1.
Cell Biology
Understanding the structure and function of cells is fundamental in biology.
- Cell Structure: Learn about different cell organelles like the nucleus,
mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and more.
- Cell Theory: All living organisms are made up of cells, and the cell is the basic
unit of life.
- Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells: Differences in structure between prokaryotic
cells (e.g., bacteria) and eukaryotic cells (e.g., animal, plant cells).
- Cell Membrane and Transport: Understand the fluid mosaic model, passive transport
(diffusion, osmosis), and active transport mechanisms.
- Cell Division: Mitosis (for growth and repair) and meiosis (for reproduction).
2. Genetics
Genetics explains inheritance patterns and variation in organisms.
- DNA Structure and Function: Learn the structure of DNA, the role of nucleotides,
and how genetic information is stored.
- Replication, Transcription, and Translation: The processes that help convert
genetic information into proteins.
- Mendelian Genetics: Principles of inheritance (dominant and recessive traits,
Punnett squares, homozygous vs. heterozygous).
- Genetic Variation: How mutations and recombination contribute to genetic
diversity.
- Genetic Disorders: Common genetic disorders like Down syndrome, sickle cell
anemia, and cystic fibrosis.
3. Evolution and Natural Selection
Evolution is a central concept in biology.
- Theory of Evolution: Learn how species change over time through natural
selection, adaptation, and genetic drift.
- Charles Darwin: The history of evolutionary theory, including Darwin's work on
natural selection.
- Speciation: The process by which new species arise.
- Evidence for Evolution: Fossil record, homologous structures, embryology, and
molecular evidence.
4. Ecology
Ecology deals with the relationships between organisms and their environment.
- Ecosystems: Understanding biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors,
energy flow, and nutrient cycles.
- Food Chains and Webs: Producers, consumers, and decomposers.
- Population Dynamics: How populations grow, interact, and evolve.
- Biomes: Different types of ecosystems like deserts, rainforests, tundra, etc.
- Conservation Biology: Studying biodiversity and efforts to conserve species and
ecosystems.
5. Human Anatomy and Physiology
Understanding how the human body functions is a vital area of biology.
- Organ Systems: The function and structure of different organ systems like the
circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, and musculoskeletal systems.
- Homeostasis: The body's mechanisms for maintaining stable internal conditions
(e.g., temperature regulation, pH balance).
- Nervous System: Learn about neurons, neurotransmitters, and brain functions.
- Endocrine System: The role of hormones in regulating body functions.
- Immune System: The body's defense against pathogens (e.g., white blood cells,
antibodies).
6. Plant Biology
Plants are essential for life on Earth, and understanding their biology is crucial.
- Photosynthesis: The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical
energy (glucose).
- Plant Structure: Roots, stems, leaves, and flowers—each with a specific function.
- Plant Reproduction: Sexual and asexual reproduction in plants, including
pollination and seed formation.
- Plant Growth and Development: Understanding hormones like auxins and
gibberellins.
7. Microbiology
Microbiology deals with microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists.
- Bacteria and Archaea: Characteristics, classification, and roles in ecosystems.
- Viruses: The structure of viruses, how they replicate, and their impact on
health.
- Fungi and Protists: The diversity and importance of fungi and protists in
ecosystems.
- Pathogens and Disease: The role of microorganisms in diseases and how they are
controlled (e.g., antibiotics, vaccines).
8. Biotechnology
Biotechnology refers to using living organisms and systems to develop or create new
products.
- Genetic Engineering: The process of altering an organism's DNA (e.g., CRISPR
technology).
- Cloning: The process of making genetically identical organisms.
- GMOs: Genetically modified organisms and their uses in agriculture and medicine.
- Stem Cell Research: The use of stem cells for medical treatments and therapies.
9. Biochemistry
Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes within and related to living
organisms.
- Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids—structure and
function.
- Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions.
- Metabolism: The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism.
REVIEWER
Science
Biology (50 questions)
1. Q: What is the basic unit of life?
A: The cell.
2. Q: What is the powerhouse of the cell?
A: Mitochondria.
