376 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain SECTION 6.

SECTION 6.2 Plane Stress 377 378 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain

y The sign convention for shear stresses is as follows. A shear stress is y z axis and the x1 y1 axes are rotated counterclockwise through an angle u
6.2 PLANE STRESS positive when it acts on a positive face of an element in the positive direc- y1 with respect to the xy axes.
The stress conditions that we encountered in earlier chapters when y
tion of an axis, and it is negative when it acts on a positive face of an The normal and shear stresses acting on this new element are
analyzing bars in tension and compression, shafts in torsion, and beams element in the negative direction of an axis. Therefore, the stresses txy and denoted sx1, sy1, tx1y1, and ty1x1, using the same subscript designations
tyx shown on the positive x and y faces in Fig. 6-la are positive shear x1 and sign conventions described previously for the stresses acting on the
in bending are examples of a state of stress called plane stress. To
explain plane stress, we will consider the stress element shown in x O x
stresses. Similarly, on a negative face of the element, a shear stress is posi- xy element. The previous conclusions regarding the shear stresses still
Fig. 6-1a. This element is infinitesimal in size and can be sketched either x tive when it acts in the negative direction of an axis. Hence, the stresses txy apply, so that
as a cube or as a rectangular parallelepiped. The xyz axes are parallel to and tyx shown on the negative x and y faces of the element are also positive.
z This sign convention for shear stresses is easy to remember if we O x
the edges of the element, and the faces of the element are designated by
the directions of their outward normals, as explained previously in state it as follows: tx1y1  ty1x1 (6-2)
y
Section 1.6. For instance, the right-hand face of the element is referred to A shear stress is positive when the directions associated with its sub-
as the positive x face, and the left-hand face (hidden from the viewer) is (a) scripts are plus-plus or minus-minus; the stress is negative when the
referred to as the negative x face. Similarly, the top face is the positive y y directions are plus-minus or minus-plus. From this equation and the equilibrium of the element, we see that the
face, and the front face is the positive z face. shear stresses acting on all four side faces of an element in plane stress
When the material is in plane stress in the xy plane, only the x and y The preceding sign convention for shear stresses is consistent with are known if we determine the shear stress acting on any one of those
the equilibrium of the element, because we know that shear stresses on (a) Stresses
faces of the element are subjected to stresses, and all stresses act parallel y faces.
to the x and y axes, as shown in Fig. 6-la. This stress condition is very opposite faces of an infinitesimal element must be equal in magnitude The stresses acting on the inclined x1y1 element (Fig. 6-1c) can be
common because it exists at the surface of any stressed body, except at and opposite in direction. Hence, according to our sign convention, expressed in terms of the stresses on the xy element (Fig. 6-1b) by
y
points where external loads act on the surface. When the element shown a positive stress txy acts upward on the positive face (Fig. 6-1a) and using equations of equilibrium. For this purpose, we choose a wedge-
x x
O downward on the negative face. In a similar manner, the stresses tyx act- y1
in Fig. 6-1a is located at the free surface of a body, the z axis is normal x shaped stress element (Fig. 6-2a) having an inclined face that is the
to the surface and the z face is in the plane of the surface. ing on the top and bottom faces of the element are positive although same as the x1 face of the inclined element shown in Fig. 6-1c. The
they have opposite directions. x1
The symbols for the stresses shown in Fig. 6-1a have the following other two side faces of the wedge are parallel to the x and y axes.
meanings. A normal stress s has a subscript that identifies the face on We also know that shear stresses on perpendicular planes are equal In order to write equations of equilibrium for the wedge, we need to
which the stress acts; for instance, the stress sx acts on the x face of
y in magnitude and have directions such that both stresses point toward, or construct a free-body diagram showing the forces acting on the faces.
the element and the stress sy acts on the y face of the element. Since the both point away from, the line of intersection of the faces. In as much as Let us denote the area of the left-hand side face (that is, the negative x
(b) txy and tyx are positive in the directions shown in the figure, they are
element is infinitesimal in size, equal normal stresses act on the oppo- O x face) as A0. Then the normal and shear forces acting on that face are
y consistent with this observation. Therefore, we note that
site faces. The sign convention for normal stresses is the familiar one, y1 sx A0 and txy A0, as shown in the free-body diagram of Fig. 6-2b. The
namely, tension is positive and compression is negative. area of the bottom face (or negative y face) is A0 tan u, and the area of
FIG. 6-1 Elements in plane stress:
A shear stress t has two subscripts—the first subscript denotes the tx y  tyx (6-1) the inclined face (or positive x1 face) is A0 sec u. Thus, the normal and
(a) three-dimensional view of an face on which the stress acts, and the second gives the direction on that shear forces acting on these faces have the magnitudes and directions
x1
element oriented to the xyz axes, face. Thus, the stress txy acts on the x face in the direction of the y axis shown in Fig. 6-2b.
(b) two-dimensional view of the same (Fig. 6-1a), and the stress tyx acts on the y face in the direction of the x axis. This relationship was derived previously from equilibrium of the The forces acting on the left-hand and bottom faces can be resolved
element, and (c) two-dimensional view O x element (see Section 1.6). (b) Forces into orthogonal components acting in the x1 and y1 directions. Then we
of an element oriented to the x1y1z1 axes For convenience in sketching plane-stress elements, we usually draw can obtain two equations of equilibrium by summing forces in those
only a two-dimensional view of the element, as shown in Fig. 6-1b. FIG. 6-2 Wedge-shaped stress element in
directions. The first equation, obtained by summing forces in the x1
Although a figure of this kind is adequate for showing all stresses acting plane stress: (a) stresses acting on the
y y y element, and (b) forces acting on the
direction, is
y1 on the element, we must still keep in mind that the element is a solid
element (free-body diagram)
body with a thickness perpendicular to the plane of the figure.
y (c) sx1 A 0 sec u sx A 0 cos u txy A 0 sin u
y

x1 FIG. 6-1 (Repeated)

Stresses on Inclined Sections sy A 0 tan u sinu tyx A 0 tan u cosu  0
x O x x x We are now ready to consider the stresses acting on inclined sections,
x O x O x
assuming that the stresses sx, sy, and txy (Figs. 6-1a and b) are known. To In the same manner, summation of forces in the y1 direction gives
z portray the stresses acting on an inclined section, we consider a new stress
element (Fig. 6-1c) that is located at the same point in the material as the
y y original element (Fig. 6-1b). However, the new element has faces that are tx1y1A 0 sec u sx A 0 sin u txy A 0 cos u
parallel and perpendicular to the inclined direction. Associated with this
(a) (b) (c) new element are axes x1, y1, and z1, such that the z1 axis coincides with the sy A0 tan u cos u ty x A0 tan u sin u  0

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Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

SECTION 6.2 Plane Stress 379 380 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain SECTION 6.2 Plane Stress 381

Using the relationship txy  tyx, and also simplifying and rearranging, An important observation concerning the normal stresses can be y in uniaxial stress (Fig. 6-4). The corresponding transformation
we obtain the following two equations: obtained from the transformation equations. As a preliminary matter, we equations, obtained by setting sy and txy equal to zero in Eqs. (6-4a) and
note that the normal stress sy1 acting on the y1 face of the inclined (6-4b), are
element (Fig. 6-1c) can be obtained from Eq. (6-4a) by substituting
sx1  sx cos2 u sy sin2 u 2txy sin u cos u (6-3a) u 90° for u. The result is the following equation for sy1: O x sx sx
sx1  (1 cos 2u ) tx1y1  (sin 2u ) (6-7a,b)
2 2
sx sy sx 2 sy
tx1y1  (sx sy) sin u cos u tx y (cos u 2 2
sin u) (6-3b) sy1  cos 2u txy sin 2u (6-5)
2 2 FIG. 6-4 Element in uniaxial stress
These equations agree with the equations derived previously in Sec-
Equations (6-3a) and (6-3b) give the normal and shear stresses acting on Summing the expressions for sx1 and sy1 (Eqs. 6-4a and 6-5), we obtain tion 2.6 (see Eqs. 2-29a and 2-29b), except that now we are using a
the x1 plane in terms of the angle u and the stresses sx, sy, and txy acting the following equation for plane stress: more generalized notation for the stresses acting on an inclined plane.
on the x and y planes. Another special case is pure shear (Fig. 6-5), for which the trans-
y
For the special case when u  0, we note that Eqs. (6-3a) and (6-3b) formation equations are obtained by substituting sx  0 and sy  0 into
sx1 sy1  sx sy (6-6)
give sx1  sx and tx1y1  tx y, as expected. Also, when u  90°, the Eqs. (6-4a) and (6-4b):
equations give sx1  sy and tx1y1  tx y  tyx. In the latter case, This equation shows that the sum of the normal stresses acting on per-
since the x1 axis is vertical when u  90°, the stress tx1y1 will be positive pendicular faces of plane-stress elements (at a given point in a stressed O x sx1  txy sin 2u tx1y1  txy cos 2u (6-8a,b)
when it acts to the left. However, the stress tyx acts to the right, and body) is constant and independent of the angle u.
therefore tx1y1  tyx . The manner in which the normal and shear stresses vary is shown Again, these equations correspond to those derived earlier (see
in Fig. 6-3, which is a graph of sx1 and tx1y1 versus the angle u (from Eqs. 3-30a and 3-30b in Section 3.5).
Eqs. 6-4a and 6-4b). The graph is plotted for the particular case of Finally, we note the special case of biaxial stress, in which the
Transformation Equations for Plane Stress sy  0.2sx and txy  0.8sx. We see from the plot that the stresses vary
FIG. 6-5 Element in pure shear
xy element is subjected to normal stresses in both the x and y directions
Equations (6-3a) and (6-3b) for the stresses on an inclined section can continuously as the orientation of the element is changed. At certain but without any shear stresses (Fig. 6-6). The equations for biaxial stress
be expressed in a more convenient form by introducing the following angles, the normal stress reaches a maximum or minimum value; at are obtained from Eqs. (6-4a) and (6-4b) simply by dropping the terms
trigonometric identities (see Appendix D available online): other angles, it becomes zero. Similarly, the shear stress has maximum, containing txy, as follows:
minimum, and zero values at certain angles. A detailed investigation of
1 1
cos2 u  (1 cos 2u ) sin2 u  (1 2 cos 2u ) these maximum and minimum values is made in Section 6.3.
2 2 sx sy sx 2 sy
1 sx1  cos 2u (6-9a)
sin u cos u  sin 2u 2 2
2 Special Cases of Plane Stress
When these substitutions are made, the equations become The general case of plane stress reduces to simpler states of stress under sx sy
special conditions. For instance, if all stresses acting on the xy element tx1y1  sin 2u (6-9b)
2
sx sy sx 2 sy (Fig. 6-1b) are zero except for the normal stress sx, then the element is
sx1  cos 2u txy sin 2u (6-4a)
Biaxial stress occurs in many kinds of structures, including thin-walled
2 2
pressure vessels (see Sections 7.2 and 7.3).
sx sy
tx1y1  sin 2u txy cos 2u (6-4b)
2 y

These equations are usually called the transformation equations for

plane stress because they transform the stress components from one set
of axes to another. However, as explained previously, the intrinsic state
of stress at the point under consideration is the same whether repre- 0
sented by stresses acting on the xy element (Fig. 6-1b) or by stresses O x
acting on the inclined x1y1 element (Fig. 6-1c).
Since the transformation equations were derived solely from equi- FIG. 6-3 Graph of normal stress sx1 and
librium of an element, they are applicable to stresses in any kind of shear stress tx1y1 versus the angle u (for
material, whether linear or nonlinear, elastic or inelastic. sy  0.2sx and txy  0.8sx) FIG. 6-6 Element in biaxial stress

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 382 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain SECTION 6.2 Plane Stress 383 384 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain

