CE-121 Civil Engineering Materials

DR. KHAN SHAHZADA

Professor
Department of Civil Engineering UET Peshawar
 Week-11
Topics
“Paints”
• Objectives of Paints
• Composition of Paints
• Types of Paints
• Consideration in choosing a particular paint.
• Introduction to Varnish.
• Objectives and applications of varnish
 Paints
Introduction:
• Paint is a liquid surface coating. On drying it forms a thin film on the painted surface.
• Paints are used to protect metals, timber, and plaster surfaces from corrosive effects
of weather, heat, and moisture etc. and improve their durability and give shiny
surface.
• It also provide beauty to the structure and give pleasant look.
 Objectives of Paints
Objects of providing Paints are:

• To protect metal surface from corrosion and weathering effects.

• To protect timber from decay and make it durable.
• It provide smooth surfaces
• To improve building appearance.
• Paints makes the structures durable and attractive.
 Characteristics of a Good Paint
Characteristics of a good Paint are:
• It should have a good body or spreading power.
• It should work smoothly and freely and be capable of being laid in a thin coat with the
brush.
• It should form durable, tough and resistant to wear film on drying.
• Colour of paint should not fade or change.
• It should become surface dry in about 9 hours and hard enough to take up another coat
in next 24 hours.
• It should not crack on drying.
• It should give smooth and pleasant appearance showing no brush marks after drying.
 Composition of Paints
Composition of Oil based paints are:

1. Base or Body
2. Vehicle
3. Pigments
4. Solvents
5. Driers
6. Adulterants
 Composition of Paints
1. Base or Body:
• The base, usually a metallic oxide, is the principal constituent of the paint.
• It makes the paint film opaque and possesses binding properties which reduce the
shrinkage cracks in the film on drying. It hide the surface to be painted.
• It makes film harder and more resistant to abrasion.
• Some of the examples of base are white lead, red lead, zinc white, aluminum powder,
iron oxide, etc.
2. Vehicle:
• Also known as binder, vehicle is an oil to which the base is mixed.
• It holds the constituents of paint in suspension and helps spread it over the surface to be
painted, imparts durability, toughness and water proofness to the paint film and resistance
to weathering and gloss to the painted surface and forms the body of the paint.
• The examples are natural drying oils such as linseed oil, nut oil, poppy oil, tung oil, soya
bean oil, fish oil and dehydrated caster oil.
 Composition of Paints
3. Pigments:
• Pigments are used to hide the surface imperfections and to impart the desired colour.
• They protect the paint film by reflecting the destructive ultra violet light, which acts as a
catalytic agent for the destructive oxidation of the film.
• They also improve the impermeability of the paint film and enhance its resistance to
weathering, affect the flow characteristics making it possible to paint vertical and uneven
surfaces smoothly.
Two types of pigments
• Natural pigments (natural iron oxides, chrome oxides)
• Synthetic Pigments (phthalocynines ► coal tar derivatives)
 Composition of Paints
4. Solvents:
• These are the oils used to thin the paints, increase the spread, and are also known as
thinners.
• They make the paint of workable consistency and evaporate during drying of the film.
• The common thinning agents used are petroleum, spirit, naptha and turpentine oil.
5. Driers:
• Driers are also known as plasticizers, these are chemicals added to paint as a catalyst
(accelerate the drying of the vehicle) for the oxidation, Polymerization and condensation of
the vehicle in paint.
• The quantity of drier is limited to 8%, excess of it affects the elasticity of paint leading to
flaking failure.
• Some of the examples of driers are (oxidized lead, PbO), lead acetate, red lead (Pb3O4),
manganese dioxide and cobalt, zinc and lead chromate.
 Composition of Paints
• Red lead is the best for primary coat over steel and metal work, it produces an extremely
hard and tough film.

