TOILET HABITS AND SANITATION PRACTICES OF THE JUNIOR
HIGH SCHOOL LEARNERS OF GLAN CENTRAL
INTEGRATED SPED CENTER
This Research is presented to
ANNIE G. BENSOY
Teacher II
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Research 4
Submitted by:
AIDA ADELAH G. NARAGA
XIPHOS BEIGE B. CUICO
DENNICE L. BARLUADO
KYLLE JANSIEN N. JUNIO
SHANAIA PEARL O. ADARNA
JOYNAME C. SAAVEDRA
MIKAN KIEZAIRAH BILLONES
ROBERT EUVINCE T. CASTAÑARES
GEMAR V. ZAPICO
RHEA ZEL DAGUPAN
GLAN CENTRAL INTEGRATED SPED CENTER
Junior High School Department
4th Quarter, 2024
TOILET HABITS AND SANITATION PRACTICES OF THE JUNIOR
HIGH SCHOOL LEARNERS OF GLAN CENTRAL
INTEGRATED SPED CENTER
This Research is presented to
JENNYLYN O. LOPEZ
Teacher I
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in English 10
Submitted by:
AIDA ADELAH G. NARAGA
XIPHOS BEIGE B. CUICO
DENNICE L. BARLUADO
KYLLE JANSIEN N. JUNIO
SHANAIA PEARL O. ADARNA
JOYNAME C. SAAVEDRA
MIKAN KIEZAIRAH BILLONES
ROBERT EUVINCE T. CASTAÑARES
GEMAR V. ZAPICO
RHEA ZEL DAGUPAN
GLAN CENTRAL INTEGRATED SPED CENTER
Junior High School Department
4th Quarter, 2024
THE EFFECTS OF TIME MANAGEMENT TOWARDS ACADEMIC
PERFORMANCE OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
IN GLAN CENTRAL INTEGRATED SPED CENTER
This Research is presented to
JENNYLYN O. LOPEZ
Teacher I
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in English 10
Submitted by:
CHELSEAH CARIE ANNE M. MANALO
ROYCE C. DALIGDIG
CHLOEI MARGARETH CORDERO
AIKIE JOY B. TALIMA
PRINCESS LOUIEN V. LIBRANDO
JUHANA T. ZABALLERO
EUNNICE D. TEROL
JIAN RONNIE A. FERNANDO
AILYN JEAN A. DAYOTA
GLAN CENTRAL INTEGRATED SPED CENTER
Junior High School Department
4th Quarter, 2024
THE EFFECTS OF TIME MANAGEMENT TOWARDS ACADEMIC
PERFORMANCE OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
IN GLAN CENTRAL INTEGRATED SPED CENTER
This Research is presented to
ANNIE G. BENSOY
Teacher II
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Research 4
Submitted by:
CHELSEAH CARIE ANNE M. MANALO
ROYCE C. DALIGDIG
CHLOEI MARGARETH CORDERO
AIKIE JOY B. TALIMA
PRINCESS LOUIEN V. LIBRANDO
JUHANA T. ZABALLERO
EUNNICE D. TEROL
JIAN RONNIE A. FERNANDO
AILYN JEAN A. DAYOTA
GLAN CENTRAL INTEGRATED SPED CENTER
Junior High School Department
4th Quarter, 2024
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM
This chapter deals with the background of the study, statement of the
problem, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, and operational
definition of key terms.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Good health is a tall order in the world of precious riches. As they say, "health
is wealth," underscoring how crucial it is to preserve well being. Its fundamental
components are straightforward yet crucial: clean, accessible sanitation, and
functional toilets. They serve as the cornerstone of our well being, promoting our
health and allowing us to flourish.
Adequate sanitation and toilets are one of the basic needs that ensure and
promote the health of people in developing countries. The proper sanitation and
toilet help to reduce the spread of diseases, and the sanitation system aim to protect
the health of the citizens by providing and promoting a cleaner and safer
environment. Ensuring the correct cleaning of the toilets is very important as it
directly impacts our health. (Ltd, n.d, 2022)
Using the bathroom requires a lot of touching: opening the door, lifting the lid,
wiping, and flushing. You get germs on your hands with any one of these efforts. So,
if you don’t wash your hands … well, think of everything you contaminate after
exiting the bathroom. (Pogorelc, 2021)
According to study, the normal number of times a person urinates per day is
between 6 – 7 in a 24-hour period. Between 4 and 10 times a day can also be normal
if that person is healthy and happy with the number of times, they visit the toilet
(Savory, G., 2021). Further, Sanchez (2022) revealed that it is normal and healthy to
have a bowel movement anywhere between three times a week to three times a day.