Example 6-1 Example 6-2 6.3 PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses sx  16,000 psi, sy  y A plane-stress condition exists at a point on the surface of a loaded structure, The transformation equations for plane stress show that the normal
6,000 psi, and txy  tyx  4,000 psi, as shown in Fig. 6-7a. where the stresses have the magnitudes and directions shown on the stress element stresses sx1 and the shear stresses tx1y1 vary continuously as the axes are
Determine the stresses acting on an element inclined at an angle u  45°. 12 MPa
of Fig. 6-8a.
rotated through the angle u. This variation is pictured in Fig. 6-3 for a
Determine the stresses acting on an element that is oriented at a clockwise
angle of 15° with respect to the original element.
particular combination of stresses. From the figure, we see that both the
y y x1 normal and shear stresses reach maximum and minimum values at 90°
y1 Solution
intervals. Not surprisingly, these maximum and minimum values are
46 MPa
O The stresses acting on the original element (Fig. 6-8a) have the following usually needed for design purposes. For instance, fatigue failures of
x
values: structures such as machines and aircraft are often associated with the
19 MPa maximum stresses, and hence their magnitudes and orientations should
sx  46 MPa sy  12 MPa tx y  19 MPa be determined as part of the design process (see Fig. 6-9).
O x x An element oriented at a clockwise angle of 15° is shown in Fig. 6-8b, (a) Photo of a crane-hook
O
where the x1 axis is at an angle u  15° with respect to the x axis. (As an alter-
(a) native, the x1 axis could be placed at a positive angle u  75°.)
(Frans Lemmens/Getty Images) Principal Stresses
Stress transformation equations. We can readily calculate the stresses on the The maximum and minimum normal stresses, called the principal
FIG. 6-7 Example 6-1. (a) Element in y y1 x1 face of the element oriented at u  15° by using the transformation equa- stresses, can be found from the transformation equation for the normal
plane stress, and (b) element inclined tions (Eqs. 6-4a and 6-4b). The calculations proceed as follows: stress sx1 (Eq. 6-4a). By taking the derivative of sx1 with respect to u
at an angle u  45° (a) (b)
1.4 MPa sx sy sx 2 sy and setting it equal to zero, we obtain an equation from which we can
 17 MPa  29 MPa find the values of u at which sx1 is a maximum or a minimum. The
Solution 2 2
equation for the derivative is
Transformation equations. To determine the stresses acting on an inclined ele- sin 2u  sin ( 30°)  0.5 cos 2u  cos ( 30°)  0.8660
32.6 MPa
ment, we will use the transformation equations (Eqs. 6-4a and 6-4b). From the given x dsx1
numerical data, we obtain the following values for substitution into those equations: O Substituting into the transformation equations, we get  (sx sy) sin 2u 2txy cos 2u  0 (6-10)
du
sx sy sx 2 sy
 11,000 psi  5,000 psi txy  4,000 psi 31.0 MPa x1 sx sy sx 2 sy from which we get
2 2 sx1  cos 2u txy sin 2u
2 2
sin 2u  sin 90°  1 cos 2u  cos 90°  0
Substituting these values into Eqs. (6-4a) and (6-4b), we get  17 MPa ( 29 MPa)(0.8660) ( 19 MPa)( 0.5) 2txy
tan 2up  (6-11)
sx sy sx 2 sy (b)  32.6 MPa (b) Photoelastic fringe pattern sx sy
sx1  cos 2u txy sin 2u (Courtesy of Eann Patterson)
2 2 FIG. 6-8 Example 6-2. (a) Element in sx 2 sy
 11,000 psi (5,000 psi)(0) (4,000 psi)(1)  15,000 psi tx1 y 1  sin 2u txycos 2u The subscript p indicates that the angle up defines the orientation of the
plane stress, and (b) element inclined at 2 FIG. 6-9 Photoelastic fringe pattern
sx 2 sy an angle u  15° displays principal stresses in a model principal planes, that is, the planes on which the principal stresses act.
tx1y1  sin 2u tx y cos 2u  ( 29 MPa)( 0.5) ( 19 MPa)(0.8660) Two values of the angle 2up in the range from 0 to 360° can be
2 of a crane-hook
 31.0 MPa obtained from Eq. (6-11). These values differ by 180°, with one value
 (5,000 psi)(1) (4,000 psi)(0)  5,000 psi between 0 and 180° and the other between 180° and 360°. Therefore, the
In addition, the stress sy1 may be obtained from Eq. (6-5): The normal stress acting on the y1 face (Eq. 6-5) is angle up has two values that differ by 90°, one value between 0 and 90°
sx sy sx 2 sy and the other between 90° and 180°. The two values of up are known as
sy1  cos 2u tx y sin 2u sx sy sx 2 sy
2 2 sy1  cos 2u txy sin 2u 2
the principal angles. For one of these angles, the normal stress sx1 is a
2 2 maximum principal stress; for the other, it is a minimum principal stress.
 11,000 psi (5,000 psi)(0) (4,000 psi)(1)  7,000 psi
Stress elements. From these results we can readily obtain the stresses acting  17 MPa ( 29 MPa)(0.8660) ( 19 MPa)( 0.5) 2 Because the principal angles differ by 90°, we see that the principal
on all sides of an element oriented at u  45°, as shown in Fig. 6-7b. The arrows  1.4 MPa R= stresses occur on mutually perpendicular planes.
show the true directions in which the stresses act. Note especially the directions The principal stresses can be calculated by substituting each of the
of the shear stresses, all of which have the same magnitude. Also, observe that the This stress can be verified by substituting u  75° into Eq. (6-4a). As a further two values of up into the first stress-transformation equation (Eq. 6-4a)
sum of the normal stresses remains constant and equal to 22,000 psi (see Eq. 6-6). check on the results, we note that sx1 sy1  sx sy. and solving for sx1. By determining the principal stresses in this manner,
Note: The stresses shown in Fig. 6-7b represent the same intrinsic state of The stresses acting on the inclined element are shown in Fig. 6-8b, where 2 we not only obtain the values of the principal stresses but we also learn
stress as do the stresses shown in Fig. 6-7a. However, the stresses have different the arrows indicate the true directions of the stresses. Again we note that both which principal stress is associated with which principal angle.
values because the elements on which they act have different orientations. stress elements shown in Fig. 6-8 represent the same state of stress. FIG. 6-10 Geometric representation of We can also obtain general formulas for the principal stresses. To do
Eq. (6-11) so, refer to the right triangle in Fig. 6-10, which is constructed from

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Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

SECTION 6.3 Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stresses 385 386 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain SECTION 6.3 Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stresses 387

Eq. (6-11). Note that the hypotenuse of the triangle, obtained from the Principal Angles y For an element in pure shear (Fig. 6-12a), the principal planes are
Pythagorean theorem, is oriented at 45° to the x axis (Fig. 6-12b), because tan 2up is infinite and
Let us now denote the two angles defining the principal planes as up1 the two values of up are 45° and 135°. If txy is positive, the principal
冪莦
冢 2莦
冣 莦
sx sy 2
and u p 2, corresponding to the principal stresses s1 and s2, respec-
R t 2
xy (6-12) stresses are s 1  txy and s 2  txy (see Section 3.5 for a discussion of
tively. Both angles can be determined from the equation for tan 2up O pure shear).
x
The quantity R is always a positive number and, like the other two sides (Eq. 6-11). However, we cannot tell from that equation which angle is
of the triangle, has units of stress. From the triangle we obtain two addi- up1 and which is u p 2. A simple procedure for making this determina-
tional relations: tion is to take one of the values and substitute it into the equation for The Third Principal Stress
sx 1 (Eq. 6-4a). The resulting value of sx 1 will be recognized as either The preceding discussion of principal stresses refers only to rotation of
sx sy txy (a)
cos 2up  sin 2up  (6-13a,b) s1 or s2 (assuming we have already found s1 and s2 from Eq. 6-17), axes in the xy plane, that is, rotation about the z axis (Fig. 6-13a).
2R R thus correlating the two principal angles with the two principal y Therefore, the two principal stresses determined from Eq. (6-17) are
Now we substitute these expressions for cos 2up and sin 2up into stresses. called the in-plane principal stresses. However, we must not overlook
Eq. (6-4a) and obtain the algebraically larger of the two principal Another method for correlating the principal angles and principal the fact that the stress element is actually three-dimensional and has
stresses, denoted by s1: stresses is to use Eqs. (6-13a) and (6-13b) to find up, since the only three (not two) principal stresses acting on three mutually perpendicu-
angle that satisfies both of those equations is u p1. Thus, we can rewrite lar planes.
sx sy sx sy those equations as follows:
s1  sx1  cos 2up txy sin 2up O x By making a more complete three-dimensional analysis, it can be
2 2 shown that the three principal planes for a plane-stress element are the two

冢 冣 冢 冣
sx sy sx sy sx sy txy sx 2 sy txy principal planes already described plus the z face of the element. These
 txy cos 2up1  sin 2u p1  (6-18a,b)
2 2 2R R 2R R principal planes are shown in Fig. 6-13b, where a stress element has been
(b) oriented at the principal angle up1, which corresponds to the principal
After substituting for R from Eq. (6-12) and performing some algebraic
stress s1. The principal stresses s1 and s 2 are given by Eq. (6-17), and the
manipulations, we obtain
Only one angle exists between 0 and 360° that satisfies both of these FIG. 6-12 (a) Element in pure shear, and third principal stress (s 3) equals zero.

冪莦
冢 2莦
冣 莦
sx sy sx sy 2 equations. Thus, the value of u p1 can be determined uniquely from (b) principal stresses By definition, s1 is algebraically larger than s 2, but s 3 may be
s1  t 2
xy (6-14)
2 Eqs. (6-18a) and (6-18b). The angle up 2, corresponding to s 2, defines a algebraically larger than, between, or smaller than s 1 and s 2. Of course,
plane that is perpendicular to the plane defined by up1. Therefore, up2 it is also possible for some or all of the principal stresses to be equal.
The smaller of the principal stresses, denoted by s2, may be found from y can be taken as 90° larger or 90° smaller than up1. Note again that there are no shear stresses on any of the principal
the condition that the sum of the normal stresses on perpendicular planes
planes.*
is constant (see Eq. 6-6):

s1 s 2  sx sy O x Shear Stresses on the Principal Planes y y1 y

(6-15)
An important characteristic of the principal planes can be obtained from
Substituting the expression for s 1 into Eq. (6-15) and solving for s 2, the transformation equation for the shear stresses (Eq. 6-4b). If we set
we get (a)
the shear stress t x1y1 equal to zero, we get an equation that is the same as x1
s 2  sx sy s1 y Eq. (6-10). Therefore, if we solve that equation for the angle 2u, we get
the same expression for tan 2u as before (Eq. 6-11). In other words, the O
冪莦
冢 2莦
冣 莦
sx sy sx sy 2 O
 t xy2 (6-16) angles to the planes of zero shear stress are the same as the angles to the x x
2
principal planes.
z
This equation has the same form as the equation for s1 but differs by the Thus, we can make the following important observation: The shear FIG. 6-13 Elements in plane stress:
presence of the minus sign before the square root. stresses are zero on the principal planes. (a) original element, and (b) element z, z1
The preceding formulas for s1 and s2 can be combined into a single O oriented to the three principal planes
x
formula for the principal stresses: and three principal stresses (a) (b)
Special Cases
冪冢莦2 莦
冣 莦
sx sy sx sy 2
s1,2  t 2
xy (6-17) The principal planes for elements in uniaxial stress and biaxial stress *
2 The determination of principal stresses is an example of a type of mathematical analysis
(b) are the x and y planes themselves (Fig. 6-11), because tan 2up  0 (see known as eigenvalue analysis, which is described in books on matrix algebra. The stress-
Eq. 6-11) and the two values of up are 0 and 90°. We also know that the x transformation equations and the concept of principal stresses are due to the French mathe-
maticians A. L. Cauchy (1789–1857) and Barré de Saint-Venant (1797–1886) and to the
The plus sign gives the algebraically larger principal stress and the FIG. 6-11 Elements in uniaxial and and y planes are the principal planes from the fact that the shear stresses Scottish scientist and engineer W. J. M. Rankine (1820–1872); see Refs. 6-1, 6-2, and 6-3
minus sign gives the algebraically smaller principal stress. biaxial stress are zero on those planes. respectively. A list of references is available online.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 388 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain SECTION 6.3 Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stresses 389 390 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain

Maximum Shear Stresses The plane of the maximum positive shear stress tmax is defined by and y axes. In the case of pure shear (Fig. 6-12), the maximum shear
the angle us1, for which the following equations apply: stresses occur on the x and y planes.
Having found the principal stresses and their directions for an element in
plane stress, we now consider the determination of the maximum shear
txy sx sy
stresses and the planes on which they act. The shear stresses tx1y1 acting cos 2us1  sin 2us1  (6-23a,b) In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Shear Stresses
on inclined planes are given by the second transformation equation R 2R
(Eq. 6-4b). Taking the derivative of tx1y1 with respect to u and setting it The preceding analysis of shear stresses has dealt only with in-plane
equal to zero, we obtain in which R is given by Eq. (6-12). Also, the angle us1 is related to the shear stresses, that is, stresses acting in the xy plane. To obtain the max-
angle up1 (see Eqs. 6-18a and 6-18b) as follows: imum in-plane shear stresses (Eqs. 6-25 and 6-26), we considered
dtx1y1 elements that were obtained by rotating the xyz axes about the z axis,
 (s x sy) cos 2u 2tx y sin 2u  0 (6-19)
du us1  up1 45° (6-24) which is a principal axis (Fig. 6-13a). We found that the maximum shear
stresses occur on planes at 45° to the principal planes. The principal
from which
The corresponding maximum shear stress is obtained by substituting the planes for the element of Fig. 6-13a are shown in Fig. 6-13b, where s1
sx sy expressions for cos 2us1 and sin 2us1 into the second transformation and s 2 are the principal stresses. Therefore, the maximum in-plane shear
tan 2us  (6-20) equation (Eq. 6-4b), yielding stresses are found on an element obtained by rotating the x1y1z1 axes
2txy
(Fig. 6-13b) about the z1 axis through an angle of 45°. These stresses are
given by Eq. (6-25) or Eq. (6-26).
冪莦
冢 2莦
冣 莦
The subscript s indicates that the angle us defines the orientation of the sx sy 2
tmax  t 2
xy (6-25)
We can also obtain maximum shear stresses by 45° rotations about
planes of maximum positive and negative shear stresses. the other two principal axes (the x1 and y1 axes in Fig. 6-13b). As a result,
Equation (6-20) yields one value of us between 0 and 90° and another we obtain three sets of maximum positive and maximum negative
between 90° and 180°. Furthermore, these two values differ by 90°, and shear stresses (compare with Eq. 6-26):
therefore the maximum shear stresses occur on perpendicular planes. The maximum negative shear stress tmin has the same magnitude but
Because shear stresses on perpendicular planes are equal in absolute value, opposite sign. s2 s1 s1 s2
the maximum positive and negative shear stresses differ only in sign. Another expression for the maximum shear stress can be obtained (tmax)x1  (tmax)y1  (tmax)z1  (6-28a,b,c)
2 2 2
Comparing Eq. (6-20) for us with Eq. (6-11) for up shows that from the principal stresses s1 and s 2, both of which are given by
Eq. (6-17). Subtracting the expression for s 2 from that for s1, and then in which the subscripts indicate the principal axes about which the 45°
1
tan 2us   cot 2up (6-21) comparing with Eq. (6-25), we see that rotations take place. The stresses obtained by rotations about the x1 and
tan 2up
y1 axes are called out-of-plane shear stresses.
From this equation we can obtain a relationship between the angles us s1 s2 The algebraic values of s1 and s2 determine which of the preceding
and up. First, we rewrite the preceding equation in the form tmax  (6-26) expressions gives the numerically largest shear stress. If s 1 and s 2 have
2
the same sign, then one of the first two expressions is numerically
sin 2us cos 2up
0 largest; if they have opposite signs, the last expression is largest.
cos 2us sin 2up Thus, the maximum shear stress is equal to one-half the difference of the
Multiplying by the terms in the denominator, we get principal stresses.
The planes of maximum shear stress also contain normal stresses.
sin 2us sin 2up cos 2us cos 2up  0 The normal stress acting on the planes of maximum positive shear
stress can be determined by substituting the expressions for the angle us1
which is equivalent to the following expression (see Appendix D available y y1 y
(Eqs. 6-23a and 6-23b) into the equation for sx1 (Eq. 6-4a). The result-
online):
ing stress is equal to the average of the normal stresses on the x and y
cos (2us 2up)  0 planes:
Therefore, x1
sx sy
2us 2up  90° saver  (6-27) O
O
2 x x
and
z
us  up 45° (6-22) This same normal stress acts on the planes of maximum negative shear
stress. z, z1
This equation shows that the planes of maximum shear stress occur at In the particular cases of uniaxial stress and biaxial stress
45° to the principal planes. (Fig. 6-11), the planes of maximum shear stress occur at 45° to the x FIG. 6-13 (Repeated) (a) (b)