6. Adulterants:
• These bring down the overall cost, reduce the weight and increase the durability.
• Adultrants also help to reduce cracking of dry paint and sometimes help to keep the
pigment in suspension.
• Barium sulphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium silicate and silica are but a few examples.
• The best adultrant is barium sulphate
 Types of Paints
There are three Main Categories of Paints:

1. Water Based Paints

2. Oil Based Paints
3. Miscellaneous Paint.

• Emulsion paints, white paints and distemper paints are water based paints. These paints
are water soluble.
• Oil based paints are those which are soluble in oil. Oil is used as thinner . e.g. oil paint,
enamel paint etc.
• While miscellaneous paints are made from miscellaneous materials. e.g. Aliminium
Paint, bituminous paints, anti corrosive, asbestos paints, rubber based, plastic
emulsion, epoxy paint, silicone , zinc etc.
These are type of paints are used for different purposes discussed in coming slides.
 Types of Paints
Types of paints for Interior and Exterior surfaces are:
1. White wash
2. Emulsion Paint
3. Distemper Paint
4. Oil Paint
5. Cement Based Paint
6. Enamel Paint
7. Bituminous Paint
8. Epoxy Paint
9. Anti-Condensation Paint
10. Luminous Paint
(a) Fluorescent Paint
(b) Phosphorescent Paint
 Types of Paints
(c) Radioactive ( or self-luminous paint )
11. Latex Paint
12. Lead Paint
13. Metallic Paint
14. Rubber Paint
15. Aluminium Paint
16. Textured Paint
17. Silicone Paint
18. Zinc-Rich Paint
19. Anti-corrosive Paint
20. Fungicidal Paint.
21. Asbestos paint
 Types of Paints
1. Whitewash:
• It is water based paint.
• Whitewash is a low-cost paint made from mixture of slaked lime or powdered chalk, it is
mixed with water used for whitening walls (brick walls, concrete walls, other wall surfaces
etc.), woodworks, etc.
• Sometimes pigments like fevicol(a kind of adhesive) are also added in it to make the
colourful walls.
 Types of Paints
2. Emulsion Paint:
• Emulsion Paints are basically water based paints.
• Water is used as a solvent in emulsion paint.
• Water is a medium where the binder, pigment and additives are dispersed in molecular
form.
• Binders are polymers forming a continuous film on the surface.
• Binders used in emulsion paints are alkyd resins, acrylic resin, epoxy, etc.
• It is used for internal as well as an external surface coating of the building.
• They dry quickly & flexible and hence are suitable for both external as well as internal
surfaces.
 Types of Paints
3. Distemper Paint:
• Distemper paints are water based paints.
• The major constituents of distemper are chalk, lime, water and some colouring pigments
if necessary.
• Distemper Paints are available in powder and paste form.
• It is cheaper than other paints.
• Distemper paints can be classified as a one type of better white wash.
• Distemper paints are used for both interior and exterior walls.
 Types of Paints
4. Oil Paint:
• Oil paint is a type of slow-drying paint that consists of particles of pigment suspended in a
drying oil, commonly linseed oil.
• Common modern applications of oil paint are in finishing and protection of wood in
buildings and exposed metal structures such as ships and bridges.
• Its hard-wearing properties and luminous colors make it desirable for both interior and
exterior use on wood and metal.
• These are interior paints.
 Types of Paints
5. Cement Based Paint:
• Cement-based paints are water based paint in which cement forms the base.
• Cement is the main constituent in cement based paints which is responsible for the
hardness and durability of the painted surface.
• Cement paints do not require oil or other organic matter.
• Cement Paint can be applied on the exterior as well as interior walls.
• It is used for painting exterior wall surface mainly for preventing
water penetration and reductions of dirt collection.
• It is suitable for coating concrete as well as decorating
indoor and outdoor walls.
 Types of Paints
6. Enamel Paint:
• Enamel paints are oil based paints and with a considerably glossy finish.
• Enamel Paints consists of white lead, zinc white, resinous matter and petroleum spirit.
• Enamel paints are more durable and have hard strong finish.
• Enamel paints provides excellent coverage and colour retention.
• Enamel paints have hard, glossy and opaque finish.
• Enamel paints dry slowly or quickly depending on thinner used.
 Types of Paints
7. Bituminous Paint:
• Bituminous paints are made of asphalt bitumen or coal tar which dissolved in mineral
spirit or naphtha.
• Bituminous paints are black in colour but suitable colouring pigments may be added for
the desired colour.
• Bituminous Paints are alkaline resistant hence it is used for under water structure,
weather protecting steelwork, waterproofing, wood, concrete and potable water
tanks.
• It is also used for any type of exterior metal work and
iron work such as fire escapes, ladders etc.
• When expose to sunlight, they deteriorate very fast.
 Types of Paints
8. Epoxy Paint:
• Epoxy Paints are made from epoxy resin i.e. they form binders.
• Epoxy resins are thermosetting synthetic resins containing epoxies groups.
• They are formed by cross-linking reactions of epoxide groups.
• Epoxy paints are finished material.
• It is used primarily as a floor covering which forms a hard and shiny surface upon
application.
• Hence these paints are used in commercial building, industrial floors particularly
pharmaceutical industry, operation theatres and garages
due to its strength and resistance to damage.
• They serve best when joint less flooring/ bacteria free
flooring desired.
 Types of Paints
9. Anti-Condensation Paint:
• Anti-condensation paints are designed to reduce the formation of condensation of
moisture under intermittently dry and humid conditions.
• Such a material normally has a matt textured finish and frequently contains cork or some
