ATOMS AND MOLCULES

1. INTRODUCTION :
The structure of matter of been a subject of speculation from very early times. According to greek
philosope Democritus, suggested that if we go on dividing matter into smaller parts, a stage would be
reached when particles obtained cannot divided further. He called particle ‘atoms’ meaning indivisible.

Conclusion :
All matter is made up of small
particles called atoms. Different
kinds of atoms and molecules
have different properties due to
which different kind of matter
also show different properties.
Laws of chemical combination :
By studying the result of
quantitative measurement of
many reactions it was observed
that whenever Substance react,
they follow certain laws. These
laws are called the law chemical
combination.

(a)Law of conservation of mass.

(b) Law of constant proportions.
(c) Law of multiple proportions

(a) Law of conservation of mass :

This law was given by the
French chemist A Lavoisier in
1774. This law is every
chemical reaction, thetota mass
before and after the reaction
remains constant.
“That is mass can neither be
created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction”. Lavoisier showed that whenmercurio oxide was heated, it
produced free mercury oxygen. The sum of masses of mercury and oxygenwas founc to be equal to mass
of mercuric oxide.
Mercuric oxide  Mercury + Oxygen
100g 92.69 g 7.49 g
Activity : Demonstration of law of conservation of
mass.
∙ Prepare separately a 5% solution of barium chloride and
5%
solution of sodium sulphate.
∙ Take about 20 ml of barium chloride solution in a conical
flask.
∙ Take sodium sulphate solution in a smallest tube. Hang
the
test tube in mouth of the flask with the
 help of thread. Close the mouth of the flask with cork.
∙ Weight the flask along with its constents.
∙ Now tilt the flask so that the two solution get mixed.
∙ Weight the flask again along with its contents. What do you observe ? It is observed that on mixing the two
solution a chemical reaction takes place which is indicated by the formation of a white precipitate
Barium chloride + Sodium sulphate → Barium sulphate (white ppt) + Sodium Chloride ∙ The mass of
the flask and its contents remains constant. Thus, during a chemical reaction mass is neither crated nor
destroyed.
This activity can also be carried out with the following pairs :
(a) silver nitrate and sodium chloride
(b) Copper sulphate and sodium carbonate

Q. In a reaction 5.3 of sodium carbonate reacted with 6 g of ethanoic acid. The products were 2.2 g of carbon
dioxide. 0.9 g water and 8.2 g of sodium ethanoate. Show that these observation are in agreement with the law of
conservation of mass. [NCERT] Sodium carbonate + ethanoic acid → sodium ethanoate + carbon dioxide +
water.
Q. Hydrogen and oxygen combine in the ratio of 1 : 8 by mass of form water. What mass of oxygen gas would
been required to reach completely with 3 g of hydrogen gas ? [NCERT] Q. Which postulate of Dalton’s atomic
theory is the result of the law conservation of mass? [NCERT]

(b) Law of constant proportions :

This law was given by the
french chemist A. Levoisiver
and Joseph proust. This law
deals with thecompotion of
chemical compounds.
This law is : A pure chemical
compound always contains
same elements combined in
same propositionby mass
For example : Pure water obtained
from different sources with such as
river, well etc. alwayscontains
hydrogen and oxygen combined
together in the ratio 1 : 8 by mass
similarly carbon dioxide canbe
obtained by different methods such as
by burning of carbon, by heating lime
stone. It show that samples of carbon
dixoxde obtained proportion of
hydrogen can oxygen or carbon and
oxygen always remains constant.
(C) Law of multiple proportions :
It was given by Dalton in 1808.
According to it. when one
element combines with the
 other element toform or more different compounds, the mass of one element, which combines with a
constant mass of theother, be a simple ratio to one another. Example. Carbon and oxygen when combine,
can from twooxides that CO (carbon monoxide).
In CO, 12g carbon combine with 16 g of oxygen. In CO2 12 g carbon combine with 32g of oxygen. Thus, we
can see the mass of oxygen which combine with a constant mass of carbon (12g) bear ratio of 16 : 32 on 1 : 2
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
On the basis of laws of chemical combination John dalton proposed atomic theory in 1808. The
mainpoints of dalton’s atomic theory are :

∙ All matter is made up of vary tiny particles called atoms.

∙ Atoms are indivisible particles , which cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction. ∙ Atoms

of a given element are identical in mass and chemical properties.