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

SECTION 6.3 Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stresses 391 392 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain SECTION 6.3 Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stresses 393

Example 6-3 sx sy 12,300 psi 4,200 psi Therefore,

  4,050 psi
2 2
An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses sx  12,300 psi, sy  4,200 psi,
and txy  4,700 psi, as shown in Fig. 6-14a. s 1  13,540 psi s2  5,440 psi
(a) Determine the principal stresses and show them on a sketch of a prop-
The angle up1 to the plane on which s1 acts is obtained from Eqs. (6-18a)
erly oriented element.
sx sy 12,300 psi 4,200 psi and (6-18b):
(b) Determine the maximum shear stresses and show them on a sketch of a   8,250 psi
properly oriented element. (Consider only the in-plane stresses.) 2 2
sx sy 8,250 psi
cos 2u p1    0.869
2R 9,490 psi
y
y y txy
4,700 psi
Now we substitute the first value of 2up into Eq. (6-4a) and obtain sin 2up1    0.495
R 9,490 psi
4,200 psi 4,050 psi
in which R is given by Eq. (6-12) and is equal to the square-root term in the
4,050 psi sx sy sx sy
sx1  cos 2u txy sin 2u preceding calculation for the principal stresses s1 and s2.
2 2 The only angle between 0 and 360° having the specified sine and cosine
12,300 psi x  4,050 psi (8,250 psi)(cos 150.3°) (4,700 psi)(sin 150.3°) is 2up1  330.3°; hence, up1  165.2°. This angle is associated with the
O x O O x algebraically larger principal stress s1  13,540 psi. The other angle is 90°
 5,440 psi
4,700 psi 9,490 psi larger or smaller than up1; hence, up2  75.2°. This angle corresponds to the
smaller principal stress s2  5,440 psi. Note that these results for the principal
stresses and principal angles agree with those found previously.
In a similar manner, we substitute the second value of 2up and obtain sx1  13,540 (b) Maximum shear stresses. The maximum in-plane shear stresses are
psi. Thus, the principal stresses and their corresponding principal angles are given by Eq. (6-25):
(a) (b) (c)

冪莦
冢 2莦
冣 莦
FIG. 6-14 Example 6-3. (a) Element in sx sy 2
plane stress, (b) principal stresses, and tmax  t 2
xy
s1  13,540 psi and up1  165.2°
(c) maximum shear stresses

 兹(8,250
苶苶 psi)2 苶
( 4,7苶
00 psi)2苶  9,490 psi
s2  5,440 psi and up2  75.2°
Solution The angle us1 to the plane having the maximum positive shear stress is calcu-
(a) Principal stresses. The principal angles up that locate the principal lated from Eq. (6-24):
planes can be obtained from Eq. (6-11):
y
Note that u p1 and u p2 differ by 90° and that s1 s2  sx sy . y
2txy 2( 4,700 psi) us1  up1 – 45°  165.2° 45°  120.2°
tan 2up   12,300 psi ( 4,200 psi)  0.5697 The principal stresses are shown on a properly oriented element in Fig. 6-14b.
sx sy Of course, no shear stresses act on the principal planes. 4,050 psi
It follows that the maximum negative shear stress acts on the plane for which
Alternative solution for the principal stresses. The principal stresses may us2  120.2° 90°  30.2°.
Solving for the angles, we get the following two sets of values: 4,050 psi
also be calculated directly from Eq. (6-17): The normal stresses acting on the planes of maximum shear stresses are
calculated from Eq. (6-27):
x
2up  150.3° and up  75.2° O O x
sx sy
saver   4,050 psi
冪莦
冢 2莦
冣 莦
2up  330.3° and up  165.2° sx sy sx sy 2 9,490 psi 2
s1, 2  t 2
xy
2
 4,050 psi 兹(8,250
苶苶 psi)2 苶
( 4,7苶
00 psi)2苶 Finally, the maximum shear stresses and associated normal stresses are shown
The principal stresses may be obtained by substituting the two values of 2u p on the stress element of Fig. 6-14c.
into the transformation equation for sx1 (Eq. 6-4a). As a preliminary calculation, (b) (c) As an alternative approach to finding the maximum shear stresses, we can use
we determine the following quantities: Eq. (6-20) to determine the two values of the angles us, and then we can use the
FIG. 6-14b (Repeated) s1,2  4,050 psi 9,490 psi FIG. 6-14c (Repeated) second transformation equation (Eq. 6-4b) to obtain the corresponding shear stresses.
continued

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 394 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain SECTION 6.4 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress 395 396 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain

which is the equation of a circle in standard algebraic form. The coordi- Construction of Mohr’s Circle
6.4 MOHR’S CIRCLE FOR PLANE STRESS nates are sx1 and tx1y1, the radius is R, and the center of the circle has
coordinates sx1  saver and tx1y1  0. Mohr’s circle can be constructed in a variety of ways, depending upon
The transformation equations for plane stress can be represented in which stresses are known and which are to be found. For our immediate
graphical form by a plot known as Mohr’s circle. This graphical repre- purpose, which is to show the basic properties of the circle, let us
sentation is extremely useful because it enables you to visualize the Two Forms of Mohr’s Circle assume that we know the stresses sx , sy, and txy acting on the x and y
relationships between the normal and shear stresses acting on various planes of an element in plane stress (Fig. 6-16a). As we will see, this
Mohr’s circle can be plotted from Eqs. (6-29) and (6-32) in either of
inclined planes at a point in a stressed body. It also provides a means for information is sufficient to construct the circle. Then, with the circle
two forms. In the first form of Mohr’s circle, we plot the normal stress
calculating principal stresses, maximum shear stresses, and stresses on drawn, we can determine the stresses sx1, sy1, and tx1y1 acting on an
sx1 positive to the right and the shear stress tx1y1 positive downward, as
inclined planes. Furthermore, Mohr’s circle is valid not only for stresses inclined element (Fig. 6-16b). We can also obtain the principal stresses
shown in Fig. 6-15a. The advantage of plotting shear stresses positive
but also for other quantities of a similar mathematical nature, including and maximum shear stresses from the circle.
downward is that the angle 2u on Mohr’s circle will be positive when
strains and moments of inertia.* With sx , sy , and tx y known, the procedure for constructing
counterclockwise, which agrees with the positive direction of 2u in the
derivation of the transformation equations (see Figs. 6-1 and 6-2). Mohr’s circle is as follows (see Fig. 6-16c):
Equations of Mohr’s Circle In the second form of Mohr’s circle, tx1y1 is plotted positive upward 1. Draw a set of coordinate axes with sx1 as abscissa (positive to the
but the angle 2u is now positive clockwise (Fig. 6-15b), which is oppo- right) and tx1y1 as ordinate (positive downward).
The equations of Mohr’s circle can be derived from the transformation
site to its usual positive direction. 2. Locate the center C of the circle at the point having coordinates
equations for plane stress (Eqs. 6-4a and 6-4b). The two equations are
repeated here, but with a slight rearrangement of the first equation:
Both forms of Mohr’s circle are mathematically correct, and either sx1  saver and tx1y1  0 (see Eqs. 6-31a and 6-32).
one can be used. However, it is easier to visualize the orientation of the 3. Locate point A, representing the stress conditions on the x face
sx sy sx sy stress element if the positive direction of the angle 2u is the same in of the element shown in Fig. 6-16a, by plotting its coordinates
sx1  cos 2u tx y sin 2u (6-29a) Mohr’s circle as it is for the element itself. Furthermore, a counterclock- y sx1  sx and tx1y1  tx y. Note that point A on the circle corre-
2 2
wise rotation agrees with the customary right-hand rule for rotation. sponds to u  0. Also, note that the x face of the element
sx sy Therefore, we will choose the first form of Mohr’s circle (Fig. 6-15a) (Fig. 6-16a) is labeled “A” to show its correspondence with point
tx1y1  sin 2u txy cos 2u (6-29b) in which positive shear stress is plotted downward and a positive angle 2u B A on the circle.
2
is plotted counterclockwise. 4. Locate point B, representing the stress conditions on the y face
From analytic geometry, we might recognize that these two equations of the element shown in Fig. 6-16a, by plotting its coordinates
are the equations of a circle in parametric form. The angle 2u is the O x
parameter and the stresses sx1 and tx1y1 are the coordinates. However,
it is not necessary to recognize the nature of the equations at this stage—
if we eliminate the parameter, the significance of the equations will C A
become apparent. O
To eliminate the parameter 2u, we square both sides of each equa- R
S2
tion and then add the two equations. The equation that results is (a)

冢s 冣
2

冢 冣
2 D'
sx sy sx sy y
x1 t x21y1  t x2y (6-30) y1
2 2
(a) P1
This equation can be written in simpler form by using the following P2 C
D' O
notation from Section 6.3 (see Eqs. 6-27 and 6-12, respectively): x1

冪莦
冢 2莦
冣 莦
sx sy sx sy 2
saver  R t 2
xy (6-31a,b) O x
2
D S1
C
Equation (6-30) now becomes
O
2 2 R
(sx1 saver) t 2
x1y1 R (6-32) FIG. 6-15 Two forms of Mohr’s circle:
2 2
(a) tx1y1 is positive downward and the (b)
angle 2u is positive counterclockwise,
and (b) tx1y1 is positive upward and the FIG. 6-16 Construction of Mohr’s circle
*
Mohr’s circle is named after the famous German civil engineer Otto Christian Mohr angle 2u is positive clockwise. (Note: for plane stress (c)
(1835–1918), who developed the circle in 1882 (Ref. 6-4 available online). The first form is used in this book.) (b)

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

SECTION 6.4 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress 397 398 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain SECTION 6.4 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress 399

which is the same as Eq. (6-31b). By a similar procedure, we can show we again use the geometry of the circle. Let b be the angle between the
y that the length of line CB is also equal to the radius R of the circle. radial line CD and the sx1 axis. Then, from the geometry of the figure,
we obtain the following expressions for the coordinates of point D:
B S2 Stresses on an Inclined Element
sx sy
Now we will consider the stresses sx1, sy1, and tx1y1 acting on the faces sx1  R cos b tx1y1  R sin b (6-33a,b)
D' 2
of a plane-stress element oriented at an angle u from the x axis
O x (Fig. 6-16b). If the angle u is known, these stresses can be determined
Noting that the angle between the radius CA and the horizontal axis is
P1 from Mohr’s circle. The procedure is as follows.
2u b, we get
O P2 C On the circle (Fig. 6-16c), we measure an angle 2u counterclock-
A wise from radius CA, because point A corresponds to u  0 and is the
reference point from which we measure angles. The angle 2u locates sx sy txy
cos (2u b)  sin (2u b) 
point D on the circle, which (as shown in the next paragraph) has coor- 2R R
(a) dinates sx1 and tx1y1. Therefore, point D represents the stresses on the
S1
y
x1 face of the element of Fig. 6-16b. Consequently, this face of the ele- Expanding the cosine and sine expressions (see Appendix D available
y1 ment is labeled “D” in Fig. 6-16b. online) gives
2 2 Note that an angle 2u on Mohr’s circle corresponds to an angle u on
a stress element. For instance, point D on the circle is at an angle 2u from
point A, but the x1 face of the element shown in Fig. 6-16b (the face sx sy
D'
x1 cos 2u cos b sin 2u sin b  (a)
labeled “D”) is at an angle u from the x face of the element shown in 2R
(c) y Fig. 6-16a (the face labeled “A”). Similarly, points A and B are 180° apart
O x on the circle, but the corresponding faces of the element (Fig. 6-16a) are txy
sin 2u cos b cos 2u sin b  (b)
D 90° apart. R
B To show that the coordinates sx1 and tx1y1 of point D on the circle are
indeed given by the stress-transformation equations (Eqs. 6-4a and 6-4b),
Multiplying the first of these equations by cos 2u and the second by
sx1  sy and tx1y1  txy. Note that point B on the circle sin 2u and then adding, we obtain
(b) O
corresponds to u  90°. In addition, the y face of the element x

冢 冣
(Fig. 6-16a) is labeled “B” to show its correspondence with point 1 sx sy
FIG. 6-16 (Repeated)
B on the circle. cos b  cos 2u tx y sin 2u (c)
A R 2
5. Draw a line from point A to point B. This line is a diameter of the
circle and passes through the center C. Points A and B, representing S2
the stresses on planes at 90° to each other (Fig. 6-16a), are at oppo- Also, multiplying Eq. (a) by sin 2u and Eq. (b) by cos 2u and then sub-
(a)
site ends of the diameter (and therefore are 180° apart on the circle). D' tracting, we get
6. Using point C as the center, draw Mohr’s circle through points A and B. y
y1