3. Q: What molecule carries genetic information?
A: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid).
4. Q: What are the building blocks of proteins?
A: Amino acids.
5. Q: What part of the plant cell is responsible for photosynthesis?
A: Chloroplast.
6. Q: What type of blood cells fight infections?
A: White blood cells.
7. Q: What is the process by which cells divide to form two identical cells?
A: Mitosis.
8. Q: Which organ is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body?
A: The heart.
9. Q: What is the process by which plants make their own food using sunlight?
A: Photosynthesis.
10. Q: Which system is responsible for transporting nutrients and oxygen throughout
the body?
A: Circulatory system.
11. Q: What is the main function of red blood cells?
A: To carry oxygen.
12. Q: What is the chemical symbol for water?
A: H₂O.
13. Q: Which organ filters waste from the blood to form urine?
A: Kidneys.
14. Q: What is the term for an organism’s physical appearance or traits?
A: Phenotype.
15. Q: What is the term for the genetic makeup of an organism?
A: Genotype.
16. Q: What is the process by which organisms with beneficial traits are more
likely to survive and reproduce?
A: Natural selection.
17. Q: What is the function of the ribosomes in a cell?
A: Protein synthesis.
18. Q: In what part of the cell does DNA replication occur?
A: Nucleus.
19. Q: What is the name of the process that converts glucose into energy in the
cell?
A: Cellular respiration.
20. Q: Which organ system includes the skin, hair, and nails?
A: Integumentary system.
21. Q: What is the term for a group of similar organisms capable of interbreeding
and producing fertile offspring?
A: Species.
22. Q: What is the molecule that stores energy in cells?
A: ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
23. Q: What is the largest organ in the human body?
A: The skin.
24. Q: What is the term for a change in the DNA sequence?
A: Mutation.
25. Q: What process involves the movement of water from high concentration to low
concentration across a semipermeable membrane?
A: Osmosis.
26. Q: Which type of cell division results in four non-identical cells with half
the chromosome number?
A: Meiosis.
27. Q: What is the process by which plants lose water through evaporation from
their leaves?
A: Transpiration.
28. Q: What structure in the cell is responsible for controlling what enters and
exits the cell?
A: The cell membrane.
29. Q: What is the term for an organism's ability to maintain a stable internal
environment?
A: Homeostasis.
30. Q: What is the main purpose of the respiratory system?
A: To exchange gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide).
31. Q: What is the term for the process of converting nitrogen from the atmosphere
into a form usable by plants?
A: Nitrogen fixation.
32. Q: What are the three main types of muscle tissue?
A: Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
33. Q: What is the name of the cell structure that controls the activities of the
cell?
A: Nucleus.
34. Q: What is the process called when a cell engulfs a particle by wrapping its
membrane around it?
A: Phagocytosis.
35. Q: Which part of the brain controls balance and coordination?
A: Cerebellum.
36. Q: What is the term for the formation of a new individual from a single parent
organism?
A: Asexual reproduction.
37. Q: What is the name of the structure in the eye that detects light?
A: Retina.
38. Q: Which process occurs in the mitochondria to generate energy?
A: Cellular respiration.
39. Q: What is the term for the part of the nervous system that controls voluntary
actions?
A: Somatic nervous system.
40. Q: What is the name of the structure that produces insulin in the body?
A: Pancreas.
41. Q: What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
A: To defend the body against infection and return fluid to the bloodstream.
42. Q: What type of cell contains chlorophyll?
A: Plant cells.
43. Q: What is the function of enzymes in the body?
A: To speed up chemical reactions.
44. Q: What is the process by which a single organism produces offspring identical
to itself?
A: Asexual reproduction.
45. Q: What is the term for a group of cells working together to perform a specific
function?
A: Tissue.
46. Q: What organ is responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients?
A: The small intestine.
47. Q: What type of organisms are classified as autotrophs?
A: Organisms that make their own food, like plants.
48. Q: What is the term for the scientific study of heredity?
A: Genetics.
49. Q: What is the term for an organism's ability to produce offspring?
A: Reproduction.
50. Q: What is the process by which organisms break down glucose to produce energy
in the form of ATP?