∙ Atoms of different element of have different masses and chemical properties.

∙ Atoms combine in the ratio of small whole numbers to from compounds.

∙ The relative number and kinds of atoms are constant in a given compound.
Dalton’s atomic theory we based on the laws of chemical compound.
For example : The postulates of Delton’s atomic theory that “atoms can neither be created nor destroyed”,
was the result of law of conservation of mass and the postulates of Delton’s atomic theory “ the element
consist of atoms having fixed mass” and that the number and kind of atom in a given compound of fixed
came from the low of constant proportion.

Q. Which postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory can explain the law of proportion ? [NCERT]

Drawbacks of Dalton’s Atomic Theory :

Some of the drawbacks of the Delton’s theory of matter are given below :

∙ According t Dalton’s atomic theory, atoms were thought to be indivisible. Bu it is now known that atoms can
be further divided into still smaller particle called electrons, protons and neutrons. ∙ Delton’s atomic theory said
that all the atoms of an element have exactly the same mass. But it is now know the atoms of the same element
can have slightly different
masses, as in cases of isotopes.
∙ Delton’s atomic theory said that
atoms of different
elements have different
masses. But it now known
that even atoms of
different elements can
have the same mass as in
case of isobars. Atoms :
All the matter is made up
of atoms. An atoms is the
 smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction. Atoms of most of the elements are
vary reactive and do not exist in the free state (as single atom). They exist in combination with the atoms of
the same elements or another element. Atoms are vary small in size. The size of an atom is indicated by its
radius which is called atomic radius (radius of
an atom). Atomic radius atom of all, having an
atomic radius of 0.037nm. Atoms are so small
that we cannot see the under the most powerful
optical microscope. Symbol of elements :
Symbol may be defined as the abbreviation use
for the
name of an element. The symbol of an element.
The
symbol of an element element are generally either the
first letter or the first tow letter or the first and the
third letters of the name of the element.For example,
the symbol of the following elements are the first
letter of the same of that element.

S.NO. Element

1 Hydrogen

2 Carbon

3 Nitrogen

4 Oxygen

5 Fluorine

∙ Some symbols derived from the first two letters of the names of the element.
S.NO. Element Symbol

1 Alumininm Al

2 Barium Ba

3 Lithium Li

4 Neon Na

5 Calcium Ca

∙ Some symbol derived from the fist and the third letter of the names of the elements.
S.NO. Element Symbol
 1 Arsenic As

2 Magnesium Mg

3 Chlorine Cl

4 Zinc Zn

5 Chormium Cr

∙ There are certain symbol which seen to here no relationship to their names. They symbol of these element are
derived from their latin names.
Element Latin Name Symbol

Iron Ferrum Fe

Gold Aurum Au

Copper Cuprum Cu

Potassiu Kalium Na
m

Sodium Natrium Hg

Mercury Hydrogen Hg

Lead Plumbum Pd
Atomic Mass : Atomic mass of element may be define s the average relative mass of an atom of the
element as compared with mass of an atom of carbon (C – 12 isotope) taken as 12 amu.
Massof 1atomof element
Atomic mass :
1/12of themassof anatomsof C 12
−
How do Atoms occur :
The atoms of only a few element called noble gases
(such as helium, neon, argon and krypton etc.)
which are chemically uncreative and exist in the
free state (as single atom). Atoms of the element
are chemically vary
Atoms usually exist in two ways :
(a) In the form of molecules and (b) In the form of
ions.

Q. Define the atomic mass unit

[NCERT] Q. Why is not possible
to see atom with naked eyes ?
[NCERT]

Molecule :
A molecule is the smallest particle of an element or
compound that has independent existence. A
molecule contain one or more than one atoms.
The molecules of element contain atoms of only on
kind.
The number of atoms in molecule of an element is known as atomicit of the element. For example The
atomicity of the noble gases is 1, that of hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen etc is 2 each and of ozone is 3. Thus,
noble gases hydrogen and ozone are respectively monoatomic, diatomic and triatomic molecules.

Molecules of elements :

The molecules of and element contain two similar atom chemically bonded together, for example of
ozone gas has 3 oxygen atom combined together, so ozone exists in the form of O3 A recently discovered
form of carbon, called buckminsterfullerene has molecule formula C60

Molecule of compounds :

The molecule of compound contains two or more different types of atoms chemically bonded together. For
example: the molecule sulphur dioxide (SO2) contain one atom of sulphur chemically bonded with two
atom of oxygen.

