MICROCONTROLLERS

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

MICROPROCESSORS VS MICROCONTROLLERS

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

MICROPROCESSORS VS MICROCONTROLLERS

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

MICROPROCESSORS VS MICROCONTROLLERS

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
INTERFACING TECHNIQUES

BANDWIDTH
VS
THROUGHPUT
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
Analogy of bandwidth and throughput
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
 BANDWIDTH

Bandwidth refers to the maximum amount of

data that can be transmitted from point A to
point B at a given period of time.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 THROUGHPUT

Throughput refers to the actual amount of

data transmitted from point A to point B in a
defined period of time.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 BANDWIDTH VS THROUGHPUT

Bandwidth mainly refers to a theoretical peak

value, while throughput refers to an achieved
value.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
INTERNET OF THINGS

INTERNET OF THINGS
Slides credited to: RF Engineer Pilipinas IoT Masterclass

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

INTERNET OF THINGS

Evolution and Revolution of IoT

What is IoT?
Who invented it?
How does it Work?
Do we need it?
Benefits of IoT
Applications of IoT
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
 INTERNET OF THINGS

Evolution and Revolution of IoT

•What is the difference of Evolution and Revolution in Telecommunication Industry?

1G

1980s
Analog Voice
Human-to-Human
Early Mobile Phone's

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 INTERNET OF THINGS
Evolution and Revolution of IoT

2G

1990s
Digital Voice
Low Speed Data
Voice and Some Text

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 INTERNET OF THINGS

Evolution and Revolution of IoT

3G

2000s
Mobile Broadband
High-Speed Data
Internet Access

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 INTERNET OF THINGS

Evolution and Revolution of IoT

4G

2010s
Faster/Better 3G
IP Based Network
High-Speed Internet
Streaming Apps

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 INTERNET OF THINGS
Evolution and Revolution of IoT
5G

2020s
Interconnected Devices,
Sensor, and Systems
For Consumers,
Governments, and
Business

• Evolution is the gradual improvement or upgrade of the system triggered by customer needs.
• Cellular evolution connects people to people and gives value thru its services.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 INTERNET OF THINGS
Evolution and Revolution of IoT

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 INTERNET OF THINGS
Evolution and Revolution of IoT
1 Understanding Industrial Revolution 4.0
Industrial Revolution 1.0

Highlights :

• Invention of the Steam Engine

• Use of Metals
Mechanization • Mechanical Tools
Steam engines • Railways
Water/Steam power
New manufacturing
• Textile Industry
Iron production
Textile industry
Mining and metallurgy Important Personalities
Machine tools • Thomas Savery
Steam factories
• Thomas Newcomen
• James Watt
1784
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
 INTERNET OF THINGS
Evolution and Revolution of IoT
Industrial Revolution 2.0
2
Highlights :

• Use of Electricity for Lighting and Power

• Better and Powerful Engines
• Telegraph
• Mass Production/ Manufacturing
Technological • Car Production - 1901
Electrification
Production line
Mass production Important Personalities
Globalization
Engines/turbines
• Thomas A. Edison – Incandescent Bulb and DC System
Broad adoption of • Nikola Tesla – AC Dynamo and 3 Phase System
telegraph, gas, water
supply
• Henry Ford – T20 Car

1870
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
 INTERNET OF THINGS
Evolution and Revolution of IoT
3 Industrial Revolution 3.0

Highlights :

• Digital World improved systems.

• Wireless Technologies (Cellular) were introduced.
• Personal Computers were created.
Computer/Internet
• Internet was born.
Digital manufacturing • Electronics and Automation was in full swing.
PLC/Robotics
IT and OT
Digitalization
Automation
Electronics/digital
Important Personalities
Networks • ARPANET (US Defense) – Internet -1960
Digital machines • Bill Gates – DOS and BASIC - Windows
• Steve Jobs – Apple – Personal Computers
1969
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
 INTERNET OF THINGS
Evolution and Revolution of IoT
4 Industrial Revolution 4.0
Highlights :
• Cellular Technologies – 5G
• IoT
• E-Commerce
• Financial Technologies – e Banking
• Internet
• Digital Transformation
Convergence IT/OT
Autonomous machine
Advanced robotics
Big Data/Analysis
Important Personalities
Internet of Things • Vendors (USA, Europe, Asia)
Digital ubiquity/ Cloud • Jeff Bezos – Amazon (AWS)
Smart factory
Machine learning & Al • Larry Page - Google
Cyber Physical • Steve Jobs - Apple
• Bill Gates – Microsoft
PRESENT • Jack Ma – Alibaba Group
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
 INTERNET OF THINGS
What is the Internet of Things (IoT)?