This data explains why people use restrooms frequently each day.
As a result, even though there is water available in these facilities, it is
apparent that the majority of the sanitation facilities used daily by students at Glan
Central Integrated SPED Center are unusable and poorly maintained. As a result,
students often choose not to urinate or defecate due to the uncleanliness of these
comfort rooms.
The question of whether students are aware of their habits and sanitation practices
as they use and access school toilets every day is crucial given the functionality of
comfort rooms to individuals and specifically its essential service to promote health
and positive educational outcomes for students. Hence, the purpose of this study is
to determine if there exists a certain degree of association between toilet habits and
the sanitation practices among the Junior High School students in Glan Central
Integrated SPED Center.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship of Toilet Habits and
Sanitation Practices of Junior High School Learners of Glan Central Integrated
SPED Center. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the extent of practice of toilet habits among Junior High School
learners of Glan Central Integrated SPED Center in terms of:
1.1 Flushing Behavior.
1.2 Sitting Behavior
1.3 Spitting Etiquette
2. What is the extent of Sanitation Practices of Junior High School learners of
Glan Central Integrated SPED Center in terms of:
1.1 Handwashing Practices
1.2 Proper Waste Disposal
1.3 Spitting Etiquette
1.4 Floor Cleaning Practices
3. What is the significant relationship of toilet habits and sanitation practices of
the Junior High School learners of Glan Central Integrated SPED Center?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will be beneficial to the following:
The school / district nurse. This research on learners’ bathroom habits and
cleanliness procedures would be beneficial to the school. Dirty comfort rooms are
one of the leading causes of infections and diseases, and with the help of this study,
the school can provide learners with more functional and safe comfort rooms, raise
awareness among learners, and instruct them on maintaining cleanliness, and the
data collected can be used to formulate and develop interventions to problems that
may exist in relation to the purpose of this study.
The teachers and educators. This study will aid teachers since the findings
will provide them with information about their learners' attitudes toward using toilets
in school, maintaining good etiquettes, and following proper sanitation standards.
They may be able to instruct and teach their learners correct toilet habits and
sanitation practices as a result of this research, and it may even be included in the
learning curriculum.
The learners. This study will help learners and respondents create
awareness about the importance of cleaning and sanitation practices in preventing
diseases and infections. The newly taught excellent hygiene practices of the
learners can be carried over to their homes and have an impact on their individual
lifestyles with the help of the knowledge provided in this research.
The researchers. This study will also benefit the researchers because they
will have a better understanding of toilet habits and sanitary practices in restrooms.
This study will give the researchers the opportunity to conduct well-developed
research. Other researchers who want to perform a study on a comparable field or
issue in the future will benefit from this study because it will act as a guide and basis
for them.
Future Researchers. Finally, this study will offer future researchers with the
baseline data they require to serve as a future reference and guide as they embark
on similar projects.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
This study has chosen toilet habits and sanitation practices as variables to
be investigated through methods of correlation. One Hundred Seventy-Four (174)
Junior High School Learners from Glan Central Integrated SPED Center are the
target participants by completing survey questions as means of gathering the
needed data. This study is expected to be completed by the end of school year
2023-2024.
Conceptual Framework
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Toilet Habits in terms of: Sanitation Practices in
terms of:
Flushing Behavior.
Hand Washing Practices.
Sitting Habits.
Proper Waste Disposal.
Spitting Behavior.
Spitting Etiquette.
Floor Cleaning Practices
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Ho: There is no significant relationship between toilet habits and sanitation practices.
Ha: There is a significant relationship between toilet habits and sanitation practices.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
To have a quicker grasp or easy understanding of the various terms in the
study, the following words or group of words are operationally and conceptually
defined:
Toilet Habits - refers to repetitive actions or behaviors repeated by an individual
upon using a toilet.
Flushing Behaviors- these are actions performed by the respondents of this study
on how they flush their toilet after use.
Sanitation Practices – these are the measures made by an individual in
maintaining cleanliness inside the comfort room excluding the use of the toilet.
Hand Washing- this refers to the sanitation practices of the respondents in keeping
their hands clean as they utilize comfort rooms.
Spitting Etiquette- this pertains to the responsible spitting of respondents inside the
comfort rooms.
Proper Waste Disposal- this refers to the conduct of the respondents pertaining to
how their wastes dispose in the comfort rooms.
Floor Cleaning Practices- refers to the practices made by the respondents in
maintaining cleanliness floor cleanliness as they access comfort rooms.