Molecular mass of formula mass :

The molecular mass of a substance (an element or a compound) may be defined as the average relative mass
 of a molecule of the substance as compared with mass carbon of atom of carbon (C. 12 isotope) taken 12
amu.
Massof 1moleculeo fthesubstacne
Molecular mass =
1/12of massof anatomsof C 12
−
The molecular mass of compound can be obtained by adding atomic masses of all the atoms present n
the molecular of the compound.
Fox example, molecular mass
of CO2 is

+ 16 × 2
= 44 u
Gram Molecular Mass :
Gram molecular of a
substance is defined as
that much quantity of the
substance whose mass
expressed it gram is
numerically equal to its
molecular mass.,

For example : The molecular

mass of CO2 is 44 u , its gram
molecular mass is 44 g. Gram
molecule mass of substance is
also know as gram-molecular
mass of the substance.

Formula Mass :

Formula mass of an ionic

compound is obtained by adding
atomic mass of all the atoms in a
formula unit to the compound.

For example : Formula mass of potassium chloride (KCI)

= Atomic mass of potassium + atomic mass of chlorine

39 + 35.5 = 75.5

Q. Calculate the molecular masses of H2, O2, CI2 CO2, CH4, C2H6, C2H4, NH3, CH3OH [NCERT] Q. Calculate the
formula unit masses of ZnO, Na2O, K2CO3, given atomic masses of Zn = 65 u, Na = 23 u, K = 39 u, C = 12 u and O
= 16 U [NCERT] Q. Calculate the molar mass of the following substances. [NCERT] (a) Ethyne, C2H2 (b) Sulphur
molecule, S8
(c) Phosphorous molecule, P4 (Atomic mass of phosphorus = 31)
(d) Hydrochloric acid, HCl
(e) Nitric acid, HNO3

Chemical formula :
The chemical formula of a compound describe the composition of molecules of the compound in terms of
the symbols of element and the number of atoms of each element present in one molecules of the
 compound.
∙ In the chemical formula of compound, the elements present are denoted by their symbols and the number of
atoms of each element are denoted by writing their number as subscript of the symbols of the respective
element.
Example : Water is compound whose one molecular is made up of two atoms of hydrogen by and hence
its chemical formula is H2O

 While writing the formula of an ionic compound the metal is written on the left hand side while the non –
mater written on the right hand side. The name of the mater remains as such but that of the non-metal is
changed have the ending ide.

Example : MgO is named as magnesium oxide, KCl is named potassium chloride etc.

 Molecular compounds, formed by the combination between two different non-metals, are written in such a way
that the less electronegative element is written on the left hand side with he more electronegative element is
written on right hand side. In
naming molecular compound, the
name of the less negative
non-metal is written as such but the
name of the more electronegative
element is changed to have the
ending ide

Example : H2S named as hydrogen

sulphide.

 When there are more then one

atoms of on element are present in
the formula of the compound. then
the number of atoms are indicate by
the use of appropriate prefixes
(Mono for : 1, id for 2,tri for 3 terta
for 4)

Example : CO2 is named as carbon di

oxide CCl4 is named carbon tertra
chloride.
The preflxes are needed in
naming those binary
compounds in which the two
non-metals form morethen one
compounds (by having different
number of atoms)

Example : Two non-metal, nitrogen and oxygen, combine to form different compound like nitrogen
monoxide (NO), nitrogen di – oxide (NO2). Nitrogen tri oxide (N2 O3) etc.
 But, if two non-metals form only one compound, then prefixes are not used in naming such compounds

Example :
Hydrogen and sulphur combine to form only one compound H2S, So, H2S is named as hydrogen sulphid
and not hydrogen monosulphide.

