COMMUNICATION: GENESIS & CONCEPT THERE ARE EIGHT TYPES OF COMMUNICATION The Elements of Communication

• We communicate so frequently that we fail to realize the importance and 1. NON-VOCAL COMMUNICATION • Although there are only three basic elements of communication, other
complexity of the process-- that all human activity is based on • Non-vocal Communication refers to the use of signs, signals and symbols, elements also affect the way communication take place.
communication and human beings cannot do without communication. etc., in the communication process. Signals, signs and symbols are the three • These can be seen in the communication process model below:
related components of non-vocal communication process which are found
THERE ARE FOUR DISTINCT PHASES OF COMMUNICATION in all known cultures. The Sender
Each phase is associated with a specific form of communication. • The sender may be an individual or group of individuals or any
FIRST PHASE 2. VOCAL COMMUNICATION organization, who desires to share information for a predetermined
•The first phase began with the verbal communication in which • Vocal Communication refers to any form of communication that uses the purpose or for an expected action or response.
development of language took place. human vocal chords. It can range from shouting to spoken languages.
SECOND PHASE Encoding
• The second phase was the era of written communication. 3. NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION • To encode means to transform an idea into words, symbols, pictures,
THIRD PHASE • Non Verbal Communication includes actions such as gestures, diagrams, gestures i.e., it is a method to provide a concrete shape to the
• In the third phase, the printing era began with Gutenberg and his Bible in vocalizations, facial expressions, bodily languages and other behaviors. message.
1456.
FOURTH PHASE 4. VERBAL COMMUNICATION Message
• The fourth phase was the age of telecommunications which began with • Verbal Communication refers to the use of words and LANGUAGE. It is • It is the physical form of the thought which can be experienced and
Morse's Telegraph and was perpetuated by Marconi's wireless. often viewed as the primary means by which information can be conveyed understood by one or more senses of the receiver.
PHASES OF COMMUNICATION from one person to another.
• After passing through the four phases, we are currently in the fifth phase in The Channel
which there is emphasis on interactive communication systems. 5. INTRAPERSONAL • It is the vehicle in the transmission of a message.
• It refers to communication within one
THE COINAGE OF COMMUNICATION person, it could be talking to you, reading something etc. Decoding
The Etymological Origin of Communication • In this type of communication, the source • It is the translation of information received, into an understandable
COMMUNICATION & ETYMOLOGICAL ORIGIN and the recipient of information are limited to one person. message to interpret it.
• The term "communication" came from the Latin word "communis" which
means common. 6. INTERPERSONAL Receiver
• Hence, when we communicate, we try to establish a certain degree of •Communication between two or more persons. • The person or group, who perceives the message and attaches some
commonness. • Interpersonal communication could be face to face or it could be at a meaning to the message.
• Communication, therefore, refers to transmission or exchanging of distance with the help of
information, messages, and/or ideas. telephone, letters etc. The Feedback
• Information and communication are two interlinked terms in the sense that • The reaction or response of the receiver is called feedback. It provides
without information, communication is not possible. 7. PUBLIC/MASS COMMUNICATION insight into how the receiver interprets and understands the message of
• It refers to communication from one person or a group of persons, through the sender.
AS A VERB... special media, to large audiences.
To "communicate" means: Noise or Barrier
1. to exchange thoughts, feelings, and information; 8. GROUP COMMUNICATION • In communication, noise is anything that stops a receiver from fully
2. to make known; • It could be categorized into small group consisting of two or more persons, comprehending a message.
3. to make common; and usually not more than 25, or large group where there is communication by • Noise can be both external (physical) and internal (psychological), and it
4. to have a sympathetic relationship. one or several persons to an audience of 25 or more persons. can disrupt communication at any time.