冢 冣
The circle drawn in this manner has radius R (Eq. 6-31b), as shown in P1 1 sx sy
the next paragraph. sin b  sin 2u txy cos 2u (d)
O P2 C R 2
Now that we have drawn the circle, we can verify by geometry that D'
x1
lines CA and CB are radii and have lengths equal to R. We note that the When these expressions for cos b and sin b are substituted into
abscissas of points C and A are (sx sy)/2 and sx , respectively. The Eqs. (6-33a) and (6-33b), we obtain the stress-transformation equa-
difference in these abscissas is (sx sy)/2, as dimensioned in the fig- O x S1 tions for sx1 and tx1y1 (Eqs. 6-4a and 6-4b). Thus, we have shown that
ure. Also, the ordinate to point A is txy. Therefore, line CA is the D point D on Mohr’s circle, defined by the angle 2u, represents the
hypotenuse of a right triangle having one side of length (sx sy)/2 and stress conditions on the x1 face of the stress element defined by the
the other side of length txy. Taking the square root of the sum of the 2 2 angle u (Fig. 6-16b).
squares of these two sides gives the radius R: Point D, which is diametrically opposite point D on the circle, is
(b) located by an angle 2u (measured from line CA) that is 180° greater than

冪莦
冢 2莦
冣 莦
sx sy 2 the angle 2u to point D. Therefore, point D on the circle represents the
R t 2
xy (c) stresses on a face of the stress element (Fig. 6-16b) at 90° from the face
FIG. 6-16 (Repeated)

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 400 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain SECTION 6.4 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress 401 402 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain

represented by point D. Thus, point D on the circle gives the stresses derived earlier. On the circle, the angle 2up2 to the other principal only rotations of axes in the xy plane (that is, rotations about the z axis)
sy1 and tx1y1 on the y1 face of the stress element (the face labeled point (point P2) is 180° larger than 2up1; hence, up2  up1 90°, as are considered, and therefore all stresses on Mohr’s circle are in-plane
“D” in Fig. 6-16b). expected. stresses.
From this discussion we see how the stresses represented by For convenience, the circle of Fig. 6-16 was drawn with sx, sy, and
points on Mohr’s circle are related to the stresses acting on an element. txy as positive stresses, but the same procedures may be followed if one
The stresses on an inclined plane defined by the angle u (Fig. 6-16b) Maximum Shear Stresses or more of the stresses is negative. If one of the normal stresses is
are found on the circle at the point where the angle from the reference negative, part or all of the circle will be located to the left of the origin,
Points S1 and S2, representing the planes of maximum positive and
point (point A) is 2u. Thus, as we rotate the x1y1 axes counterclock- as illustrated in Example 6-6 that follows.
maximum negative shear stresses, respectively, are located at the bot-
wise through an angle u (Fig. 6-16b), the point on Mohr’s circle Point A in Fig. 6-16c, representing the stresses on the plane u  0,
tom and top of Mohr’s circle (Fig. 6-16c). These points are at angles
corresponding to the x1 face moves counterclockwise through an may be situated anywhere around the circle. However, the angle 2u is
2u  90° from points P1 and P2, which agrees with the fact that the
angle 2u. Similarly, if we rotate the axes clockwise through an angle, always measured counterclockwise from the radius CA, regardless of
planes of maximum shear stress are oriented at 45° to the principal
the point on the circle moves clockwise through an angle twice as where point A is located.
planes.
large. In the special cases of uniaxial stress, biaxial stress, and pure shear,
The maximum shear stresses are numerically equal to the radius R
the construction of Mohr’s circle is simpler than in the general case of
of the circle (compare Eq. 6-31b for R with Eq. 6-25 for tmax). Also, the
plane stress. These special cases are illustrated in Example 6-4 and in
normal stresses on the planes of maximum shear stress are equal to
Principal Stresses Problems 6.4-1 through 6.4-9.
the abscissa of point C, which is the average normal stress saver (see
Besides using Mohr’s circle to obtain the stresses on inclined
The determination of principal stresses is probably the most important Eq. 6-31a).
planes when the stresses on the x and y planes are known, we can also
application of Mohr’s circle. Note that as we move around Mohr’s circle use the circle in the opposite manner. If we know the stresses sx1, sy1,
(Fig. 6-16c), we encounter point P1 where the normal stress reaches its Alternative Sign Convention for Shear Stresses and tx1y1 acting on an inclined element oriented at a known angle
algebraically largest value and the shear stress is zero. Hence, point P1 An alternative sign convention for shear stresses is sometimes used u, we can easily construct the circle and determine the stresses sx, sy,
represents a principal stress and a principal plane. The abscissa s1 of when constructing Mohr’s circle. In this convention, the direction of a and tx y for the angle u  0. The procedure is to locate points D
point P1 gives the algebraically larger principal stress and its angle 2up1 shear stress acting on an element of the material is indicated by the and D from the known stresses and then draw the circle using line
from the reference point A (where u  0) gives the orientation of the sense of the rotation that it tends to produce (Figs. 6-17a and b). If the DD as a diameter. By measuring the angle 2u in a negative
principal plane. The other principal plane, associated with the alge- shear stress t tends to rotate the stress element clockwise, it is called a sense from radius CD, we can locate point A, corresponding to the x
braically smallest normal stress, is represented by point P2, diametrically clockwise shear stress, and if it tends to rotate it counterclockwise, it is face of the element. Then we can locate point B by constructing a
opposite point P1. (a) (b) called a counterclockwise stress. Then, when constructing Mohr’s circle, diameter from A. Finally, we can determine the coordinates of points
From the geometry of the circle, we see that the algebraically larger clockwise shear stresses are plotted upward and counterclockwise shear A and B and thereby obtain the stresses acting on the element for
principal stress is Clockwise shear stresses stresses are plotted downward (Fig. 6-17c). which u  0.
It is important to realize that the alternative sign convention pro- If desired, we can construct Mohr’s circle to scale and measure
sx sy duces a circle that is identical to the circle already described values of stress from the drawing. However, it is usually preferable to
s1  苶
OC苶 苶
CP苶1苶  R
2 (Fig. 6-16c). The reason is that a positive shear stress tx1y1 is also a obtain the stresses by numerical calculations, either directly from the
C counterclockwise shear stress, and both are plotted downward. Also, a various equations or by using trigonometry and the geometry of the
which, upon substitution of the expression for R (Eq. 6-31b), agrees O circle.
negative shear stress tx1y1 is a clockwise shear stress, and both are
with the earlier equation for this stress (Eq. 6-14). In a similar manner, plotted upward. Mohr’s circle makes it possible to visualize the relationships
we can verify the expression for the algebraically smaller principal R between stresses acting on planes at various angles, and it also serves as
Thus, the alternative sign convention merely provides a different
stress s2. point of view. Instead of thinking of the vertical axis as having negative a simple memory device for calculating stresses. Although many graphi-
The principal angle up1 between the x axis (Fig. 6-16a) and the shear stresses plotted upward and positive shear stresses plotted down- cal techniques are no longer used in engineering work, Mohr’s circle
plane of the algebraically larger principal stress is one-half the angle Counterclockwise shear stresses ward (which is a bit awkward), we can think of the vertical axis as remains valuable because it provides a simple and clear picture of an
2up1, which is the angle on Mohr’s circle between radii CA and CP1. having clockwise shear stresses plotted upward and counterclockwise otherwise complicated analysis.
The cosine and sine of the angle 2up1 can be obtained by inspection (c) Mohr’s circle is also applicable to the transformations for plain
shear stresses plotted downward (Fig. 6-17c).
from the circle: strain and moments of inertia of plane areas, because these quantities
FIG. 6-17 Alternative sign convention for
follow the same transformation laws as do stresses (see Sections 10.8,
shear stresses: (a) clockwise shear
sx sy txy and 10.9, available online).
cos 2up1  sin 2up1  stress, (b) counterclockwise shear stress, General Comments about the Circle
2R R and (c) axes for Mohr’s circle. (Note
that clockwise shear stresses are plotted From the preceding discussions in this section, it is apparent that we can
These equations agree with Eqs. (6-18a) and (6-18b), and so once upward and counterclockwise shear find the stresses acting on any inclined plane, as well as the principal
again we see that the geometry of the circle matches the equations stresses are plotted downward.) stresses and maximum shear stresses, from Mohr’s circle. However,

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

SECTION 6.4 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress 403 404 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain SECTION 6.4 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress 405

Example 6-4 Similarly, the coordinates of point B, representing the stresses on the y face Example 6-5
(u  90°), are
At a point on the surface of a pressurized cylinder, the material is subjected to An element in plane stress at the surface of a large machine is subjected to stresses
biaxial stresses sx  90 MPa and sy  20 MPa, as shown on the stress element sxl  20 MPa txl yl  0 sx  15,000 psi, sy  5,000 psi, and txy  4,000 psi, as shown in Fig. 6-20a.
of Fig. 6-18a. Using Mohr’s circle, determine the following quantities: (a) the stresses
Using Mohr’s circle, determine the stresses acting on an element inclined at Now we draw the circle through points A and B with center at C and radius R acting on an element inclined at an angle u  40°, (b) the principal stresses, and
an angle u  30°. (Consider only the in-plane stresses, and show the results on a (see Eq. 6-31b) equal to (c) the maximum shear stresses. (Consider only the in-plane stresses, and show
sketch of a properly oriented element.) all results on sketches of properly oriented elements.)

冪莦
冢 2莦
冣 莦
t  冪莦
冢 90 MPa莦
2 莦莦 冣 0  35 MPa
sx sy 2
20 MPa 2
Solution R 2
xy

Construction of Mohr’s circle. We begin by setting up the axes for 5,000

the normal and shear stresses, with sx1 positive to the right and tx1y1 positive Stresses on an element inclined at u  30°. The stresses acting on a plane
downward, as shown in Fig. 6-18b. Then we place the center C of the circle oriented at an angle u  30° are given by the coordinates of point D, which is at y
on the sx1 axis at the point where the stress equals the average normal stress an angle 2u  60° from point A (Fig. 6-18b). By inspection of the circle, we see 6,4
(Eq. 6-31a): 4,000 4,000 0 3
that the coordinates of point D are 5,000 psi 03
sx sy B 6,4
90 MPa 20 MPa
saver    55 MPa (Point D) sx l  saver R cos 60°
5,000
2 2 4,000 psi O 6,4
C 03
Point A, representing the stresses on the x face of the element (u  0), has  55 MPa (35 MPa)(cos 60°)  72.5 MPa 15,000 psi 03
4,000
coordinates O x 6,4

sxl  90 MPa txl yl  0 tx1y1  R sin 60°  (35 MPa)(sin 60°)  30.3 MPa D'
A
In a similar manner, we can find the stresses represented by point D, which cor-
responds to an angle u  120° (or 2u  240°):
(a) 10,000 5,000
72.5 (Point D) sx l  saver R cos 60°
FIG. 6-20 Example 6-5. (a) Element in
15,000
plane stress, and (b) the corresponding
 55 MPa (35 MPa)(cos 60°)  37.5 MPa
y Mohr’s circle. (Note: All stresses on the
circle have units of psi.) (b)
20 tx1y1  R sin 60°  (35 MPa)(sin 60°)  30.3 MPa
35

30.3
B Solution
C A
These results are shown in Fig. 6-19 on a sketch of an element oriented at an Construction of Mohr’s circle. The first step in the solution is to set up the
angle u  30°, with all stresses shown in their true directions. Note that the axes for Mohr’s circle, with sx1 positive to the right and tx1y1 positive downward
O B 35 35
sum of the normal stresses on the inclined element is equal to sx sy, or (Fig. 6-20b). The center C of the circle is located on the sx1 axis at the point
O x 110 MPa. where sx1 equals the average normal stress (Eq. 6-31a):

sx sy 15,000 psi 5,000 psi

A
y saver    10,000 psi
D' 2 2

(a) 55 37.5 MPa D Point A, representing the stresses on the x face of the element (u  0), has
coordinates
90 D' 72.5 MPa
sx l  15,000 psi txl yl  4,000 psi
FIG. 6-18 Example 6-4. (a) Element in (b)
O x Similarly, the coordinates of point B, representing the stresses on the y face
plane stress, and (b) the corresponding
Mohr’s circle. (Note: All stresses on the 30.3 MPa
(u  90°) are
FIG. 6-19 Example 6-4 (continued).
circle have units of MPa.)
Stresses acting on an element oriented at sx l  5,000 psi txl yl  4,000 psi
continued an angle u  30° continued

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 406 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain SECTION 6.4 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress 407 408 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain

The circle is now drawn through points A and B with center at C. The radius of y y y Example 6-6
the circle, from Eq. (6-31b), is
At a point on the surface of a generator shaft the stresses are sx  50 MPa,
5,190 psi 14,810 psi 10,000 psi
y 3,600 psi sy  10 MPa, and txy  40 MPa, as shown in Fig. 6-22a.
冪冢莦2 莦
冣 莦
sx sy 2
R t 2
xy P2 16,400 psi S2 Using Mohr’s circle, determine the following quantities: (a) the stresses
5,190 psi 14,810 psi D' acting on an element inclined at an angle u  45°, (b) the principal stresses, and
4,230 psi 6,400 psi (c) the maximum shear stresses. (Consider only the in-plane stresses, and show