- It is a system of interrelated computing devices,

mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or
people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs)
and the ability to transfer data over a network without
requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer
interaction. - “Things”
- It has a digital print.
- It is connected to the internet
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
INTERNET OF THINGS
Who invented it?

Kevin Ashton
– is publicly known to be the father of IoT
– in 1999 he coined the term Internet of Things.
– he founded the Auto ID Center of MIT and this
paved the way for RFID Technology
– He started Thing Magic and Zensi which was
acquired by Belkin
– He is the author of the book: “ How to Fly a Horse”
– He writes for RFID Journal
– He is still active in the IoT industry on the
development of Sensors
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
INTERNET OF THINGS

Web Portal Dashboard API Management

Application Layer or API Management

Devices
Managers
Processing Engine (Algorithm) or
Event Processing Layer

IoT Gateway or Aggregation Layer

Identity and
Access
Manager
Communication: MQTT/HTTP

IoT Devices

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

INTERNET OF THINGS
Communication: MQTT/HTTP
(Protocols)

IoT Devices

• Sensors
• Actuators
• Digital Machines
• Robots
• Embedded Devices
• Wearables
• Tags (RFID)

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

INTERNET OF THINGS

IoT Gateway or Aggregation Layer

• Gateway (IoT) - is a physical device or software program that

serves as the connection point between the cloud and
controllers, sensors and intelligent devices. It also provides
Security for the IoT network and data to be transported.

• IP Address
Identity and • MAC Address
Access • IMSI
Manager • PKI – Public/Private Key Infrastructure
• Trust Platform Modules
• Certificates (Manufacturer and Governing Bodies)

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

INTERNET OF THINGS

Processing Engine (Algorithm) or

Event Processing Layer

• This layer takes the events from the bus and provides the
ability to process and act upon these events. A core capability
here is the requirement to store the data into a database.
• It can be in a physical Data Center or Cloud Facility.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

INTERNET OF THINGS
Web Portal Dashboard API Management

Application Layer or API Management

• Application Layer needs to provide a way for these devices to
communicate outside of the device-oriented system. This includes three
main approaches. Firstly, we need the ability to create web-based front-
ends and portals that interact with devices and with the event-processing
layer. Secondly, we need the ability to create dashboards that offer views
into analytics and event processing. Finally, we need to be able to interact
with systems outside this network using machine-to-machine
communications (APIs).

• Device management (DM) is handled by two components. A

server-side system (the device manager) communicates with
Devices devices via various protocols and provides both individual and
Managers bulk control of devices.
• It also remotely manages software and applications deployed
on the device. It can lock and/or wipe the device if necessary.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 INTERNET OF THINGS
Why Do We Need IoT?

• Data Driven Decisions

• Improves the ability to Monitor and Track “Things”
• Lighten the workload of Automation
• Optimize Cost and Resources for Industries
• Improves Quality of Work (Life) balance
• Efficient resource utilization
• Minimizing Human Effort
• Saves Time
• Development of AI (Artificial Intelligence) through IoT
• Improved Security
• Catalyst for Digital Transformation of Industries

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 INTERNET OF THINGS
Insights that empower you to understand IoT Markets
IoT ANALYTICS
Top 10 IoT Application Areas 2020
Global Share of Enterprise IoT Projects1 Trend2
1 MANUFACTURING / INDUSTRIAL 22%