Sitting Behavior- pertains to the sitting positions made by respondents as they use
toilets.
GCISC- Glan Central Integrated SPED Center
Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter discusses thoroughly the review of related literature and studies
to relate helpful insights similar to the problem being studied.
Toilet Habits
Toilets and all that is related—loosely called sanitation—play a hugely
important role for all of us: not only in our daily lives as we spend time to relieve
ourselves, but also for our sustainable, inclusive development. Toilets are crucial for
the healthy development of people, not to mention children. So is sanitation –
facilities and services for safe disposal of human urine and feces includes
maintaining hygiene through services such as garbage collection and waste water
disposal. (World Health Organization: WHO 2022)
Some 829 000 people in low- and middle-income countries die as a result of
inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene each year, representing 60% of total
diarrhea deaths. Poor sanitation is believed to be the main cause in some 432 000 of
these deaths and is a major factor in several neglected tropical diseases, including
intestinal worms, schistosomiasis, and trachoma. Without proper sanitation facilities,
waste from infected individuals can contaminate a community’s land and water,
increasing the risk of infection for other individuals according to Centers for
Diseases Control and Prevention (2022). (Ballard 2020)
Furthermore, data in YouGov Profiles suggests that many Americans are also
using their cell phones — which are actually 10 times more germ-infested than toilet
seats, according to one scientific study — while they go to the bathroom. About one
in seven (14%) US adults say they always use their phones while they’re going to
the bathroom. Another 18 percent use their phones most times when they go to the
restroom, while 23% sometimes do. One in five (20%) say they rarely use their
phone while they’re going to the bathroom, while 22 percent say they never do.
Additionally, in another study conducted by Dan Wu et al. (2019) on toilet
hygiene practices among Chinese in Hong Kong, of over 300 respondents who
completed their questionnaire: Up to 16.2% reported stepping on toilet seats and
43.9% never covered the toilet lid before flushing. Over one fourth (26.4%) spit into
squat toilets / toilet bowl. Regression analyses showed that the elderly group were
less likely to report stepping on toilet seats (adjusted odds ratio, AOR = 0.17, 95%CI
0.03–0.88), flushing with the toilet lid closed (AOR = 0.40, 0.16–0.96), but more likely
to spit into squat toilets/ toilet bowl (AOR = 4.20,1.50–11.74) therefore it can be
concluded that the compliance towards hygiene practices in public toilets is
suboptimal. (Wu et al. 2019)
Sequentially, in a cross-sectional study in three slums of Kampala out of 424
household respondents interviewed, 44.3% reported cleaning the shared toilet daily,
34.4% cleaned once or several times a week, 1.4% cleaned every second week,
5.4% cleaned once or several times a month and 14.4% did not participate in
cleaning. (Tumwebaze and Mosler 2014)
Toilet Flushing Behavior
Flushing the toilet after use is an important hygiene practice that helps reduce
the spread of germs and infections; it is especially important to flush the toilet after
everyone has used it. Not flushing the toilet after use can cause bacteria to
accumulate in the bowl, which can potentially contaminate the air and spread the
germs to others in the home.
Flushing the toilet also can help to reduce unpleasant odors from the
bathroom. Furthermore, flushing the toilet helps keep the bathroom cleaner by
disposing of waste and keeping it out of sight. Finally, it is courteous to flush the
toilet after use; it is a sign of respect for other people in the house or building who
may use the bathroom later. (Havelka 2023)
Sanitation Practices
Cleanliness in the community is just as important as cleanliness for
individuals and families. Sanitation means public cleanliness — using clean and
safe toilets, keeping water sources clean, and disposing of garbage safely (see
Garbage, Medical Waste, and Pollution - in development). Poor sanitation causes a
great deal of unnecessary sickness and death.
