Knowledge –
What (knowledge structure) and how (process) of knowledge
TWO TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
EPISODIC – refers to our biological memory process reflecting not only what
happened but also where and when it happened.
SEMANTIC – deals with memories and information that are not tied to our
personal biography.
TYPES OF SEMANTIC KNOWLEDGE
1. Declarative – deals with the statement of truth; the “what”
Indicator: Descriptors, time elements, process, causal relationships,
episodes, generalizations, principles, concepts
2. Procedural – it is the knowledge about how things are done. It
contains actions and manipulations that are valid within specific
knowledge domain. The “how”
3. Conditional – accounts for knowing “when”
Types of Conditional knowledge
a. Rational
b. Pragmatic
c. Empirical
Strategic – helps organize our problem solving processes by specifying the
stages followed in order to arrive at solutions
ORGANIZATION OF SEMANTIC KNOWLEDGE
Deals with generalization, cotypame concepts, facts and opinions
Facts- are thing that are known to be true, they never stand alone.
Data – things gathered through the process of research.
Information is a definite knowledge. Superhighway of the internet
Ideas maybe suggestions impressions or opinions.
Wisdom – gained through experience. It is a wise decision formed from great
knowledge and experience
Concepts – basic units of thinking. General abstract things, events and
qualities that share common characteristics.
Accuracy – important aspect of organizing and categorizing information
because a single concept can be connected to another concept
Properties - common characteristics shared by all the examples of the
concepts. Signs name certain concepts they are the words or phrases in
spoken or written forms. Referents are typical examples
TYPES OF CONCEPTS:
Simple – are plane and straightforward
Complex- conjunctive, presence of two or more qualities at the same time
Disjunctive, existence of one of two common qualities or both.
Defined concepts – treated beyond their physical characteristics in their
definition.
Concrete concept
Concepts – mental representations to denote a set of entities. Overarching
knowledge about things. In order to understand concepts, we need to
categorize entities.
TYPES OF CATEGORIES
Natural categories – natural groupings that occur in a natural setting
Artifact – man-made categories. Books, cools curricula gadgets
Nominal – arbitrary; are labels assigned to a situation or thing that is pre-
specified. Meanings attached to nominal categories change.
Generalizations – statements that contain the if then predictive
characteristics. Expresses relationship among reinforcement, motivation and
change.
HILDA TABA
LEVELS OF KNOWLEDGE
Facts
Skills
Concepts
Principles
Attitudes or dispositions
Qualities of knowledge may be described as generic, abstract, informal
elaborate and structured. Each
Accuracy, reality, deth and breat
Knowledge acquisition techniques
Protocol generation involves different means of getting information
through interviews and observations
Protocol analysis involves the scrutiny of interview results or other
document to identify different kinds of information.
Hierarchy-production includes types of laddering in order to build
taxonomies such as grading or ranking structures.
Grid- construction deals with the formulation of reference lines on map or
repertory frames used in order to provide, classify, analyze, and itemize,
various conceptual properties.