冪冢莦莦莦 冣 (4莦
莦 ,000 ps莦
15,000 psi 5,000 psi 2
O O O all results on sketches of properly oriented elements.)
 2 i)  6,403 psi 2 D x x x
D' P1
4,230 psi
Solution
O 10,000 psi
D x (a) Stresses on an element inclined at u  40°. The stresses acting on a Construction of Mohr’s circle. The axes for the normal and shear stresses
plane oriented at an angle u  40° are given by the coordinates of point D, which S1 are shown in Fig. 6-22b, with sx1 positive to the right and tx1y1 positive down-
is at an angle 2u  80° from point A (Fig. 6-20b). To evaluate these coordinates, (a) (b) (c) ward. The center C of the circle is located on the sx1 axis at the point where the
we need to know the angle between line CD and the sx1 axis (that is, angle stress equals the average normal stress (Eq. 6-31a):
DCP1), which in turn requires that we know the angle between line CA and the FIG. 6-21 (Repeated)
(a) sx1 axis (angle ACP1). These angles are found from the geometry of the circle, sx sy 50 MPa 10 MPa
as follows: as seen by inspection of the circle. The angle 2u p1 to point P1 from point A is the saver    20 MPa
2 2
y angle ACP1 on the circle, that is,
4,000 psi Point A, representing the stresses on the x face of the element (u  0), has
苶C
tan A 苶苶1 
苶P  0.8 苶
AC P苶1  38.66°
苶苶 苶C
A苶P苶1苶  2up1  38.66° u p1  19.3° coordinates
3,600 psi 5,000 psi
P2 16,400 psi Thus, the plane of the algebraically larger principal stress is oriented at an angle sx l  50 MPa tx l y l  40 MPa
苶
DC 苶1苶  80°
苶P 苶
AC P1苶  80°
苶苶 38.66°  41.34° up1  19.3°, as shown in Fig. 6-21b.
O The algebraically smaller principal stress (represented by point P2) is
x Similarly, the coordinates of point B, representing the stresses on the y face
Knowing these angles, we can determine the coordinates of point D directly from obtained from the circle in a similar manner:
P1 (u  90°), are
the Figure 6-21a:
s 2  10,000 psi 6,400 psi  3,600 psi
sx l  10 MPa tx l y l  40 MPa
(Point D) sx 1  10,000 psi (6,403 psi)(cos 41.34°)  14,810 psi
The angle 2u p 2 to point P2 on the circle is 38.66° 180°  218.66°; thus, the
(b) second principal plane is defined by the angle up2  109.3°. The principal
tx1 y1  (6,403 psi)(sin 41.34°)  4,230 psi
stresses and principal planes are shown in Fig. 6-21b, and again we note that the y 50
y
sum of the normal stresses is equal to 20,000 psi. S2
In an analogous manner, we can find the stresses represented by point D, which (c) Maximum shear stresses. The maximum shear stresses are represented
10,000 psi corresponds to a plane inclined at an angle u  130° (or 2u  260°): by points S1 and S2 on Mohr’s circle; therefore, the maximum in-plane shear
10 MPa D'
B A
S2
stress (equal to the radius of the circle) is 50
40

50
(Point D9 ) sx l  10,000 psi (6,403 psi)(cos 41.34°)  5,190 psi
tmax  6,400 psi
6,400 psi 50 MPa
O x
O x tx1 y1  (6,403 psi)(sin 41.34°)  4,230 psi The angle ACS1 from point A to point S1 is 90° 38.66°  51.34°, and therefore C O
the angle 2us1 for point S1 is 40 MPa

50
50 40
10,000 psi These stresses are shown in Fig. 6-21a on a sketch of an element oriented at an 2us1  51.34°
angle u  40° (all stresses are shown in their true directions). Also, note that the
S1 sum of the normal stresses is equal to sx sy, or 20,000 psi. This angle is negative because it is measured clockwise on the circle. The corre- S1
(c) (b) Principal stresses. The principal stresses are represented by points P1 sponding angle us1 to the plane of the maximum positive shear stress is one-half (a)
and P2 on Mohr’s circle (Fig. 6-20b). The algebraically larger principal stress that value, or us1  25.7°, as shown in Figs. 6-20b and 6-21c. The maximum
FIG. 6-21 Example 6-5 (continued). (point P1) is negative shear stress (point S2 on the circle) has the same numerical value as the FIG. 6-22 Example 6-6. (a) Element in
(a) Stresses acting on an element maximum positive stress (6,400 psi).
oriented at u  40°, (b) principal stresses, plane stress, and (b) the corresponding 20 10
The normal stresses acting on the planes of maximum shear stress are equal Mohr’s circle. (Note: All stresses on the
and (c) maximum shear stresses s1  10,000 psi 6,400 psi  16,400 psi
to saver, which is the abscissa of the center C of the circle (10,000 psi). These circle have units of MPa.) (b)
stresses are also shown in Fig. 6-21c. Note that the planes of maximum shear
stress are oriented at 45° to the principal planes.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

SECTION 6.4 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress 409 410 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain SECTION 6.5 Hooke’s Law for Plane Stress 411

The circle is now drawn through points A and B with center at C and radius R y y y 6.5 HOOKE’S LAW FOR PLANE STRESS
(from Eq. 6-31b) equal to
30 MPa y The stresses acting on inclined planes when the material is subjected to
20 MPa 30 MPa plane stress (Fig. 6-24) were discussed in Sections 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4. The
50 MPa 20 MPa
P1 stress-transformation equations derived in those discussions were obtained
冪莦
冢 莦
2 莦莦
70 MPa
冣
sx sy 2
60 MPa 20 MPa
R t xy2 solely from equilibrium, and therefore the properties of the materials were
S1
D' not needed. Now, in this section, we will investigate the strains in the
O x O x O x
D
material, which means that the material properties must be considered.
P2 O However, we will limit our discussion to materials that meet two impor-
冪冢莦莦莦
50 MPa 10 MPa
莦 莦
冣 ( 40 莦  50 MPa
2 x
 MPa) 2
S2 tant conditions: first, the material is uniform throughout the body and has
2
z the same properties in all directions (homogeneous and isotropic mate-
rial), and second, the material follows Hooke’s law (linearly elastic
(a) Stresses on an element inclined at u  45°. The stresses acting on (a) (b) (c)
material). Under these conditions, we can readily obtain the relationships
a plane oriented at an angle u  45° are given by the coordinates of point FIG. 6-23 Example 6-6 (continued). FIG. 6-24 Element of material in plane
stress (sz  0) between the stresses and strains in the body.
D, which is at an angle 2u  90° from point A (Fig. 6-22b). To evaluate (a) Stresses acting on an element
oriented at u  45°, (b) principal as seen by inspection of the circle. The angle 2up1 to point P1 from point A is the Let us begin by considering the normal strains ex, ey, and ez in plane
these coordinates, we need to know the angle between line CD and the
stresses, and (c) maximum shear angle ACP1 measured counterclockwise on the circle, that is, stress. The effects of these strains are pictured in Fig. 6-25, which shows
negative sx1 axis (that is, angle DCP2), which in turn requires that we
stresses the changes in dimensions of a small element having edges of lengths a,
know the angle between line CA and the negative sx1 axis (angle ACP2).
y b, and c. All three strains are shown positive (elongation) in the figure.
These angles are found from the geometry of the circle as follows: 苶
AC 苶苶1  2up1  53.13°
苶P 180°  233.13° up1  116.6°
The strains can be expressed in terms of the stresses (Fig. 6-24) by super-
a imposing the effects of the individual stresses.
40 MPa 4 c
苶苶
tan ACP苶2苶   苶C
A苶P苶苶2  53.13° Thus, the plane of the algebraically larger principal stress is oriented at an angle For instance, the strain ex in the x direction due to the stress sx is
30 MPa 3
up1  116.6°. equal to sx /E, where E is the modulus of elasticity. Also, the strain ex
苶
DC P苶2  90°
苶苶 苶
AC 苶苶2  90°
苶P 53.13°  36.87° The algebraically smaller principal stress (point P2) is obtained from the due to the stress sy is equal to nsy /E, where n is Poisson’s ratio (see
circle in a similar manner: b
Section 1.5). Of course, the shear stress txy produces no normal strains
in the x, y, or z directions. Thus, the resultant strain in the x direction is
Knowing these angles, we can obtain the coordinates of point D directly from s2  20 MPa 50 MPa  70 MPa O
x
Figure 6-23a:
The angle 2up2 to point P2 on the circle is 53.13°; thus, the second principal plane 1
is defined by the angle up2  26.6°. z ex  (sx nsy) (6-34a)
(Point D) sx 1  20 MPa (50 MPa)(cos 36.87°)  60 MPa E
The principal stresses and principal planes are shown in Fig. 6-23b, and again
we note that the sum of the normal stresses is equal to sx sy, or 40 MPa. FIG. 6-25 Element of material subjected In a similar manner, we obtain the strains in the y and z directions:
tx 1 y 1  (50 MPa)(sin 36.87°)  30 MPa to normal strains ex, ey, and ez
(c) Maximum shear stresses. The maximum positive and negative shear
1 n
stresses are represented by points S1 and S2 on Mohr’s circle (Fig. 6-22b). Their ey  (sy nsx) ez  (sx sy) (6-34b,c)
In an analogous manner, we can find the stresses represented by point D, which magnitudes, equal to the radius of the circle, are E E
corresponds to a plane inclined at an angle u  135° (or 2u  270°):
These equations may be used to find the normal strains (in plane stress)
tmax  50 MPa y when the stresses are known.
(Point D9) sx l  20 MPa (50 MPa)(cos 36.87°)  20 MPa The shear stress txy (Fig. 6-24) causes a distortion of the element
The angle ACS1 from point A to point S1 is 90° 53.13°  143.13°, and there- such that each z face becomes a rhombus (Fig. 6-26). The shear strain
tx 1 y1  ( 50 MPa)(sin 36.87°)  30 MPa fore the angle 2us1 for point S1 is gxy is the decrease in angle between the x and y faces of the element and
is related to the shear stress by Hooke’s law in shear, as follows:
2us1  143.13°
These stresses are shown in Fig. 6-23a on a sketch of an element oriented at an
2 txy
angle u  45° (all stresses are shown in their true directions). Also, note that the The corresponding angle us1 to the plane of the maximum positive shear stress is O gxy  (6-35)
sum of the normal stresses is equal to sx sy, or 40 MPa. x G
one-half that value, or us1  71.6°, as shown in Fig. 6-23c. The maximum nega-
(b) Principal stresses. The principal stresses are represented by points 2
tive shear stress (point S2 on the circle) has the same numerical value as the pos- where G is the shear modulus of elasticity. Note that the normal stresses sx
P1 and P2 on Mohr’s circle. The algebraically larger principal stress (represented itive stress (50 MPa). z and sy have no effect on the shear strain gxy. Consequently, Eqs. (6-34) and
by point P1) is The normal stresses acting on the planes of maximum shear stress are equal (6-35) give the strains (in plane stress) when all stresses (sx, sy, and txy)
to saver, which is the coordinate of the center C of the circle ( 20 MPa). These FIG. 6-26 Shear strain gxy act simultaneously.
s1  20 MPa 50 MPa  30 MPa stresses are also shown in Fig. 6-23c. Note that the planes of maximum shear
stress are oriented at 45° to the principal planes.
continued

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 412 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain SECTION 6.5 Hooke’s Law for Plane Stress 413 414 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain

The first two equations (Eqs. 6-34a and 6-34b) give the strains Volume Change The unit volume change e, also known as the dilatation, is defined
ex and ey in terms of the stresses. These equations can be solved simulta- y as the change in volume divided by the original volume; thus,
When a solid object undergoes strains, both its dimensions and its vol-
neously for the stresses in terms of the strains: y
a ume will change. The change in volume can be determined if the normal V
E E c strains in three perpendicular directions are known. To show how this is e  ex ey ez (6-46)
sx  (ex ney) sy  (ey nex) (6-36a,b) V0
1 n2 1 n2 accomplished, let us again consider the small element of material shown
in Fig. 6-25. The original element is a rectangular parallelepiped having By applying this equation to a differential element of volume and then
In addition, we have the following equation for the shear stress in terms
b sides of lengths a, b, and c in the x, y, and z directions, respectively. The integrating, we can obtain the change in volume of a body even when
of the shear strain:
strains ex, ey, and ez produce the changes in dimensions shown by the O the normal strains vary throughout the body.
txy  Ggxy (6-37) O
x dashed lines. Thus, the increases in the lengths of the sides are aex , bey , x The preceding equations for volume changes apply to both tensile and
and cez. compressive strains, inasmuch as the strains ex, ey, and ez are algebraic
Equations (6-36) and (6-37) may be used to find the stresses (in plane z
The original volume of the element is quantities (positive for elongation and negative for shortening). With this
stress) when the strains are known. Of course, the normal stress sz in the z z
direction is equal to zero. V0  abc (a) sign convention, positive values for V and e represent increases in vol-
FIG. 6-24 (Repeated)
Equations (6-34) through (6-37) are known collectively as Hooke’s FIG. 6-25 (Repeated) ume, and negative values represent decreases.
law for plane stress. They contain three material constants (E, G, and n), and its final volume is Let us now return to materials that follow Hooke’s law and are sub-
but only two are independent because of the relationship jected only to plane stress (Fig. 6-24). In this case the strains ex, ey, and
V1  (a aex)(b bey)(c cez) ez are given by Eqs. (6-34a, b, and c). Substituting those relationships
E into Eq. (6-46), we obtain the following expression for the unit volume
G (6-38)  abc(1 ex)(1 ey)(1 ez) (b)
2(1 n) change in terms of stresses:
which was derived previously in Section 3.6. By referring to Eq. (a), we can express the final volume of the element
(Eq. b) in the form V 1 2n
e  (sx sy) (6-47)
V0 E
V1  V0(1 ex)(1 ey)(1 ez) (6-43a)
Note that this equation also applies to biaxial stress.
Special Cases of Hooke’s Law Upon expanding the terms on the right-hand side, we obtain the follow- In the case of a prismatic bar in tension, that is, uniaxial stress,
In the special case of biaxial stress (Fig. 6-11b), we have txy  0, and ing equivalent expression: Eq. (6-47) simplifies to
y
therefore Hooke’s law for plane stress simplifies to V1  V0(1 ex ey ez exey exez eyez exeyez) (6-43b) V s
1 1 e  x (1 2n) (6-48)
ex  (sx nsy) ey  (sy nsx) The preceding equations for V1 are valid for both large and small strains. V0 E
E E If we now limit our discussion to structures having only very small
O x
n strains (as is usually the case), we can disregard the terms in Eq. (6-43b) From this equation we see that the maximum possible value of Poisson’s
ez  (sx sy) (6-39a,b,c) ratio for common materials is 0.5, because a larger value means that the
E that consist of products of small strains. Such products are themselves
small in comparison to the individual strains ex, ey, and ez. Then the volume decreases when the material is in tension, which is contrary to
(a) E E
sx  (ex ney) sy  (e y nex) (6-40a,b) expression for the final volume simplifies to ordinary physical behavior.
y 1 n2 1 n2
These equations are the same as Eqs. (6-34) and (6-36) because the V1  V0(1 ex ey ez) (6-44)
effects of normal and shear stresses are independent of each other.
For uniaxial stress, with sy  0 (Fig. 6-11a), the equations of Hooke’s
law simplify even further:
and the volume change is 6.6 TRIAXIAL STRESS
sx nsx An element of material subjected to normal stresses sx, sy, and sz acting
O ex  ey  ez  sx  Eex (6-41a,b,c) V  V1 V0  V0(ex ey ez) (6-45)
x E E in three mutually perpendicular directions is said to be in a state of
triaxial stress (Fig. 6-27a). Since there are no shear stresses on the x, y,
Finally, we consider pure shear (Fig. 6-12a), which means that sx  This expression can be used for any volume of material provided the and z faces, the stresses sx , sy , and sz are the principal stresses in the
sy  0. Then we obtain strains are small and remain constant throughout the volume. Note also material.
that the material does not have to follow Hooke’s law. Furthermore, the If an inclined plane parallel to the z axis is cut through the element
txy
(b) ex  ey  ez  0 gxy  (6-42a,b) expression is not limited to plane stress, but is valid for any stress condi- (Fig. 6-27b), the only stresses on the inclined face are the normal
G tions. (As a final note, we should mention that shear strains produce no stress s and shear stress t, both of which act parallel to the xy plane.
FIG. 6-11 (Repeated) In all three of these special cases, the normal stress sz is equal to zero. change in volume.) These stresses are analogous to the stresses sx1 and tx1y1 encountered
in our earlier discussions of plane stress (see, for instance, Fig. 6-2a).