other heat insulating materials as a filler.
• Condensation of moisture leads to mould and can damage your walls which doesn’t look
good.
• It also inhibits(controls) the fungal and mould growth.
 Types of Paints
10. Luminous Paint:
• A paint which glows in the dark because it contains a substance that emits light for a
certain length of time after exposure to an energy source.
• Luminous paints used to mark fire exits, runways, or any area that needs to be
illuminated in dark or dim conditions.
• It is also used in traffic roads to guide vehicles at night.
Three types:
• Fluorescent Paint
• Phosphorescent Paint
• Radioactive (or self-luminous paint)
(study by yourself)
 Types of Paints
11.Latex Paint:
• A paint based on pigment and synthetic resin produced by emulsion polymerization, as the
principal constituent of the binder.
• The word “latex” originally refer to the use of rubber in one form or another as the resin,
or solid, in paint.
• Latex is a white milky liquid exuding from trees like rubber.
• They can be apply on walls and trim, concrete, wood etc.
 Types of Paints
12. Lead Paint:
• The term applies to any paint, paste, stopping, filling or other material used in
painting, which contains more than 5% lead as lead oxide(PbO), in its pigment when
determined by a certain defined method.
• They are widely used to paint wooden surfaces in home.
• Other lead compounds, vivid yellow lead chromate(PbCrO4) are used as coloured
pigments.
• They give the paint its tint, Lead pigments are highly opaque, so that a relatively small
amount of the compound can cover a large area.
• Lead is added to paint to accelerate drying, increase durability, maintain a fresh
appearance, and resist moisture that causes corrosion.
• White lead is very insoluble in water, making the paint highly water-resistant with a
durable, washable finish.
• Lead paint is hazardous. It can cause nervous system damage, stunted growth, kidney
damage, and delayed development. That’s why this paint is banned in many countries.
 Types of Paints
13.Metallic Paint:
• Paint which consists of flecks of aluminium, copper, bronze, stainless steel, or other metals
which give a film with appearance of metallic appearance.
• Such paints are generally used for painting metallic surface.
 Types of Paints
14.Rubber Paint:
• Rubber paint is an emulsion paint having chlorinated rubber as its binder or non-volatile
vehicle.
• They withstand water and other tough conditions.
• They are used in boats, swimming pools, etc. with a long-lasting alternative that won’t
wear down over time.
• Rubber paint is also one type of latex paint.
 Types of Paints
15.Aluminium Paint:
• Aluminium paint is a coating material which is made by a mixture of oil varnish and
aluminium pigment in the form of thin flakes which overlap in the paint film and which
reflects the sun’s radiation well and retains the heat in hot-air or hot-water pipes or tanks.
• The resin helps the paint to flow, and gives it strength and durability, while the aluminium
flakes give the paint a shiny, metallic finish.
• This type of paint generally has a silvery finish, and many manufacturers only produce one
shade of aluminium-based paint.
• They are used to paint a variety of materials, including metals, wood, and masonry.
 Types of Paints
16.Textured Paint:
• Texture paint consists of coarse grains (such as gypsum, sand, etc.) metal, ribbon, lace,
leather, etc. with the water-thinned binder used for creating a rough pattern effect on a
wall.
• They have become one of the most popular trends in painting as different types of styles
can be created on the wall.
• They simulate two different sense: Sight and touch.
• They are often used as an alternative to wallpaper and it is also a great solution to hide
uneven and imperfect wall surfaces.
 Types of Paints
17.Silicone Paint:
• Silicone paint is a special type of coating in which alkyd resins are modified by adding
silicone.
• It has excellent durability, toughness, good resistance to cracking and abrasion
resistance caused by severe temperature changes.
• It is mostly used in maintenance paints for steel and concrete, exterior decorative, marine
paints, coatings on brass and aluminium, and as a heat-resistant it is used in chimneys,
ovens, etc.
• It repels water on masonry surfaces such as stone and brick.
• It is also a preferred choice to prevent corrosion in industrial
structure from harsh corrosive environment.
• Certain silicone paints are transparent and hence recommended
for cladding like exposed concrete, brick walls etc.
 Types of Paints
18.Zinc-Rich Paint:
• Zinc-rich paint is made from a suitably high amount of zinc dust or zinc powder with
organic or inorganic binders.
• It is mostly applied on top coat on steel or other metallic surfaces to prevent continuous
risk of corrosion from the harsh environment.
 Types of Paints
19.Anti- Corrosive Paint:
• Anti-corrosive paint is a composition of corrosion resistant pigments such as zinc
chromate, lead chromate or red lead.
• It protects the metal components against degradation due to moisture, salt spray, oxidation
or exposure to a various environmental and industrial chemical.
• This type of paint is mostly applied on iron or steel products.
 Types of Paints
20. Fungicidal Paint:
• A paint which discourages growth of fungi on its dry applied film.
• The fungicidal properties are normally conferred by the addition of special additives,
although certain pigments, such as zinc oxide, commonly used in paints may themselves
contribute the fungicidal properties of the paint.
 Types of Paints
21.Asbestos Paint:
• The main constituent is fibrous asbestos.
• These are used for stopping leakage in metal roofs, painting of spouts, gutters, etc. and
sometimes on the outer surface of basement wall to prevent dampness.
• Asbestos paint is also called fire proof paint.