2 TRANSPORATION / MOBILITY 15%

3 ENERGY 14%

4 RETAIL 12%

5 Global
CITIES
Share of Enterprise IoT Projects
12%
1

6 HEALTHCARE 9%

7 SUPPLY CHAIN 7%

8 AGRICULTURE 4%

9 BUILDINGS 3%

10 OTHERS3 3%
N=1,414 Projects
Notes: 1. Based on 1,414 publically known IoT projects (not including consumer IoT projects e.g. smart home, wearables, etc.) 2. Trend based on relative comparison with % of projects in the 2018 IoT
Analytics IoT project list e.g., a downward arrow mean the relative share of all projects has declined, not the overall number of projects. 3. Other includes IoT Project from Enterprise & Finance sectors.
Source.: IoT Analytics Research – July 2020

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

INTERNET OF THINGS

Types of Sensors and Actuators

Functionalities
How does it send Data?
What are the most used Protocols
(Messaging) in IoT?
IoT Devices

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

TYPES OF SENSORS AND ACTUATORS

Temperature Sensors
• Resistance Temperature Detectors

• Thermocouples

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

TYPES OF SENSORS AND ACTUATORS

Moisture Sensors

• Hair Tension moisture

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

TYPES OF SENSORS AND ACTUATORS

Light Sensor

• Photoresistor

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

TYPES OF SENSORS AND ACTUATORS

Acoustic and Noise Sensor

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

TYPES OF SENSORS AND ACTUATORS

Motion Sensor

• Active, ultrasonic motion sensor

• Active, Radar sensor

• Passive, infrared motion sensor

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

TYPES OF SENSORS AND ACTUATORS
Gyroscope Sensor

• Accelerometer • Heading Indicator

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 TYPES OF SENSORS AND ACTUATORS

Chemical Sensor

• Electrochemical Breath-analyzer • Electronic Nose

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

TYPES OF SENSORS AND ACTUATORS

Image Sensor

• Active Pixel Sensor • Charge Couple Device

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 TYPES OF SENSORS AND ACTUATORS
• Linear actuators – these are used to enable motion of objects or elements in a
straight line.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

TYPES OF SENSORS AND ACTUATORS
• Motors – they enable precise rotational movements of device components or
whole objects.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT

www.rfengineeracademy.com 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
TYPES OF SENSORS AND ACTUATORS
• Relays – this category includes electromagnet-based actuators to operate
power switches in lamps, heaters or even smart vehicles.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT

www.rfengineeracademy.com 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
TYPES OF SENSORS AND ACTUATORS

• Solenoids – most widely used in home appliances as part of locking or

triggering mechanisms, they also act as controllers in IoT-based gas and water
leak monitoring systems.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT

www.rfengineeracademy.com 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
FUNCTIONALITIES

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT

www.rfengineeracademy.com 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
HOW DOES IT SEND DATA?

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT

www.rfengineeracademy.com 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
 IOT PROTOCOLS
Messaging Protocols
MQTT - Message Queue Telemetry Transport

• Is a messaging protocol developed with the aid IBM and

Arcom in 1999 and is designed for M2M communication. It’s
normally used for faraway tracking in IoT.
• To gather statistics from many gadgets and delivery of its
infrastructure. MQTT connects gadgets and networks with
packages and middleware.

Publish Topics Subscribe

Publishers Broker Subscribers

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT

www.rfengineeracademy.com 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
 IOT PROTOCOLS

CoAP – Constraint Application Protocol

• is an internet utility protocol for constrained gadgets. It is

designed to enable simple, constrained devices to join IoT
through constrained networks having low bandwidth
availability.

• This is particularly designed for IoT systems that are based on

HTTP protocol.

• It uses the UDP protocol for lightweight implementation. It

also uses RESTful architecture, which is just like the HTTP
protocol.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 IOT PROTOCOLS
• GET: Read information
• PUT: Update information
• POST: Create new information
• Delete: Delete information

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 IOT PROTOCOLS

AMQP - Advance Message Queuing Protocol

• is a software layer protocol for message-oriented middleware

environment. It supports reliable verbal exchange through
message transport warranty primitives like at-most-once, at
least once and exactly as soon as shipping.