AS A NOUN... 9. TRANSPERSONAL THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS

"Communication" means: • Communication with a spiritual being. (ex. God) 1. Laswell's Verbal Model
1. The exchange of symbols, common messages, and information; • It is the simplest model of communication.
2. The process of exchange between individuals through a common systems THE ELEMENTS AND PROCESSES OF COMMUNICATION • In this model, communication flows from in one direction from the
of symbols; sender with a message which is sent via a certain medium towards the
3. The art of expressing ideas; and receiver to bring about a certain result.
4. The science of transmitting information BASIC ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION 2. Shannon & Weaver's Model
• Communication is not something that happens in a disjointed fashion. It is • It is a modification of Laswell's model by adding the concept of noise.
REMEMBER! an endless and continuous process in which the entire humanity is involved. • In this model, the information source is the sender who sends the
• Communication takes place when people send or receive message of • In this manner, it always requires at least three basic elements: message to the transmitter (channel). The signals sent and received are
various kinds. 1. SOURCE affected by the noise which is the interference that disrupts and distorts
• This can also be manifested by animals as they also transmit and receive • It is the point at which the message originates. the understanding of message. Here, the receiver is another receiving
messages largely by instinct. • It is, therefore, also referred to as sender or initiator of information. instrument such as telephone, ears, eyes, etc.) while the destination is the
• However, man is communicatively described as: communicating animals 2. MESSAGE person who receives the message.
with a variety of • It may be in the form of written or printed text, sound or light waves, 3. George Gerbner's Model
processes of communication. impulses, or in the form of any other signal which is capable of being • This model is conceptually different form the earlier two models.
interpreted meaningfully. Gerbner developed this model in 1956.
3.DESTINATION • The essence of this model is to -connect the
• It is the intended target of the message. communication situation and the participant's perception of and response
• Destination could be an individual or a group, or a mob. to the situation and the communication process.
• It is also referred to as the receiver.
4. Aristotle's Model STAGE 1 STAGE 1
• Aristotle Model is mainly focused on speaker and speech. HEARING HEARING
• The premise of this model is that the speaker plays the most important role • This process happens when the ear receives the sound waves. The hearing • This process happens when the ear receives the sound waves. The hearing
in communication and it is the only one who holds the responsibility to of sound is affected by three important factors such as auditory acuity, of sound is affected by three important factors such as auditory acuity,
influence his/her audience through public speaking. masking and auditory fatigue. masking and auditory fatigue.
• The audience is passive, influenced by the speech. This makes the AUDITORY ACUITY AUDITORY ACUITY
communication process one way, from speaker to receiver. • The ears‘ capacity to respond to various frequencies or tones at various • The ears‘ capacity to respond to various frequencies or tones at various
5. Berlo's SMCR Model levels of loudness or intensities. levels of loudness or intensities.
• Berlo's SMCR Model of Communication MASKING MASKING
represents the process of communication in its • This is evident when two competing sounds are present, for instance, the • This is evident when two competing sounds are present, for instance, the
simplest form. message that you intended to receive and the background noise fall within message that you intended to receive and the background noise fall within
• Berlo's SMCR Model of Communication describes the different the same frequency. the same frequency.
components that form the basic AUDITORY FATIGUE AUDITORY FATIGUE
process of communication. • The effect of continuous and prolonged exposure to sounds of certain • The effect of continuous and prolonged exposure to sounds of certain
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- frequencies such as dull, monotonous voice of a speaker, and noise sources. frequencies such as dull, monotonous voice of a speaker, and noise sources.
THE NATURE OF LISTENING An earplug is advised when the ears are exposed to such noise to prevent An earplug is advised when the ears are exposed to such noise to prevent
Listening hearing loss. hearing loss.
• Listening is defined as a process or activity of paying attention to what one
hears and trying to understand or to get the meaning conveyed STAGE 2 STAGE 2
or implied by the speaker. IDENTIFYING & RECOGNIZING IDENTIFYING & RECOGNIZING
• Just like the other macro- communication skills (speaking, reading, writing), • At this point, patterns and relationship are identified and recognized. The • At this point, patterns and relationship are identified and recognized. The
listening can be acquired, learned, and practiced. quality of auditory analysis, mental recognition, and association may affect quality of auditory analysis, mental recognition, and association may affect
• When we listen effectively, we really pay attention and think about what this stage. this stage.