IONS : An ion is positively or negative charged atom (or group of atoms)

These are two type of ions :

(1) cations (2) anions

(1) Cations : A positively charged is known as cation. For example : Sodium ion : Na+
Magnesiumion : Mg2+ A cation is formed by the loss of one or more electrons by an atom

For example : sodium atom, loses one electron to form a sodium in Na+
⎯ →
Na −⎯le− Na+ sodium ion
Sodium atom (A cation)

(2) Anions : A negatively charged ion is know as anion. Cl- (chloride ion) O
-2
(oxide ion) etc.
An anion is formed by the gain on or more electrons by an atom. For example a chlorine atom gains one
electron to form a chloride ion Cl-

⎯− le−→ -
∙ Cl ⎯ Cl Chorine atom Chloride ion (An anion)
Valency of ions : The valecncy of an ion is same as the charge present on the ion.
Monovalent cation (Valeny of cation + 1)
Example : Sodium ion (Na+). Potassium (K+), Hydrogen ion (H+)
Divalent cations (valeny of cations + 2)
Example : Magnesium ion (Mg+2) Ferrous ion (Fe+2)
Trivalent cation (valency of cation + 3)
Example : Aluminium ion (Al+3) Ferric ion (Fe+3)
Monovalent anion (anion of valency -
1)
Example : Chloride ion (Cl-) Bromide
ion (Br-)
Divalent anions (anions of valecny - 3)
Example : oxide ion (O-2) Peroxide
ion (Br)
Trivalent anoin (O-2), Peroxide ion
(O2-2) etc.
Trivalent anion (anions of valency -3)
Example : Nitride ion (N-3) Phosphate
ion (PO-34) etc.
 Writing fo formula of Molecular compound :
Steps : The steps to be followed for writing the formula of molecular compound are- 

First, below each symbol of the elements contributing the compound

 Then, below each symbol writ is elements contributing the compound.

 Finally, we exchange the valencis of the combining atoms that is with first atom, we write the valecy of the
second atom and with second atom, we write the valency of the first atom, the valencies to be written at
substance to the symbols.

∙ If the valencies have any common factor, then the formula is divided by the common factor. This given the
required formula of the compound
Example : To work out the formula of hydrogen sulphide
(1) Hydrogen sulphide compound is made up of hydrogen and sulphur elements. So first we write down
the symbol of hydrogen and sulphur .

(2) The vealcny of hydrogen is 1 and the valency of sulphur is 2. so below the symbol H we write 1 and
below the symbol S we write 2.

Symbol H S
Valencies 1 2
HS

8 ∙ We now cross-over the valencie of H and atoms. With H atom we writhe the valecny of S (Which is 2) so that is
becomes H2 with a atom we write the valency of (Which is) so that it becomes S1. Now, joining together H2
and S1 the formula of hydrogen sulphide becomes H2S1 or H2S (This is becomes we don’t write the
subscript with an atom in a formula)

Q. What is meant by the term chemical formula ? [NCERT] Q. How many atoms are present in a
4
[NCERT] Q. (i) H2S molecule and (ii)3− PO ion
Q. What are polyatomic ions ? Give examples [NCERT] Q. Give the name of th elements present in the
following compounds. [NCERT] (a) Quick line (b) Hydrogen bromide (c) Baking powder (d)Potassium
sulphate

Writing the formula of Ionic compound :

Steps :

 First, write the symbols of

the ions from with the ionic
compound is made. As a
convention. the cation is
 written on the left while the anion is written on the right side.

∙ The, the valencies of the respective cation and anion are written below their symbols.

∙ The valencies of cation and anion are exchanged. The number of cation and anion in the formula of the
compound are adjusted in such a way that total positive charge of cation become equal to total negative
charge of the anion making the ionic compound electrically neuter.
∙ The final formula of the ionic compound is then written but the charges present on the cation and the anion are not
shown.
Example : To write the formula for sodium carbonate :
(1) First, write the symbol of sodium ion and carbonate ion and writhe their valance below their symbol
are shown.
Symbols Na CO3
Valencies +1 -2
(or charges)

(2) Now, are exchange the valencies of sodium ion and carbonate ion,
Na 1-2
a
3
CO Na2CO3 Formul

(3) So- 2 gets associated with Na and +1 gets associated with CO3 in this way we get Na2 and CO3 and final
formula of sodium carbonate is Na2CO3

Q. Write down the formula of [NCERT] (i) sodium oxide (ii) aluminium chloride (iii) sodium sulphide (iv)
magnesium hydroxide Q. Write down the name of compounds represented by the following formulae. [NCERT] (i)
Al2 (SO4)3 (ii) CaCl2 (iii) K2SO4
(iv) KNO3 (v) CaCO3
Q. Write the chemical formula of the following [NCERT] (a) Magnesium chloride (b) Calcium oxide (c) Copper
nitrate (d) Aluminium chloride (e) Calcium carbonate
Name of the Positive ion (cation) Chemical
compound Formula

(anion)

Name Name
Formul Formul
a Valency a Valency

number number

Hydorgen chloride H 1 Chloride Cl 1 HCl

Hydroge
n

Hydrogen H 1 Sulphide S 2 H2C

sulphide Hydroge
n

Sulphuric Hydrogen H 1 Sulphate SO4 2 H2(SO4),

H2(SO4)
acid
(hydrogen
suplhate)

Sodium nitrate Sodium Na 1 Nitrate NO3 1 .