• The AMQP – IoT protocols consist of hard and fast

components that route and save messages within a broker
carrier, with a set of policies for wiring the components
together. The AMQP protocol enables patron programs to
talk to the Broker and engage with the AMQP model.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 IOT PROTOCOLS

• Exchange: Receives messages from publisher primarily based

programs and routes them to ‘message queues’.

• Message Queue: Stores messages until they may thoroughly

process via the client software.

• Binding: States the connection between the message queue and

the exchange.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 IOT PROTOCOLS

AMQP Broker

Queues Subscribe
Publish

Publish Exchange Queues Subscribe

Publish Queues Subscribe

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 IOT PROTOCOLS

• SMCP - A C-based CoAP stack which is suitable for embedded

environments. Features include: Support draft-ietf-core-coap-13,
Fully asynchronous I/O, Supports both BSD sockets and UIP.

• XMPP - An open technology for real-time communication,

which powers a wide range of applications including instant
messaging, presence, multi-party chat, voice and video calls,
collaboration, lightweight middleware, content syndication, and
generalized routing of XML data.

• STOMP - The Simple Text Oriented Messaging Protocol

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 IOT PROTOCOLS

Modbus is a serial communication protocol for use with programmable

logic controllers. It is typically used to transmit signals from
instrumentation and control devices back to a main controller; or data
gathering system.

The method is used for transmitting information over serial lines

between electronic devices. The device requesting information is called
“master” and “slaves” are the devices supplying information.

Used in Industrial Internet of Things…

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 IOT PROTOCOLS

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 IOT PROTOCOLS

• Arduino is an open-source electronics platform

based on easy-to-use hardware and software. It's
intended for anyone making interactive projects. It is
a Microcontroller type of embedded device.

• Senses the environment by receiving inputs from

many sensors, and affects its surroundings by
controlling lights, motors, and other actuators.

• It has its own programming language and

development environment.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

INTERFACING TECHNIQUES

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 IOT PROTOCOLS

• Raspberry Pi is a low cost, credit-card sized

computer that plugs into a computer monitor or TV,
and uses a standard keyboard and mouse. It is a
capable little device that enables people of all ages to
explore computing, and to learn how to program in
languages like Scratch and Python. It is a
Microcomputer.

• The hard drive crash, the Raspberry Pi was a perfectly

serviceable desktop for web browsing, writing
articles, and even some light image editing. ... 4 GB of
RAM is just enough for a desktop.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 IOT PROTOCOLS

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 IOT PROTOCOLS

• ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microchip, with a full

TCP/IP stack and microcontroller capability, produced
by Espressif Systems.

ESP
• Processor: L106 32-bit RISC microprocessor core based
on the Tensilica Xtensa Diamond Standard 106Micro
running at 80 MHz[5]

8266
• Memory:
• 32 KiB instruction RAM
• 32 KiB instruction cache RAM
• 80 KiB user-data RAM
• 16 KiB ETS system-data RAM
• External QSPI flash: up to 16 MiB is supported (512 KiB
to 4 MiB typically included).

• Developmental Board type of Device.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 IOT PROTOCOLS

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 IOT PROTOCOLS

• BeagleBone Black is a low-cost, community-supported

development platform for developers and hobbyists. Boot
Linux in under 10 seconds and get started on development
in less than 5 minutes with just a single USB cable.

• Processor: AM335x 1GHz ARM® Cortex-A8

• 512MB DDR3 RAM
• 4GB 8-bit eMMC on-board flash storage
• 3D graphics accelerator
• NEON floating-point accelerator
• 2x PRU 32-bit microcontrollers

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 IOT PROTOCOLS

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 IOT PROTOCOLS

• The DragonBoard 410c is a development board based

on the 64-bit capable Qualcomm® Snapdragon 410E
processor. The DragonBoard 410c packs advanced
processing power, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth connectivity, and GPS,
into a board the size of a credit card.