A: Cellular respiration.
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Chemistry
1. Q: What is the chemical formula for water?
A: H₂O.
2. Q: What is the pH value of a neutral solution?
A: 7.
3. Q: What is the process by which a solid turns directly into a gas?
A: Sublimation.
4. Q: What is the atomic number of carbon?
A: 6.
5. Q: What is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust?
A: Oxygen.
6. Q: What type of bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?
A: Covalent bond.
7. Q: What is the term for a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without
being consumed?
A: Catalyst.
8. Q: What is the chemical formula for methane?
A: CH₄.
9. Q: What is the term for a reaction in which heat is released?
A: Exothermic reaction.
10. Q: What is the term for a reaction in which heat is absorbed?
A: Endothermic reaction.
11. Q: What is the name of the negatively charged particle in an atom?
A: Electron.
12. Q: What is the name of the positively charged particle in an atom?
A: Proton.
13. Q: What is the name of the particle with no charge in an atom?
A: Neutron.
14. Q: What is the process called when a liquid changes to a gas?
A: Evaporation.
15. Q: What is the chemical formula for sodium chloride?
A: NaCl.
16. Q: What type of bond involves the transfer of electrons between atoms?
A: Ionic bond.
17. Q: What is the process called when a gas changes into a liquid?
A: Condensation.
18. Q: What is the name of the periodic table group that contains elements like
sodium and potassium?
A: Alkali metals.
19. Q: What is the name of the process that occurs when a substance undergoes a
chemical change and becomes something new?
A: Chemical reaction.
20. Q: What is the law that states mass is neither created nor destroyed in a
chemical reaction?
A: Law of conservation of mass.
21. Q: What is the chemical symbol for gold?
A: Au.
22. Q: What is the chemical formula for sulfuric acid?
A: H₂SO₄.
23. Q: What is the process by which a metal reacts with oxygen to form an oxide?
A: Oxidation.
24. Q: What is the term for a substance that dissolves in water to form a solution?
A: Solute.
25. Q: What is the term for the substance that does the dissolving in a solution?
A: Solvent.
26. Q: What is the molar mass of water (H₂O)?
A: 18.015 g/mol.
27. Q: What is the process of separating a mixture using differences in boiling
points?
A: Distillation.
28. Q: What is the formula for calculating density?
A: Density = Mass/Volume.
29. Q: What is the term for the smallest unit of an element?
A: Atom.
30. Q: What is the term for the smallest unit of a compound?
A: Molecule.
31. Q: What is the substance that is produced in a chemical reaction?
A: Product.
32. Q: What is the substance that undergoes change in a chemical reaction?
A: Reactant.
33. Q: What is the symbol for the element silver?
A: Ag.
34. Q: What is the process by which an atom or molecule gains electrons?
A: Reduction.
35. Q: What is the name of the process where a compound breaks down into two or
more products?
A: Decomposition.
36. Q: What is the pH range for acids?
A: Less than 7.
37. Q: What is the pH range for bases?
A: Greater than 7.
38. Q: What is the law that describes how gases behave under different conditions
of temperature and pressure?
A: Boyle's Law and Charles's Law.
39. Q: What is the name of the process by which water vapor is cooled and turned
into liquid water?
A: Condensation.
40. Q: What are substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions called?
A: Catalysts.
41. Q: What is the chemical formula for carbon dioxide?
A: CO₂.
42. Q: What is the process called when a solid changes directly into a gas?
A: Sublimation.
43. Q: What is the term for a material that can conduct electricity?
A: Conductor.
44. Q: What is the chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide?
A: H₂O₂.
45. Q: What is the atomic number of oxygen?
A: 8.
46. Q: What is the term for a substance that resists changes in pH?
A: Buffer.
47. Q: What is the name of the scale used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a
substance?
A: pH scale.
48. Q: What is the law of definite proportions?
A: A chemical compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements
by mass.
49. Q: What type of reaction occurs when two or more substances combine to form a
new compound?
A: Synthesis reaction.
50. Q: What is the term for the amount of space an object occupies?
A: Volume.