Na1(NO3)1
NaNO3

Aluminium Aluminium Al Phosphate PO4 3 .

Phosph Al3(PO4)3
ate AlPO4

Aluminium Al Sulphate SO4 2 Al2(SO4)2

sulphate Aluminiu
m

Ferrous sulphate Ferrous Fe 2 Sulphate SO4 2 Fe2(SO4)2.

FeSO4

Ferric sulphate Ferric Fe 3 Sulphate SO4 2 Fe2(SO4)3

Potassium Potassium 1 Dichromate Cr2O7 2 K2(Cr2O7)1

dichrom
K2Cr2O7
ate

Magnesium nitrate Mg Nitrate NO3 1 Mg(NO3)2

Magnesiu
m

Silver chromate Silver Ag 1 Chromate Cr2O4 2 Ag2CrO4

Barium carbonate Barium Ba 2 Carbonate 2 .

Ba2(CO3)2
CO3
BaCO3

Potassium Potassium K 1 1 KMnO4

permang
Permanganat MnO
anate e 4

Calcium Ca 2 Hydroxide 1 Ca(OH)2

hydroxide Calciu OH
m

Aluminium oxide Al Oxide O 2 Al2O3

Aluminiu
m

Magnesium Magnesiu Mg Phosphate PO4 3 Mg3(PO4)3

phosph
m
ate

Ammonium Ammoniu NH 1 Sulphite SO3 2 (NH4)2SO3

sulpha
m
te

Zinc phosphate

Mole Concept :
Mole : Mole is link between the mass of atoms (or molecules) and the number of atoms (or molecule.).
A group of 6.022 × 1023 particles (atom, molecules or ions) or a substance is called a mole of that
substance.
Thus, 1 mole of atoms = 6.022 × 1023 atoms.
1 mole of molecules = 6.022 × 1023 molecules.
For example : oxygen atom in O and oxygen molecules is O2
1 mole of oxygen atoms (O) = 6.022 × 1023 oxygen atom
1 mole of oxygen molecules = 6.022 × 1023 oxygen molecules.
Number of 6.022 × 1023, which represents a mole is known an Avogadro number.
Moles of Atoms : One mole of
atoms of an element has a mass
equal to the gram atomic mass of
the element 1 mole of atoms of an
element = Gram atomic mass of the
element.
For example : The atomic
mass of oxygen (O) is 16 u so
gram atomic mass of oxygen
will be gram. 1 mole of oxygen
atoms = Gram atomic mass of
oxygen = 165 gram
Mole of molecules :
1 mole of molecules of
an substance has mass
equal to gram molecular
mass of the substance. 1
mole of molecules of a
substance = Gram
molecular mass of the
substance.
For example : The molecular
mass of oxygen (O2) is 32, u So
the gram molecule mass of
oxygen molecule is 32 gram.
1 mole of oxygen molecules = Gram
molecular mass of oxygen = 32 gram.
Q. If one mole of carbon atoms weighs 12 gram, what is the mass (in grams) of 1 atom of carbon ? Q. Which
has more number of atoms, 100 grams of sodium or 100 gram of iron (given, atomic mass of

N = 23u, Fe = 56 u) [NCERT] Q. A 0.24 g sample of compound of oxygen and boron was found by analysis to
contain 0.096 g of boron and 0.144 g o oxygen. Calculate the percentage composition o the compound by weight.
[NCERT]
Q. When 3.0g of carbon is burnt in 8.00 oxygen, 11. 00 g of carbon dioxide is produced. Whet mass of carbon
dioxide will be formed when 3.0 g of carbon is burnt in 50.00 of oxygen ? Which law of chemical combination
will govern your answer ? [NCERT]

Mass percentage of an element from molecular formula :