• Designed to support rapid software development,

education and prototyping, the DragonBoard 410c is an
ideal platform for embedded computing and Internet of
Things (IoT) products, including robotics, cameras, medical
devices, vending machines, smart buildings, digital
signage.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 IOT PROTOCOLS

• Memory
• Memory speed: 533MHz
• Memory Type: LPDDR3
• Storage
• eMMC: eMMC 4.5, 8 GB
• SD: Micro SD Card Slot
• Interface
• Supported Interfaces: I²S, HDMI, I²C, MIPI-CSI, MIPI-DSI,
SDIO, USB 2.0
• Input/Output
• General Purpose I/Os: 12x
• Package
• Package Type: NSP
• Pitch: 0.4mm Pitch
• Package Size: 12 x 14 mm

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 IOT PROTOCOLS

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
 PLC

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC
CONTROLLER
(PLC)
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
 PLC

A PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC
CONTROLLER (PLC) is an
industrial computer control
system that continuously
monitors the state of input
devices and makes decisions
based on a custom program to
control the state of output
devices.
Source: https://www.amci.com

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 PLC

Almost any production line, machine function, or

process can be greatly enhanced using this type of
control system.

However, the biggest benefit of using a PLC is the

ability to change and replicate the operation or
process while collecting and communicating vital
information.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 PLC

Another advantage of a PLC system is that it is

modular.

That is, one can mix and match the types of input and
output devices to best suit the needed application.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 HISTORY OF PLC

• The first Programmable Logic Controllers were

designed and developed by Modicon as a relay re-
placer for GM and Landis.

• These controllers eliminated the need for rewiring

and adding additional hardware for each new
configuration of logic.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 HISTORY OF PLC
• The new system drastically increased the
functionality of the controls while reducing the
cabinet space that housed the logic.

• The first PLC, model 084, was invented by Dick

Morley in 1969

• The first commercial successful PLC, the 184, was

introduced in 1973 and was designed by Michael
Greenberg.
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
INSIDE A PLC

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 INSIDE A PLC
The Central Processing Unit, the CPU, contains an
internal program that tells the PLC how to perform
the following functions:

• Execute the Control Instructions contained in the

User's Programs. This program is stored in "non-
volatile" memory, meaning that the program will
not be lost if power is removed.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 INSIDE A PLC

• Communicate with other devices, which can include

I/O Devices, Programming Devices, Networks, and
even other PLCs.

• Perform housekeeping activities such as

Communications, Internal Diagnostics, etc.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 HOW DOES A PLC OPERATE?

There are four basic steps in the operation of all PLCs;

Input Scan, Program Scan, Output Scan, and
Housekeeping.

These steps continually take place in a repeating loop.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 HOW DOES A PLC OPERATE?

Four Steps In The PLC Operations

1.) Input Scan

Detects the state of all input
devices that are connected to the
PLC

2.) Program Scan

Executes the user-created
program logic
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
 HOW DOES A PLC OPERATE?

Four Steps In The PLC Operations

3.) Output Scan

Energizes or de-energizes all
output devices that are
connected to the PLC.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 HOW DOES A PLC OPERATE?

Four Steps In The PLC Operations

4.) Housekeeping
This step includes
communications with
programming terminals,
internal diagnostics, etc.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 WHAT PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE IS USED TO
PROGRAM A PLC?

While Ladder Logic is the most used PLC programming

language, it is not the only one.

The following table lists of some of languages that are

used to program a PLC.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 WHAT PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE IS USED TO
PROGRAM A PLC?

The Ladder Diagram (LD) traditional ladder logic is a

graphical programming language.

Initially programmed with simple contacts that simulated

the opening and closing of relays, ladder logic
programming has been expanded to include such
functions as counters, timers, shift registers, and math
operations.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 LADDER LOGIC DIAGRAM

Example of LD logic
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
 WHAT PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE IS USED TO
PROGRAM A PLC?

The Function Block Diagram (FBD) is a graphical language

for depicting signal and data flows through re-usable
function blocks.

FBD is very useful for expressing the interconnection of

control system algorithms and logic.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

WHAT PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE IS USED TO
PROGRAM A PLC?