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

SECTION 6.6 Triaxial Stress 415 416 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain SECTION 6.6 Triaxial Stress 417

y Because the stresses s and t (Fig. 6-27b) are found from equations of acting on such planes can be obtained by a more complicated three- This equation is valid for any material provided the strains are small.
force equilibrium in the xy plane, they are independent of the normal dimensional analysis. However, the normal stresses acting on skew If Hooke’s law holds for the material, we can substitute for the
stress sz . Therefore, we can use the transformation equations of plane planes are intermediate in value between the algebraically maximum strains ex, ey, and ez from Eqs. (6-50a, b, and c) and obtain
stress, as well as Mohr’s circle for plane stress, when determining the and minimum principal stresses, and the shear stresses on those planes
are smaller (in absolute value) than the absolute maximum shear stress 1 2n
stresses s and t in triaxial stress. The same general conclusion holds e (sx sy sz) (6-53)
for the normal and shear stresses acting on inclined planes cut through obtained from Eqs. (6-49a, b, and c). E
O
x
the element parallel to the x and y axes. Equations (6-52) and (6-53) give the unit volume change in triaxial
Hooke’s Law for Triaxial Stress stress in terms of the strains and stresses, respectively.
z
Maximum Shear Stresses If the material follows Hooke’s law, we can obtain the relationships
From our previous discussions of plane stress, we know that the maxi- between the normal stresses and normal strains by using the same procedure
(a)
as for plane stress (see Section 6.5). The strains produced by the stresses
y Spherical Stress
mum shear stresses occur on planes oriented at 45° to the principal planes.
Therefore, for a material in triaxial stress (Fig. 6-27a), the maximum sx, sy, and sz acting independently are superimposed to obtain the A special type of triaxial stress, called spherical stress, occurs whenever
shear stresses occur on elements oriented at angles of 45° to the x, y, and resultant strains. Thus, we readily arrive at the following equations for all three normal stresses are equal (Fig. 6-29):
z axes. For example, consider an element obtained by a 45° rotation about the strains in triaxial stress:
the z axis. The maximum positive and negative shear stresses acting on sx  sy  sz  s0 (6-54)
sx n O
this element are ex  (sy sz ) (6-50a)
E E x Under these stress conditions, any plane cut through the element will be
sx sy sy n subjected to the same normal stress s0 and will be free of shear stress.
(tmax)z  (6-49a) ey  (sz sx ) (6-50b)
2 E E z Thus, we have equal normal stresses in every direction and no shear
sz n stresses anywhere in the material. Every plane is a principal plane, and
(b) Similarly, by rotating about the x and y axes through angles of 45°, we ez  (sx sy ) (6-50c) the three Mohr’s circles shown in Fig. 6-28 reduce to a single point.
obtain the following maximum shear stresses: E E FIG. 6-29 Element in spherical stress
FIG. 6-27 Element in triaxial stress The normal strains in spherical stress are also the same in all direc-
sy sz sx sz In these equations, the standard sign conventions are used; that is, tensile tions, provided the material is homogeneous and isotropic. If Hooke’s
(tmax)x  (tmax)y  (6-49b,c) law applies, the normal strains are
2 2 stress s and extensional strain e are positive.
The preceding equations can be solved simultaneously for the s0
The absolute maximum shear stress is the numerically largest of the e0  (1 2n) (6-55)
stresses in terms of the strains: E
stresses determined from Eqs. (6-49a, b, and c). It is equal to one-half
the difference between the algebraically largest and algebraically small- E as obtained from Eqs. (6-50a, b, and c).
C
est of the three principal stresses. sx  冤(1 n)e x n(e y e z )冥 (6-51a)
A
(1 n)(1 2n) Since there are no shear strains, an element in the shape of a cube
The stresses acting on elements oriented at various angles to the x, y, changes in size but remains a cube. In general, any body subjected
B E
and z axes can be visualized with the aid of Mohr’s circles. For elements sy 
2n) 冤
O (1 n)e y n(e z e x )冥 (6-51b) to spherical stress will maintain its relative proportions but will
oriented by rotations about the z axis, the corresponding circle is labeled (1 n)(1
expand or contract in volume depending upon whether s0 is tensile or
A in Fig. 6-28. Note that this circle is drawn for the case in which E compressive.
sx  sy and both sx and sy are tensile stresses. sz  冤(1 n)e z n (e x e y )冥 (6-51c)
(1 n)(1 2n) The expression for the unit volume change can be obtained from
In a similar manner, we can construct circles B and C for elements Eq. (6-52) by substituting for the strains from Eq. (6-55). The result is
oriented by rotations about the x and y axes, respectively. The radii of Equations (6-50) and (6-51) represent Hooke’s law for triaxial stress.
the circles represent the maximum shear stresses given by Eqs. (6-49a, In the special case of biaxial stress (Fig. 6-11b), we can obtain the 3s0(1 2n)
b, and c), and the absolute maximum shear stress is equal to the radius equations of Hooke’s law by substituting sz  0 into the preceding e  3e 0  (6-56)
E
of the largest circle. The normal stresses acting on the planes of maxi- equations. The resulting equations reduce to Eqs. (6-39) and (6-40) of
mum shear stresses have magnitudes given by the abscissas of the Section 6.5. Equation (6-56) is usually expressed in more compact form by introduc-
FIG. 6-28 Mohr’s circles for an element
in triaxial stress centers of the respective circles. ing a new quantity K called the volume modulus of elasticity, or bulk
In the preceding discussion of triaxial stress we only considered modulus of elasticity, which is defined as follows:
Unit Volume Change
stresses acting on planes obtained by rotating about the x, y, and z axes.
E
Thus, every plane we considered is parallel to one of the axes. For The unit volume change (or dilatation) for an element in triaxial stress is K (6-57)
instance, the inclined plane of Fig. 6-27b is parallel to the z axis, and its obtained in the same manner as for plane stress (see Section 6.5). If the 3(1 2n)
normal is parallel to the xy plane. Of course, we can also cut through element is subjected to strains ex, ey, and ez, we may use Eq. (6-46) for With this notation, the expression for the unit volume change becomes
the element in skew directions, so that the resulting inclined planes the unit volume change:
are skew to all three coordinate axes. The normal and shear stresses s0
e  ex ey ez (6-52) e (6-58)
K

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 CHAPTER 6 Summary & Review 419
418 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain 420 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain

and the volume modulus is

2. Stresses are tensors, not vectors, so we used equilibrium of a wedge element to 7. The transformation equations for plane stress can be represented in graphical
s0 transform the stress components from one set of axes to another. Since the trans- form by a plot known as Mohr’s circle which displays the relationship between
K (6-59) normal and shear stresses acting on various inclined planes at a point in a
e formation equations were derived solely from equilibrium of an element, they are
applicable to stresses in any kind of material, whether linear, nonlinear, elastic, or stressed body. It also is used for calculating principal stresses, maximum shear
Thus, the volume modulus can be defined as the ratio of the spherical inelastic. The transformation equations for plane stress are: stresses, and the orientations of the elements on which they act.
stress to the volumetric strain, which is analogous to the definition of the 8. Hooke’s law for plane stress provides the relationships between normal strains
modulus E in uniaxial stress. Note that the preceding formulas for e and K sx sy sx 2 sy and stresses for homogeneous and isotropic materials which follow Hooke’s law.
are based upon the assumptions that the strains are small and Hooke’s law sx1  cos 2u txy sin 2u These relationships contain three material constants (E, G, and v). When the nor-
2 2
holds for the material. mal stresses in plane stress are known, the normal strains in the x, y and z
From Eq. (6-57) for K, we see that if Poisson’s ratio n equals 1/3, the sx sy directions are:
tx1y1  sin 2u txy cos 2u
moduli K and E are numerically equal. If n  0, then K has the value E/3, 2
1
and if n  0.5, K becomes infinite, which corresponds to a rigid material ex  (sx nsy)
E
having no change in volume (that is, the material is incompressible). sx sy sx 2 sy
sy1  cos 2u txy sin 2u 1
The preceding formulas for spherical stress were derived for an 2 2 ey  (sy nsx)
E
element subjected to uniform tension in all directions, but of course the for-
n
mulas also apply to an element in uniform compression. In the case of uni- ez  (sx sy)
3. If we use two elements with different orientations to display the state of plane E
form compression, the stresses and strains have negative signs. Uniform
stress at the same point in a body, the stresses acting on the faces of the two
compression occurs when the material is subjected to uniform pressure in These equations can be solved simultaneously to give the x and y normal
elements are different, but they still represent the same intrinsic state of stress
all directions; for example, an object submerged in water or rock deep at that point. stresses in terms of the strains:
within the earth. This state of stress is often called hydrostatic stress.
Although uniform compression is relatively common, a state of 4. From equilibrium, we showed that the shear stresses acting on all four side E
sx  (ex ney)
uniform tension is difficult to achieve. It can be realized by suddenly and faces of a stress element in plane stress are known if we determine the shear 1 n2
uniformly heating the outer surface of a solid metal sphere, so that the stress acting on any one of those faces.
E
outer layers are at a higher temperature than the interior. The tendency of 5. The sum of the normal stresses acting on perpendicular faces of plane-stress sy  (ey nex)
1 n2
the outer layers to expand produces uniform tension in all directions at elements (at a given point in a stressed body) is constant and independent of the
the center of the sphere. angle  : 9. The unit volume change e, or the dilatation of a solid body, is defined as the
change in volume divided by the original volume and is equal to the sum of the
sx1 sy1  sx sy normal strains in three perpendicular directions:

CHAPTER SUMMARY & REVIEW 6. The maximum and minimum normal stresses (called the principal stresses V
s1, s2) can be found from the transformation equation for normal stress as e  ex ey ez
V0
follows:
In Chapter 6, we investigated the state of stress at a point on a stressed body and then

冪莦
冢 2莦
冣 莦
displayed it on a stress element. In two dimensions, plane stress was discussed and sx sy sx sy 2 10. A state of triaxial stress exists in an element if it is subjected to normal stresses
s1,2  t 2
xy in three mutually perpendicular directions and there are no shear stresses on the
we derived transformation equations that gave different, but equivalent, expressions of 2
the state of normal and shear stresses at that point. Principal normal stresses and faces of the element; the stresses are seen to be the principal stresses in the
maximum shear stress, and their orientations, were seen to be the most important material. A special type of triaxial stress (called spherical stress) occurs when
information for design. A graphical representation of the transformation equations, We also can find the principal planes, at orientation p , on which they act. The all three normal stresses are equal and tensile. If all three stresses are equal and
Mohr’s circle, was found to be a convenient way of exploring various representations of shear stresses are zero on the principal planes, the planes of maximum shear compressive, the triaxial stress state is referred to as hydrostatic stress.
the state of stress at a point, including those orientations of the stress element at which stress occur at 45° to the principal planes, and the maximum shear stress is
principal stresses and maximum shear stress occur. Later, strains were introduced and equal to one-half the difference of the principal stresses. Maximum shear stress
Hooke’s law for plane stress was derived (for homogeneous and isotropic materials) can be computed from the normal and shear stresses on the original element, or
and then specialized to obtain stress-strain relationships for biaxial stress, uniaxial from the principal stresses as follows:
stress, and pure shear. The stress state in three dimensions, referred to as triaxial