The molecular formula of a compound many be defined as the formula which specifies the number or
atoms of various element in the molecular of the compound.
For example : The molecular formula of glucose is C6H12O6. This shows the a molecule of glucose six atoms
of carbon, twelve atoms of hydrogen and six atoms of oxygen. With the help of molecule formula of a
compound we can calculate its percentage composition y mass. First we calculate the molecular mass of the
compound. From this we can find out mass of one mole the compound, which is equal to its gram molecular
mass, The we calculate mass of element in one of the compound. The percentage of each element is the
calculate by the following formula.
Mass of X in one mole
Mass percentage of element X = × 100
Mass of one mole of the compound
that is gram molecular mass
 Determination of Molecular formula:
To find out the molecular formula of a compound, the first is to determine its empirical formula from
thepercentage composition. The empirical formula of a compound may be defined as the formula
whichgives the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of the various elements present in the molecule of
thecompound.
For example: The empirical formula of the compound glucose(C6H12O6) is CH2O which shows that C,H and
O are present in the simplest ratio of 1:2:1.
Molecular formula is whole number multiple of empirical formula thus,
Molecular formula = Empirical formula × n
Molecular formula
n =Empirical formula
Where n = 1,2,3………

Molecular Mass
= Empirical formula mass
Q. What is the mass of – [NCERT] (a) 1 mole of nitrogen stoms?
(b) 4 moles of aluminium atoms (Atomic mass of aluminium = 27)?
(c) 10 moles of sodium sulphite (Na2SO3)?
Q. Convert into mole. [NCERT] (a) 12 g of oxygen gas (b) 20 g of water (c) 22 g of carbon dioxide Q. What is the
mass of . [NCERT] (a) 0.2 mole of oxygen stoms? (b) 0.5 mole of water molecules?
Q. Calculate the number of molecules of sulphur (S8) present in 16 g of solid sulphur. [NCERT] Q. Calculate the
number of aluminium ions present in 0.054 g of aluminium oxide. [NCERT] (Hint.:The mass of an ion is the
same as that of an atom of the same element. Atomic mass of Al =27 u)

Steps for writing the empirical formula :

The percentage of the element in the compound is determined by suitable methods and from the data
collected, the empirical formula is determined by the following steps-
 Divide the percentage of each. element by its stomic mass. This gives the relative number of moles of various
element present in the compound.
 Divide the quotients obtained in the above step by the smallest of them so as to get a simple ratio of moles of
various elements.
 Multiply the gigures, so obtained by a suitable integer, if necessary, in order to obtain whole number ratio.
 Finally write down the symbols
of the various elements side by side
and put the above number as the
subscripts to the lower right hand
corner of each symbol. This will
represent the empirical formula of
thecompound .
Steps for writing the empirical
formula :
 Calculate the empirical formula as
describe above.
 Find out the empirical
formula mass by adding the
 atomic masses of all the atoms present in the empirical formula of the compound.
 Divide the molecular mass (determined experimentally by some suitable method) by the empirical formula
mass and find out the value of “n”
 Multiply the empirical formula of the compound with n so as to find out the molecular formula of the compound.

EXERCISE ATOME AND MOLECULES

(A) OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS :
1. The element s present in baking soda are
(A) Sodium, carbon and oxygen (B) Sodium, carbon hydrogen (C) Sodium, carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen (D) Potassium, carbon and oxygen

2. The first scientist to use of the symbols of elements was

(A) Dalton (B) Berzillius (C) Kanad (D) Proust

3. The overall charge on an ionic

compound equal to
(A) Charge of the cation
present (B) zero
(C) Charge of the anion preset (D)
sun of charges of the cation & anion
4. The chemical formula of the copper nitrate.
(A) Cu(NO3)2 (B) CuNO3 (C) Cu2(NO3)3 (D) Cu2NO3

5. The number of carbon atoms in 1g of CaCO3 is

(A) 6.022 × 1023 (B) 6.022 × 1021 (C) 3.0 125 × 1022 (D) 1.204 × 1023g

6. The mass of a single atom of carbon is

(A) 12 g (B) 1/12 g (C) 1.99 × 10-23 g (D) 1.99 × 1023g

7. The mass of 1 u is
1
1
12
(A) (B)
×g
g
23
×
23
×
6.022 10
2
6.022 10
‘ 12 g
(C) (D) 6.022 × 1023 g
23
×
6.022 10
8. How many molecules are present in 9g of water
(A) 3.01 × 1023 (B) 6.022 × 1023 (C) 6.08 × 1023 (D) 3.82 × 1023