Other types of Paints are:

• Casein Paint
• Bronze Paint
• Cellulose Paint
 Consideration in choosing a particular paint
It depend on the type of structure and the surface to be painted. e.g.

• Colour of paint based on its location (light colors for rooms and brown colors mostly for
wooden structures)
• Cement based paints are used in rough surfaces.
• Water based paints can be selected for interior house wells.
• Oil based paints can be considered good in damped areas.
• In roads, luminous paints are suitable.
 Varnish
Introduction:
• Varnish is a nearly homogeneous solution of resin in oil, alcohol or turpentine.
• The type of solvent depends upon the type of resin used and is given in Table.
• The oil dries with time and the other solvents evaporate leaving behind a solid transparent
resin film over the surface.
• For rapid drying, driers such as litharge, lead acetate, etc. are used.
Resin Solvent
Amber, copal, gum amine Boiled linseed oil
Common resin, gum dammer, mastic Turpentine
Lac, shellac, sand arch Methylated spirit
Raw copal, cheaper types of reins Wood naptha
 Objectives and Application of Varnish
The objects of varnishing a surface are to:

1. Brighten the appearance of the grain in wood.

2. Render brilliancy to the painted surface.
Protect painted surface from atmospheric actions.
Application:
3. Varnish is primarily used in wood finishing applications where the natural tones and grains
in the wood are intended to be visible.
4. Varnish is used to coat wood so as to protect it against staining, abrasion and weather and
to reduce water penetration, without changing the colour of wood.
5. Varnish provides penetration coating to wood surface and other decorative objects.
6. It give shiny surface to the object.