冪莦
冢 2莦
冣 莦
sx sy 2
stress, was then introduced along with Hooke’s law for triaxial stress. Spherical stress tmax  t 2
xy
and hydrostatic stress were defined as special cases of triaxial stress. The major con-
cepts presented in this chapter may be summarized as follows:
1. The stresses on inclined sections cut through a body, such as a beam, may be s1 s2
larger than the stresses acting on a stress element aligned with the cross section. tmax 
2

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

CHAPTER 6 Problems 421 422 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain CHAPTER 6 Problems 423

6.2-6 An element in plane stress from the fuselage of an air- 13 MPa 6.2-11 A rectangular plate of dimensions 3.0 in.  5.0 in. y
PROBLEMS CHAPTER 6 plane is subjected to compressive stresses of magnitude is formed by welding two triangular plates (see figure). The
27 MPa in the horizontal direction and tensile stresses of plate is subjected to a tensile stress of 500 psi in the long 1600 psi
Plane Stress a
2300 psi magnitude 5.5 MPa in the vertical direction (see figure). 21 MPa direction and a compressive stress of 350 psi in the short
6.2-1 An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses Also, shear stresses of magnitude 10.5 MPa act in the direc- direction.
x  4750 psi, y  1200 psi, and xy  950 psi, as shown tions shown. B Determine the normal stress sw acting perpendicular
2500 psi 46 MPa
in the figure. Determine the stresses acting on an element oriented to the line of the weld and the shear stress tw acting paral- 3600 psi
Determine the stresses acting on an element oriented at at a clockwise angle of 35° from the horizontal. Show O x
lel to the weld. (Assume that the normal stress sw is
an angle   60° from the x axis, where the angle  is posi- 5700 psi these stresses on a sketch of an element oriented at this positive when it acts in tension against the weld and the
tive when counterclockwise. Show these stresses on a angle. shear stress tw is positive when it acts counterclockwise a
sketch of an element oriented at the angle . against the weld.)
PROB. 6.2-8

1200 psi 5.5 MPa 6.2-9 The polyethylene liner of a settling pond is subjected to PROB. 6.2-13
PROB. 6.2-3 stresses sx  350 psi, sy  112 psi, and txy  120 psi, as 350 psi
shown by the plane-stress element in the first part of the figure. 6.2-14 Solve the preceding problem for sx  32 MPa and
6.2-4 The stresses acting on element A in the web of a train Determine the normal and shear stresses acting on a sy  50 MPa (see figure).
950 psi rail are found to be 40 MPa tension in the horizontal 27 MPa seam oriented at an angle of 30° to the element, as shown
direction and 160 MPa compression in the vertical direction y
in the second part of the figure. Show these stresses on a ld
4750 psi (see figure). Also, shear stresses of magnitude 54 MPa act in We 3 in. 500 psi
10.5 MPa sketch of an element having its sides parallel and perpendi-
the directions shown. cular to the seam. 5 in. 50 MPa a
Determine the stresses acting on an element oriented at a
counterclockwise angle of 52° from the horizontal. Show y
these stresses on a sketch of an element oriented at this angle.
PROB. 6.2-6 112 psi 32 MPa
PROB. 6.2-1 160 MPa PROB. 6.2-11 O x
6.2-7 The stresses acting on element B in the web of a wide-
6.2-2 Solve the preceding problem for an element in plane flange beam are found to be 14,000 psi compression in the
6.2-12 Solve the preceding problem for a plate of dimen- a
stress subjected to stresses x  100 MPa, y  80 MPa, horizontal direction and 2600 psi compression in the vertical
350 psi sions 100 mm  250 mm subjected to a compressive stress
and xy  28 MPa, as shown in the figure. A
40 MPa direction (see figure). Also, shear stresses of magnitude O of 2.5 MPa in the long direction and a tensile stress of
x
Determine the stresses acting on an element oriented at 3800 psi act in the directions shown.
A 12.0 MPa in the short direction (see figure). PROB. 6.2-14
an angle   30° from the x axis, where the angle  is posi- 54 MPa 120 psi Seam
tive when counterclockwise. Show these stresses on a Determine the stresses acting on an element oriented at 6.2-15 An element in plane stress from the frame of a rac-
Side Cross
sketch of an element oriented at the angle . a counterclockwise angle of 40° from the horizontal. Show ing car is oriented at a known angle  (see figure). On this
View Section these stresses on a sketch of an element oriented at this 12.0 MPa
inclined element, the normal and shear stresses have the
angle. PROB. 6.2-9 magnitudes and directions shown in the figure.
80 MPa PROB. 6.2-4
6.2-10 Solve the preceding problem if the normal and shear Determine the normal and shear stresses acting on an
6.2-5 Solve the preceding problem if the normal and shear element whose sides are parallel to the xy axes, that is,
2600 psi stresses acting on the element are sx  2100 kPa, sy  We
ld 100 mm 2.5 MPa
stresses acting on element A are 6500 psi, 18,500 psi, and
300 kPa, and txy  560 kPa, and the seam is oriented at an 250 mm determine x, y, and xy. Show the results on a sketch of an
28 MPa 3800 psi (in the directions shown in the figure).
angle of 22.5° to the element. element oriented at   0°.
Determine the stresses acting on an element oriented at a
100 MPa counterclockwise angle of 30° from the horizontal. Show B 14,000 psi y y
these stresses on a sketch of an element oriented at this angle. B
300 kPa PROB. 6.2-12
18,500 psi 3800 psi
Side Cross 2475 psi
6.2-13 At a point on the surface of a machine the material 3950 psi
PROB. 6.2-2 View Section is in biaxial stress with sx  3600 psi and sy  1600 psi,
2100 kPa as shown in the first part of the figure. The second part of 14,900 psi
6500 psi PROB. 6.2-7
6.2-3 Solve Problem 6.2-1 for an element in plane stress A O x the figure shows an inclined plane aa cut through the same O x
subjected to stresses x  5700 psi, y  2300 psi, and A 560 kPa Seam point in the material but oriented at an angle u.
3800 psi Determine the value of the angle u between zero and
xy  2500 psi, as shown in the figure. 6.2-8 Solve the preceding problem if the normal and shear
Determine the stresses acting on an element oriented at Side Cross 90° such that no normal stress acts on plane aa. Sketch a
stresses acting on element B are 46 MPa, 13 MPa, and
an angle   50° from the x axis, where the angle  is posi- View Section stress element having plane aa as one of its sides and show
21 MPa (in the directions shown in the figure) and the angle
tive when counterclockwise. Show these stresses on a all stresses acting on the element. PROB. 6.2-15
is 42.5° (clockwise). PROB. 6.2-10
sketch of an element oriented at the angle . PROB. 6.2-5

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 424 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain CHAPTER 6 Problems 425 426 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain

6.2-16 Solve the preceding problem for the element shown y 6.3-2 An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses (The force H represents the effects of wind and earthquake (a) Determine the principal stresses and show them on 6.3-18 At a point on the surface of a machine component
in the figure. x  100 MPa, y  80 MPa, and xy  28 MPa (see the loads.) As a consequence of these loads, the stresses at a sketch of a properly oriented element. the stresses acting on the x face of a stress element are
figure for Problem 6.2-2). point A on the surface of the wall have the values shown in (b) Determine the maximum shear stresses and associ- x  42 MPa and xy  33 MPa (see figure).
Determine the principal stresses and show them on a the second part of the figure (compressive stress equal to ated normal stresses and show them on a sketch of a What is the allowable range of values for the stress
sketch of a properly oriented element. 1100 psi and shear stress equal to 480 psi). properly oriented element. y if the maximum shear stress is limited to 0  35 MPa?
y (a) Determine the principal stresses and show them on
24.3 MPa 6.3-3 An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses a sketch of a properly oriented element.
x  5700 psi, y  2300 psi, and xy  2500 psi (b) Determine the maximum shear stresses and associ- y
O x (see the figure for Problem 6.2-3).
62.5 MPa ated normal stresses and show them on a sketch of a
Determine the principal stresses and show them on a properly oriented element.
sketch of a properly oriented element. y

6.3-4 The stresses acting on element A in the web of a train q

O x 1100 psi
rail are found to be 40 MPa tension in the horizontal direc-
24.0 MPa tion and 160 MPa compression in the vertical direction H
PROB. 6.2-18 480 psi O
(see figure). Also, shear stresses of magnitude 54 MPa act in x
the directions shown (see the figure for Problem 6.2-4). A
Determine the principal stresses and show them on a A O x
PROB. 6.2-16 sketch of a properly oriented element.
6.2-19 At a point in a structure subjected to plane
stress, the stresses are x  4100 psi, y  2200 psi, and 6.3-5 The normal and shear stresses acting on element A are
xy  2900 psi (the sign convention for these stresses is 6500 psi, 18,500 psi, and 3800 psi (in the directions shown PROBS. 6.3-11 through 6.3-16
6.2-17 A plate in plane stress is subjected to normal stresses shown in Fig. 6-1). A stress element located at the same in the figure) (see the figure for Problem 6.2-5).
x and y and shear stress xy, as shown in the figure. At point in the structure (but oriented at a counterclockwise Determine the maximum shear stresses and associated
counterclockwise angles   35° and   75° from the x angle 1 with respect to the x axis) is subjected to the normal stresses and show them on a sketch of a properly ori- PROB. 6.3-9 6.3-11 x  2500 psi, y  1020 psi, xy  900 psi PROB. 6.3-18
axis, the normal stress is 4800 psi tension. stresses shown in the figure (b, b, and 1800 psi). ented element.
6.3-12 x  2150 kPa, y  375 kPa, xy  460 kPa
If the stress x equals 2200 psi tension, what are the Assuming that the angle 1 is between zero and 90°, cal- 6.3-10 A propeller shaft subjected to combined torsion and
stresses y and xy? 6.3-6 An element in plane stress from the fuselage of an 6.3-13 x  14,500 psi, y  1070 psi, xy  1900 psi
culate the normal stress b, the shear stress b, and the angle 1 axial thrust is designed to resist a shear stress of 56 MPa and
airplane is subjected to compressive stresses of magnitude a compressive stress of 85 MPa (see figure).
27 MPa in the horizontal direction and tensile stresses of (a) Determine the principal stresses and show them on 6.3-14 x  16.5 MPa, y  91 MPa, xy  39 MPa 6.3-19 An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses
magnitude 5.5 MPa in the vertical direction. Also, shear a sketch of a properly oriented element. 6.3-15 x  3300 psi, y  11,000 psi, xy  4500 psi x  5700 psi and xy  2300 psi (see figure). It is known
y y stresses of magnitude 10.5 MPa act in the directions shown (b) Determine the maximum shear stresses and associ- that one of the principal stresses equals 6700 psi in tension.
(see the figure for Problem 6.2-6). ated normal stresses and show them on a sketch of a 6.3-16 x  108 MPa, y  58 MPa, xy  58 MPa (a) Determine the stress y.
Determine the maximum shear stresses and associated properly oriented element. (b) Determine the other principal stress and the orien-
normal stresses and show them on a sketch of a properly 6.3-17 At a point on the surface of a machine component,
the stresses acting on the x face of a stress element are tation of the principal planes, then show the principal
oriented element. stresses on a sketch of a properly oriented element.
1800 psi x  5900 psi and xy  1950 psi (see figure).
6.3-7 The stresses acting on element B in the web of a wide- What is the allowable range of values for the stress y
O x flange beam are found to be 14,000 psi compression in the if the maximum shear stress is limited to 0  2500 psi?
O x horizontal direction and 2600 psi compression in the vertical
direction. Also, shear stresses of magnitude 3800 psi act in
the directions shown (see the figure for Problem 6.2-7). y y
Determine the maximum shear stresses and associated
PROB. 6.2-19
normal stresses and show them on a sketch of a properly
PROB. 6.2-17 oriented element.
6.3-8 The normal and shear stresses acting on element B are
Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stresses 85 MPa
x  46 MPa, y  13 MPa, and xy  21 MPa (see figure 5700 psi
6.2-18 The surface of an airplane wing is subjected to plane When solving the problems for Section 6.3, consider only for Problem 6.2-8). O x
O x
stress with normal stresses x and y and shear stress xy, as the in-plane stresses (the stresses in the xy plane). Determine the maximum shear stresses and associated
56 MPa
shown in the figure. At a counterclockwise angle   32° 6.3-1 An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses normal stresses and show them on a sketch of a properly 2300 psi
from the x axis, the normal stress is 37 MPa tension, and at x  4750 psi, y  1200 psi, and xy  950 psi (see the oriented element. PROB. 6.3-10
an angle   48°, it is 12 MPa compression. figure for Problem 6.2-1). 6.3-9 A shear wall in a reinforced concrete building is
If the stress x equals 110 MPa tension, what are the Determine the principal stresses and show them on a subjected to a vertical uniform load of intensity q and a 6.3-11 through 6.3-16 An element in plane stress (see
stresses y and xy? sketch of a properly oriented element. horizontal force H, as shown in the first part of the figure. figure) is subjected to stresses sx, sy, and txy. PROB. 6.3-17 PROB. 6.3-19

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Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

CHAPTER 6 Problems 427 428 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain CHAPTER 6 Problems 429