9. Mg + O2 ⎯Burning ⎯⎯→ ‘X’, ‘X’ is (A) MgO (B) Mg2O (C) MgO2 (D) Mg2O3

10. The formula of sulphuric acid is

(A) H2SO3 (B) H2SO4 (C) H2SO5 (D) H2S2O7

11. What is true about potassium chlorate

(A) It given oxygen gas on strong heating
(B) Its molecular mass is 122.5 kg/mol
(C) 122.5g of contain oxygen atoms three the Avogadro number
(D) Its molecular formula is KClO4

12. Mass of one Avogadro’s number of O atoms is equal to

(A) 16 amu (B) 16 g (C) 32 g (D) 6 kg
 13. Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form water (H2O). The ratio between masses of Hydrogen and oxygen is
(A) 1 : 8 (B) 63.5 : 8 (C) 2 : 1 (D) 63.5 : 16

14. The correct formula of aluminum sulphate is

(A) AlSO4 (B) Al2SO4 (C) Al3(SO4)2 (D) Al2 (SO4)3

15. Which of the following has highest intermolecular force of attraction

(A) Liquid water (B) Liquid ethyl alcohol (C) Gaseous CO2 (D) Solid CO2

16. Which of the following is not

correct regarding gases
(A) Gases exert pressure
(B) Gases have same
intermolecular space (C)
Gases have tendency of
diffuse (D) Gases have high
intermolecular force of
attraction

17. The Boiling not point water at

normal atmospheric pressure is
(A) 273 K (B) 373 K (C) 100 K (D)
0o C

18. Avogadro’s number represents

the number of atoms in
(A)12 g of C12 (B) 320 of sulphur (C) 32 g
of oxygen (D) 12.7 g of iodine

19. Molecular mass of ozone is

(A) 16 u (B) 32 u (C) 48 u (D) 64 u

20.

Which of the following is not correct according to Dalton’s atomic theory ? (A)
Matter is made up of atoms

(B) Atoms of all substance are identical in all respects

(C) Atoms combine in a simple whole number ratio

(D) Atoms of two element can combine to form more then one compound.

(B) FILL IN THE BLANKS :

21. The temperature at which a liquid change into gas is called………….

22. Intermolecular space in solid is…………….. then that of liquid
23. Change of liquid state to solid sate is called………….
24. Small of cooked food reaches us in second due to the process know as………. 25.
One mole atoms of oxygen contains……….. atom of oxygen
26. The number of atoms in a molecule of element substance called is…………. 27. In
water, the proportion of hydrogen and oxygen is……………by mass.
28. Latin name of mercury is………..
29. Avogadro number is…….
30. One mole of sodium sulphate contains……….atoms of sodium………..atoms of sulphur and
…………atom of oxygen
31. Intermolecular forces are maximum in………….
32. Water has boiling not equal to…………
33. Fusion is change of……………to state.

(C) MATHC OF COLUMN:

34. Match the following elements & compounds given in column-A with column- B Column – A
Column - B
(1) Argon (a) 8
(2) Suphur (b) 4
(3) Oxygen (c) 2
(4) Phosphorous (d) 1
(5) Ozone (e) 3
(6) Bromine (f) 5
(7) Carbon monoxide (g) 6
(8) Hydrogen peroxide (h) 7
(9) Lime water
(10) Ammonia
(11) Quick Lime
(12) Baking powder
(13) Lime stone
(14) Common salt
(15) Sodium Suphate
(D) VARY SHORT ANSWER TYPE
QUESTION :

35. Name of the building block of all

matter ?

36. What are the symbols of copper

and cobalt ?

37. What is 1 u ?

38. Give symbols for the following

elements : Aluminum, Tin, Bromine,
Neon.

39. What is ratio between

 masses of (i) hydrogen and oxygen in H2O (ii) nitrogen and hydrogen in NH3 ?
40. What is meant by formula unit mass ?

41. What is meat by valecny of en element ?

42. 10 g silver nitrate solution are added to 10 g of sodium solution ? What change in mass of you expect after
the reaction ?
43. Why is copper represented by the symbol “Cu’ while there is not letter ‘u’ in the name ? 44. What

do you understand by the ‘atomicity’ of the substance ?