we hear, what we understand, and what we remember. AUDITORY ANALYSIS AUDITORY ANALYSIS
• According to experts, listening entails comprehending a ―speaker‘s accent • The listener compares the sounds that are heard with the ones that are • The listener compares the sounds that are heard with the ones that are
or pronunciation, his grammar and his vocabulary, and grasping his known to him/her in terms of their likeness and differences. known to him/her in terms of their likeness and differences.
meaning. MENTAL RECOGNITION MENTAL RECOGNITION
• We are successful in listening when we are able to comprehend what • This is done by the listener when he/she uses a ―system in order to • This is done by the listener when he/she uses a ―system in order to
speakers mean when they use certain words in certain ways on certain remember and structure the remember and structure the
occasions. incoming sounds such as recoding and regrouping the sounds, syllabifying incoming sounds such as recoding and regrouping the sounds, syllabifying
the word, and group number in batches. the word, and group number in batches.
Micro-skills in Listening ASSOCIATION ASSOCIATION
• The listener is linking the sounds with his/her field • The listener is linking the sounds with his/her field
According to Willis, there are specific listening skills called enabling skill that of ―experiences, memories, and backgrounds. of ―experiences, memories, and backgrounds.
one needs to develop when listening. These are:
PREDICT STAGE 3 STAGE 3
• what people are going to talk about AUDING AUDING
GUESS • At this final stage, the listener assigns meaning to the sounds using his • At this final stage, the listener assigns meaning to the sounds using his
• unknown words or phrases without panicking “experimental background” “experimental background”
USE • This is when one assimilates the words and responds with understanding • This is when one assimilates the words and responds with understanding
• one's knowledge of the subject to understand and feeling. and feeling.
IDENTIFY INDEXING INDEXING
• relevant points, reject or accept info • The thinking skill is arranging the material according to importance through • The thinking skill is arranging the material according to importance through
RETAIN searching of main ideas down to its subordinating ideas. searching of main ideas down to its subordinating ideas.
• relevant points, note- take & summarize • This is also identifying the relevant from the irrelevant ideas. • This is also identifying the relevant from the irrelevant ideas.
RECOGNIZE NOTING SEQUENCE NOTING SEQUENCE
• discourse markers (well, oh, now, etc.) • This time, the listener arranges the material in terms of time, space, • This time, the listener arranges the material in terms of time, space,
RECOGNIZE position or some other position or some other
• cohesive devises (linking words, etc.) relationship. relationship.
UNDERSTAND • This may not only help in assigning the meaning but also in recalling the • This may not only help in assigning the meaning but also in recalling the
• different intonation and uses of stress details. details.
UNDERSTAND FORMING SENSORY IMPRESSION FORMING SENSORY IMPRESSION
• inferred information (speaker’s attitude & intentions) • The skills of using different senses to form sensory image or visual • The skills of using different senses to form sensory image or visual
impression for added dimension to the meaning of the verbal message. impression for added dimension to the meaning of the verbal message.
THE PROCESS OF LISTENING APPRECIATING APPRECIATING
• Listening, according to experts is a dynamic, transactional, active, and • Finally, when auding, the listener must appreciate or respond to the • Finally, when auding, the listener must appreciate or respond to the
complex process aesthetic nature of the message aesthetic nature of the message
rather than stagnant, linear, passive and an easy one. The process of especially when the material needs an emotional response. especially when the material needs an emotional response.
listening can be illustrated as a series of three stages.
TYPES OF LISTENING
• The varied reasons that are mentioned previously would bring us to several
types of listening which can be determined by how one pays attention to
what was said.
According to experts, there are FOUR TYPES OF LISTENING.
1. ACTIVE OR ATTENTIVE LISTENING
• This happens when a listener hears the sound, tries to understand it,
remembers it, and most importantly acts on it intelligently.
• Active listening is called for when one has to listen to directions,
instructions, informative talk such as
lectures or oral reports.

2. PASSIVE LISTENING
• This is the same as hearing or just the process of receiving the sounds
through the sound waves.
• In this type of listening, a listener simply hears the sounds but it does not
do something about it. After he receives it, he/she wanders around the
sound and does not pay attention to it.

3. CRITICAL OR ANALYTICAL
• When one has to decide whether to accept or reject what one has told.
• This type of listening is very evident when viewing advertisements,
listening to persuasive or political speeches and debates, and in doing
problem solving situations.

4. APPRECIATIVE LISTENING
• The listener in this type of listening is simply deriving entertainment or
pleasure from what he/she hears.
• The enjoyment may be derived from the tune, tempo or rhythm of the song
he/she hears, or from the humor of the joke cracks by someone.