6.3-20 An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses 6.4-2 An element in uniaxial stress is subjected to tensile y y 6.4-9 An element in pure shear is subjected to stresses 6.4-14 x  33 MPa, y  9 MPa, xy  29 MPa,
x  50 MPa and xy  42 MPa (see figure). It is known stresses x  49 MPa, as shown in the figure Using Mohr’s xy  3750 psi, as shown in the figure. Using Mohr’s circle,   35°
that one of the principal stresses equals 33 MPa in tension. circle, determine: determine:
6.4-15 x  5700 psi, y  950 psi, xy  2100 psi,
(a) Determine the stress y. (a) The stresses acting on an element oriented at an 19 MPa 57 MPa (a) The stresses acting on an element oriented at a
  65°
(b) Determine the other principal stress and the orien- angle   27° from the x axis (minus means clockwise). 1 slope of 3 on 4 (see figure).
tation of the principal planes, then show the principal (b) The maximum shear stresses and associated (b) The principal stresses. 6.4-16 through 6.4-23 An element in plane stress is sub-
2.5 jected to stresses sx, sy, and txy (see figure).
stresses on a sketch of a properly oriented element. normal stresses. 48 MPa Show all results on sketches of properly oriented
Show all results on sketches of properly oriented O elements. Using Mohr’s circle, determine (a) the principal
x O 29 MPa x
elements. stresses and (b) the maximum shear stresses and associated
y normal stresses. Show all results on sketches of properly
y 3 oriented elements.
y 4
y
PROB. 6.4-4 PROB. 6.4-6

6.4-7 An element in pure shear is subjected to stresses O x

42 MPa 49 MPa
O x xy  2700 psi, as shown in the figure. Using Mohr’s circle,
50 MPa 6.4-5 An element in biaxial stress is subjected to stresses determine: 3750 psi
O x x  6250 psi and y  1750 psi, as shown in the figure. (a) The stresses acting on an element oriented at a
Using Mohr’s circle, determine: counterclockwise angle   52° from the x axis. PROB. 6.4-9
PROB. 6.4-2 O x
(a) The stresses acting on an element oriented at a (b) The principal stresses.
counterclockwise angle   55° from the x axis. Show all results on sketches of properly oriented 6.4-10 through 6.4-15 An element in plane stress is
(b) The maximum shear stresses and associated normal elements. subjected to stresses sx, sy, and txy (see figure).
6.4-3 An element in uniaxial stress is subjected to com- stresses. Using Mohr’s circle, determine the stresses acting on
PROB. 6.3-20 pressive stresses of magnitude 6100 psi, as shown in the Show all results on sketches of properly oriented an element oriented at an angle u from the x axis. Show
figure. Using Mohr’s circle, determine: elements. y these stresses on a sketch of an element oriented at the PROBS. 6.4-16 through 6.4-23
(a) The stresses acting on an element oriented at a
angle u. (Note: The angle u is positive when counterclock-
slope of 1 on 2 (see figure).
Mohr’s Circle 2700 psi wise and negative when clockwise.) 6.4-16 x  29.5 MPa, y  29.5 MPa, xy  27 MPa
(b) The maximum shear stresses and associated normal
The problems for Section 6.4 are to be solved using Mohr’s stresses. y y 6.4-17 x  7300 psi, y  0 psi, xy  1300 psi
circle. Consider only the in-plane stresses (the stresses in Show all results on sketches of properly oriented O x
elements. 6.4-18 x  0 MPa, y  23.4 MPa, xy  9.6 MPa
the xy plane).
1750 psi 6.4-19 x  2050 psi, y  6100 psi, xy  2750 psi
6.4-1 An element in uniaxial stress is subjected to tensile
PROB. 6.4-7 6.4-20 x  2900 kPa, y  9100 kPa, xy  3750 kPa
stresses x  11,375 psi, as shown in the figure. Using y
Mohr’s circle, determine: 6250 psi 6.4-21 x  11,500 psi, y  18,250 psi, xy  7200 psi
1 O x
6.4-8 An element in pure shear is subjected to stresses
(a) The stresses acting on an element oriented at a O x
2 τxy  14.5 MPa, as shown in the figure. Using Mohr’s 6.4-22 x  3.3 MPa, y  8.9 MPa, xy  14.1 MPa
counterclockwise angle   24° from the x axis.
circle, determine:
(b) The maximum shear stresses and associated normal O
x (a) The stresses acting on an element oriented at a 6.4-23 x  800 psi, y  2200 psi, xy  2900 psi
stresses. 6100 psi
counterclockwise angle   22.5° from the x axis.
Show all results on sketches of properly oriented Hooke’s Law for Plane Stress
(b) The principal stresses.
elements. PROB. 6.4-5 When solving the problems for Section 6.5, assume that the
PROB. 6.4-3 Show all results on sketches of properly oriented
PROBS. 6.4-10 through 6.4-15 material is linearly elastic with modulus of elasticity E and
elements.
Poisson’s ratio n.
y 6.4-10 x  27 MPa, y  14 MPa, xy  6 MPa,   40°
y 6.4-4 An element in biaxial stress is subjected to stresses 6.4-6 An element in biaxial stress is subjected to stresses 6.5-1 A rectangular steel plate with thickness t  0.25 in. is
x  48 MPa and y  19 MPa, as shown in the figure. x  29 MPa and y  57 MPa, as shown in the figure. 6.4-11 x  3500 psi, y  12,200 psi, xy  3300 psi, subjected to uniform normal stresses sx and sy, as shown in
Using Mohr’s circle, determine: Using Mohr’s circle, determine:   51° the figure. Strain gages A and B, oriented in the x and
(a) The stresses acting on an element oriented at a (a) The stresses acting on an element oriented at a y directions, respectively, are attached to the plate. The gage
11,375 psi counterclockwise angle   25° from the x axis. slope of 1 on 2.5 (see figure). O 6.4-.12 x  47 MPa, y  186 MPa, xy  29 MPa, readings give normal strains ex  0.0010 (elongation) and
x
O x (b) The maximum shear stresses and associated normal (b) The maximum shear stresses and associated normal   33° ey  0.0007 (shortening).
stresses. stresses.
14.5 MPa Knowing that E  30  106 psi and n  0.3, deter-
Show all results on sketches of properly oriented Show all results on sketches of properly oriented 6.4-13 x  1720 psi, y  680 psi, xy  320 psi, mine the stresses sx and sy and the change t in the
PROB. 6.4-1 elements. elements. PROB. 6.4-8   14° thickness of the plate.

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 430 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain CHAPTER 6 Problems 431 432 CHAPTER 6 Analysis of Stress and Strain

6.5-5 Solve the preceding problem for a steel plate with 6.5-10 A square plate of width b and thickness t is loaded Triaxial Stress y rubber and the steel, and assume that the steel cylinder is
sx  10,800 psi (tension), sy  5,400 psi (compression), ex  by normal forces Px and Py, and by shear forces V, as shown When solving the problems for Section 6.6, assume that the rigid when compared to the rubber.)
420  10 6 (elongation), and ey  300  10 6 (shortening). in the figure. These forces produce uniformly distributed a (b) Derive a formula for the shortening d of the rubber
material is linearly elastic with modulus of elasticity E and a
y stresses acting on the side faces of the plate. Poisson’s ratio n. cylinder.
6.5-6 A rectangular plate in biaxial stress (see figure) is sub-
A Calculate the change V in the volume of the plate if
B jected to normal stresses sx  90 MPa (tension) and
O x the dimensions are b  600 mm and t  40 mm, the plate 6.6-1 An element of aluminum in the form of a rectan- a
sy  20 MPa (compression). The plate has dimensions
is made of magnesium with E  45 GPa and n  0.35, gular parallelepiped (see figure) of dimensions
400  800  20 mm and is made of steel with O
and the forces are Px  480 kN, Py  180 kN, and V  a  6.0 in., b  4.0 in, and c  3.0 in. is subjected to F
E  200 GPa and n  0.30. x F
(a) Determine the maximum in-plane shear strain gmax
120 kN. triaxial stresses s x  12,000 psi, s y  4,000 psi,
in the plate. and sz  1,000 psi acting on the x, y, and z faces,
PROBS. 6.5-1 and 6.5-2 respectively. z
(b) Determine the change t in the thickness of the plate. Py R L
6.5-2 Solve the preceding problem if the thickness of the steel (c) Determine the change V in the volume of the plate. Determine the following quantities: (a) the maxi- PROBS. 6.6-3 and 6.6-4 S
t S
plate is t  10 mm, the gage readings are ex  480  10 6 V mum shear stress tmax in the material; (b) the changes
6.5-7 Solve the preceding problem for an aluminum plate a, b, and c in the dimensions of the element; (c) the
(elongation) and ey  130  10 6 (elongation), the modulus y
with sx  12,000 psi (tension), sy  3,000 psi (compres- change V in the volume; (Assume E  10,400 ksi and 6.6-4 Solve the preceding problem if the cube is granite (E 
is E  200 GPa, and Poisson’s ratio is n  0.30.
sion), dimensions 20  30  0.5 in., E  10.5  106 psi, V n  0.33.) 60 GPa, n  0.25) with dimensions a  75 mm and compres-
Px b O Px
6.5-3 Assume that the normal strains ex and ey for an element and n  0.33. x sive strains ex  720  10 6 and e y  e z  270  10 6.
in plane stress (see figure) are measured with strain gages. 6.5-8 A brass cube 50 mm on each edge is compressed in two V b
PROB. 6.6-7
(a) Obtain a formula for the normal strain ez in the z perpendicular directions by forces P  175 kN (see figure). V
6.6-5 An element of aluminum in triaxial stress (see figure)
direction in terms of ex, ey, and Poisson’s ratio n. Calculate the change V in the volume of the cube is subjected to stresses sx  5200 psi (tension),
y sy  4750 psi (compression), and sz  3090 psi (com-
(b) Obtain a formula for the dilatation e in terms of assuming E  100 GPa and n  0.34. Py 6.6-8 A block R of rubber is confined between plane parallel
ex, ey, and Poisson’s ratio n. a pression). It is also known that the normal strains in the
walls of a steel block S (see figure). A uniformly distributed
PROBS. 6.5-10 and 6.5-11 c x and y directions are ex  713.8  10 6 (elongation) and
P = 175 kN pressure p0 is applied to the top of the rubber block by a
y ey  502.3  10 6 (shortening).
force F.
6.5-11 Solve the preceding problem for an aluminum plate b What is the bulk modulus K for the aluminum?
(a) Derive a formula for the lateral pressure p between
with b  12 in., t  1.0 in., E  10,600 ksi, n  0.33, Px  the rubber and the steel. (Disregard friction between the
P = 175 kN 90 k, Py  20 k, and V  15 k. O rubber and the steel, and assume that the steel block is rigid
x y when compared to the rubber.)
6.5-12 A circle of diameter d  200 mm is etched on a (b) Derive a formula for the dilatation e of the rubber.
O brass plate (see figure). The plate has dimensions 400 
z
x 400  20 mm. Forces are applied to the plate, producing
uniformly distributed normal stresses sx  42 MPa and PROBS. 6.6-1 and 6.6-2
PROB. 6.5-8 sy  14 MPa.
z Calculate the following quantities: (a) the change in O
6.5-9 A 4.0-inch cube of concrete (E  3.0  106 psi, x F
PROB. 6.5-3 length ac of diameter ac; (b) the change in length bd of F
n  0.1) is compressed in biaxial stress by means of a
diameter bd; (c) the change t in the thickness of the plate;
6.5-4 A magnesium plate in biaxial stress is subjected framework that is loaded as shown in the figure. 6.6-2 Solve the preceding problem if the element is steel
(d) the change V in the volume of the plate. (Assume
to tensile stresses sx  24 MPa and sy  12 MPa (see Assuming that each load F equals 20 k, determine the
E  100 GPa and n  0.34.) (E  200 GPa, n  0.30) with dimensions a  300 mm, b  z
figure). The corresponding strains in the plate are ex  change V in the volume of the cube. 150 mm, and c  150 mm and the stresses are sx  S
R
PROBS. 6.6-5 and 6.6-6
440  10 6 and ey  80  10 6. 60 MPa, sy  40 MPa, and sz  40 MPa.
Determine Poisson’s ratio n and the modulus of elas- z S
y 6.6-3 A cube of cast iron with sides of length a  4.0 in.
ticity E for the material. 6.6-6 Solve the preceding problem if the material is nylon
(see figure) is tested in a laboratory under triaxial stress. subjected to compressive stresses sx  4.5 MPa, sy 
Gages mounted on the testing machine show that the 3.6 MPa, and sz  2.1 MPa, and the normal strains are
F d compressive strains in the material are ex  225  10 6 ex  740  10 6 and ey  320  10 6 (shortenings).
and ey  ez  37.5  10 6. PROB. 6.6-8
a c
y Determine the following quantities: (a) the normal
stresses sx, sy, and sz acting on the x, y, and z faces of the 6.6-7 A rubber cylinder R of length L and cross-sectional
b area A is compressed inside a steel cylinder S by a force F
O x F cube; (b) the maximum shear stress tmax in the material; 6.6-9 A solid spherical ball of brass (E  15  106 psi,
x
(c) the change V in the volume of the cube; (Assume that applies a uniformly distributed pressure to the rubber n  0.34) is lowered into the ocean to a depth of 10,000 ft.
E  14,000 ksi and n  0.25.) (see figure). The diameter of the ball is 11.0 in.
(a) Derive a formula for the lateral pressure p between Determine the decrease  d in diameter, and the
PROB. 6.5-12 the rubber and the steel. (Disregard friction between the decrease V in volume of the ball.
PROBS. 6.5-4 through 6.5-7 PROB. 6.5-9

36025_06_ch06_p372-433.qxd 12/10/10 2:55 PM Page 433

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

CHAPTER 6 Problems 433

6.6-10 A solid steel sphere (E  210 GPa, n  0.3) is sub- outer surface. The tendency of the heated part of the sphere
jected to hydrostatic pressure p such that its volume is to expand produces uniform tension in all directions at the
reduced by 0.4%. center of the sphere.
(a) Calculate the pressure p. If the stress at the center is 12,000 psi, what is the
(b) Calculate the volume modulus of elasticity K for strain? Also, calculate the unit volume change e at the
the steel. center.
6.6-11 A solid bronze sphere (volume modulus of elas-
ticity K  14.5  106 psi) is suddenly heated around its

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.