Example of FBD
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
 WHAT PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE IS USED TO
PROGRAM A PLC?

The Structured Text (ST) is a high-level text language that

encourages structured programming.

It has a language structure (syntax) that strongly

resembles PASCAL and supports a wide range of standard
functions and operators.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

WHAT PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE IS USED TO
PROGRAM A PLC?

Example of ST
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
 WHAT PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE IS USED TO
PROGRAM A PLC?

The Instruction List (IL) is a low level “assembler-like”

language that is based on similar instructions list
languages found in a wide range of today’s PLCs.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

WHAT PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE IS USED TO
PROGRAM A PLC?

Example of IL
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
 WHAT PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE IS USED TO
PROGRAM A PLC?

The Sequential Function Chart (SFC) or GRAFCET is a

method of programming complex control systems at a
more highly structured level.
It is one of the languages defined by IEC 61131-3 standard.
It can be used to program processes that can be split into
steps.
A SFC program is an overview of the control system, in
which the basic building blocks are entire program files.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 WHAT PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE IS USED TO
PROGRAM A PLC?

Each program file is created using one of the other types

of programming languages.

The SFC approach coordinates large, complicated

programming tasks into smaller, more manageable tasks.

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

WHAT PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE IS USED TO
PROGRAM A PLC?

Example of SFC
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
 INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES OF PLCs

Inputs

– Switches and Pushbuttons

– Sensing Devices
• Limit Switches
• Photoelectric Sensors
• Proximity Sensors

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES OF PLCs

Inputs

– Condition Sensors
– Encoders
• Pressure Switches
• Level Switches
• Temperature Switches
• Vacuum Switches
• Float Switches

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES OF PLCs

Outputs

– Valves
– Motor Starters
– Solenoids
– Actuators

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES OF PLCs

Outputs

– Horns and Alarms

– Stack lights
– Control Relays
– Counter/Totalizer
– Pumps
– Printers
– Fans

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 WHAT DO I NEED TO CONSIDER
WHEN CHOOSING A PLC?
There are many PLC systems on the market today. Other
than cost, one must consider the following when deciding
which one will best suit the needs of your application.

- Will the system be powered by AC or DC voltage?

- Does the PLC have enough memory to run one’s user

program?

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 WHAT DO I NEED TO CONSIDER
WHEN CHOOSING A PLC?
- Does the system run fast enough to meet one’s
application’s requirements?

- What type of software is used to program the PLC?

- Will the PLC be able to manage the number of inputs and

outputs that an application requires?

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 WHAT DO I NEED TO CONSIDER
WHEN CHOOSING A PLC?
- If required by one’s application, can the PLC handle
analog inputs and outputs, or maybe a combination of
both analog and discrete inputs and outputs?

- How will the user communicate with the PLC?

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 WHAT DO I NEED TO CONSIDER
WHEN CHOOSING A PLC?

- Does the user need network connectivity and can it be

added to the PLC?

- Will the system be located in one place or spread out

over a large area?

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 PLC ACRONYMS

The following shows a list of commonly used acronyms

that one sees when researching or using PLC.

ASCII American Standard Code for Information

Interchange
BCD Binary Coded Decimal
CSA Canadian Standards Association
DIO Distributed I/O
EIA Electronic Industries Association

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 PLC ACRONYMS

The following shows a list of commonly used acronyms

that one sees when researching or using PLC.

ISO International Standards Organization

LL Ladder Logic
LSB Least Significant Bit
MMI Man Machine Interface
MODICON Modular Digital Controller
MSB Most Significant Bit

BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025

 PLC ACRONYMS

The following shows a list of commonly used acronyms

that one sees when researching or using PLC.

PID Proportional Integral Derivative (feedback

control)
RF Radio Frequency
RIO Remote I/O
RTU Remote Terminal Unit
SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025
 Verse of the Day

“Getting wisdom is the wisest thing you can

do! And whatever else you do, develop good
judgment.”
- Proverbs 4:7 NLT
BulSU ECE DEPARTMENT 1ST SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024 – 2025