45. Give two examples each of bivalent cations and bivalent anions.

46. How are mass, molar mass and number of mole related to each other ?

(D) SHORTE ANSWRE TYPE QUESTION :

47. What is the first law of chemical combination ?
48. What is the conclusion of the Daltion’s atomic theory ?
49. Define a molecule. How many molecules are present in
(i) 9g of water (ii) 17 g of ammonia
50. What is meat by the term chemical formula ?
51. What are poly atomic ions ? Give example .
52. Calculate the number of molecules of Sulphur (S8) present in 16 g of solid sulphur. 53.
Give the name
of the
elements
present in the
following
compounds.
54. Define the term mole ?
55. Write the molecular formula of the following and give the ratio by mass of atoms present ? 56. A
hydrogen is found to contain 14.3% hydrogen and 85.7 % carbon. If molecular mass of the hydrocarbon i
28, find out is molecular formula (17 g).
57. Write down the names of the compound represented by the following formula ? (i)
Al2(SO4)3 (ii) CaCl2 (iii) K2SO4 (iv) KNO3
58. What is meant by the term chemical formula ?
59. Calculate the mass of CO2 which will contain the same number of molecule in 1 g of methane (S = 32 u,
O = 16 u, C = 12 u, H = 1 u)
60. If 1 g of SO2 contains x molecules, what will be the number of molecule in 1 g of methane? (S = 32
u,O = 16 u, C = 12 u, H = 1 u )
61. What is molar volume ? What is its value ?
62. Define the “law of constant proportions” How does Dalton’s atomic theory explain the truth of the law ?
63. What is the difference between the actor mass of a molecule and gram molecular mass ? 64. What is
formula unit mass ? For what type of compounds is it use and why ? 65. What is the unit of atomic mass or
molecular mass ? Define it. What is the mass of this unit in kilograms ?
(E) LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTION:
66. State and explain Law of Conservation Mass. How does Dalton’s atomic theory explain this law ? 67. State
and explain the following
(i) Atom (ii) Molecule (iii) Atomic mass (iv) Molecular mass 68. Arrange the following in roder of
increasing masses (i) 0.1 g atom of silver (ii) 0.1 mole of H2SO4 (iii) 1023 molecule of CO2 gas (iv) 1 gram of
carbon (v) atoms of calcium.
69. How is the molecular formula of a compound related to its empsricial formula ? 70.
Valencies or the charge numbers of some ions are given below :
Aluminium ion 3+ Magnesium ion 2+ Potassium ion 1+ Nitride ion 3- Sulphate ion 2- Fluoride ion 1- Using
the above information, write down the chemical formulae of the following (i) Aluminium ion (ii)
Magnesium nitride (iii) Aluminium sulphate (vi) Potassium fluoride (v) Magnesium fluoride (vi)
Potassium nitride

71. The molecular formula of a compound is CH3 OH Calculate its molecular mass in atomic mass unit. Also
write down its molar mass (atomic masses are : H= 1 u, C = 12 u, O = 16 u )

72. Find the number of atoms of each type present 3.42 grams of canesugar (C12 H22 O11) 73. What

are the postulates sand limitations of Dalton’s atomic theory ?

ANSWER KEY

∙ Objective type questions

 1.C 2.A 3.B 4.A 5. B 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.A 10.B 11.C 12.B 13.A 14.D 15. D 16. D 17. B 18.A 19. C 20. B

∙ Fil in the blanks

21. boiling point 22. less 23. solidification 24. diffusion 25. Contain 6.022 × 10 23 26.Atomicity 27. 1 : 8 28.
Hydragyrum 29. 6.022 × 1023 30. 12.044 × 1023, 6.022 × 1023 24.088× 1023 31. Solid 32. 100oC 33. Solid,
liquid

∙ Math the column

1. d 2. a 3. c 4. d 5. e 6. c 7. c 8. b 9. f 10. b 11. c 12. g 13. f 14. c 15.h

∙ very short answer types question

35. atoms 36. Cu & Co

37. 1 u stands for one twelth (1/12) in the mass of carbon (carbon - 12) atom.

38. Al, Sn, Br, Na, 39. (i) 1 : 8 (ii) 14 : 3 42. no change

43 Symbol Cu has been taken from the latin word ‘cuprum’ which means copper

44. The number of atoms present in one molecule of the substance is called atomicity 45.

4
Cations = Zn2+, Mg2+, anions =2− SO , 2− CO4

Given mass(m)

46. Number of moles (n) = Molar mass(M)

or m = n × m