Furthermore, many countries face challenges in providing adequate
sanitation for their entire populations, leaving people at risk for diseases related to
water, sanitation, and hygiene. Throughout the world, an estimated 1.7 billion people
lack basic sanitation (about 21% of the world’s population).1, 2 Basic sanitation is
defined as having access to facilities for the safe disposal of human waste (feces
and urine), as well as having the ability to maintain hygienic conditions, through
services such as garbage collection, industrial/hazardous waste management, and
waste water treatment and disposal. Around 2.3 billion people (about 29%) lack
access to basic hygiene, which includes access to a hand washing station with soap
and water at home. (“Sanitation & Hygiene” 2021)
Moreover, improved sanitation and personal hygienic practices are
considered important towards reducing the risks of spreading communicable
diseases and improving public health. Diarrheal related deaths amongst adolescents
are reported to be amongst the top ten for the age groups 10–19-year-olds and
second among the age group 10–14-year-olds globally. (Thakadu et al. 2018)
According to H. Ritchie & M. Rosser (2021) Unsafe sanitation is one of
the world’s largest health and environmental problems – particularly for the poorest
in the world. Lack of access to poor sanitation is a leading risk factor for infectious
diseases, including cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid, and polio. 2 It
also exacerbates malnutrition, and in particular, childhood stunting. In the chart we
see that it ranks as a very important risk factor for death globally. Global Burden of
Disease (2017) stated that 775,000 people died prematurely in 2017 as a result of
poor sanitation.
Despite all the negative effects of improper sanitation, some regions
regrettably lack even this essential necessity. According to the World Health
Organization and UNICEF, nearly one third of schools around the world still lack
basic water, sanitation, and hygiene services. In at least 15 of 36 countries surveyed,
at least 10% of women and girls did not have a private place to wash and change at
home 2. Women and girls are also more likely to be responsible for collecting water
for their family. For example, in 2017 they were responsible for collection in 8 of 10
households without an on site water supply. (“The Need for Toilets and Latrines”
2022)
Hand Washing Practices
Using the bathroom requires a lot of touching: opening the door, lifting the lid,
wiping, and flushing. You get germs on your hands with any one of these efforts. So,
if you don’t wash your hands … well, think of everything you contaminate after
exiting the bathroom. In one study that examined the post-bathroom hand-washing
behaviors of 3,749 people in the U.S., only 67% of them attempted to wash their
hands with soap. And among hand washers, only 5% washed properly with soap for
the recommended amount of time. (Pogorelc, 2021b)
In addition, according to a poll conducted by YouGov with more than 24,000
US adults as respondents it was proven that Americans don’t always wash their
hands with soap after they go to the bathroom. Over half (58%) of US adults say
they always wash their hands with soap after going to the restroom at home. A
quarter (25%) say they wash with soap most of the time after a trip to the bathroom
at home, while 10% do this some of the time and 4 percent rarely do. Fewer than
half of 18-to 24-year-olds (48%) say that they always wash their hands with soap
after using the restroom at home. A quarter of people in this age group say they
wash their hands most of the time, while 13% say they wash their hands some of the
time when they use the bathroom. Women (63%) are more likely than men (53%) to
say they always wash their hands with soap after they use the restroom at home.
One in twenty (5%) men say they rarely wash their hands with soap after going to
the bathroom at home.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, germs like
Salmonella, E. coli and norovirus can get onto your hands after using the toilet or
changing a diaper — and then, in turn, onto other things. “You can leave the
bathroom with twice the bacteria on your hands as when you entered,” Dr. Allan
says. “Studies show credit cards, money and cell phones are contaminated with
fecal matter.” The good news is that people who perform proper handwashing have
lower rates of diarrhea, viral infections (like the common cold) and foodborne
illnesses. The CDC says proper handwashing also reduces kids’ absenteeism at
school from gastrointestinal illnesses by at least 29%.
Furthermore, a systematic review by Ejemot-Nwadiaro et al. (2015) evaluated
the effectiveness of hand washing promotion interventions in reducing diarrheal
diseases. The review concluded that consistent hand washing with soap, especially
after using the toilet, significantly reduced the incidence of diarrhea among both
children and adults.
Additionally, a study by Aiello et al. (2020) investigated the impact of hand
hygiene on respiratory infection transmission and found that handw ashing with
soap and water, as well as the use of hand sanitizer, were effective in reducing
respiratory illness. The study highlighted the importance of hand hygiene practices,
including using hand sanitizer after spitting or blowing the nose, to prevent the
transmission of respiratory pathogens.
Spitting Etiquette
In a study conducted in Hong Kong in 2018 among 300 Chinese people,
36.4% reported spitting into urinals and 26.4% spat into squat toilets/toilet bowls (Wu
et al, 2019).
Furthermore, according to a study conducted by the World Health Organization,
approximately 20-30% of the global population engages in spitting. This behavior is
more common in certain regions, such as Asia, where it is a cultural norm.
“Of course, a lot has changed in the last 10-20 years, but people continue to
spit in public. People should be made to feel that spitting does not reflect good on
them. From a health perspective, spitting can spread infectious agents to others,” a
senior doctor of the Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital said. Spitting in a
public place indicates both lack of civic sense and poor awareness on hygiene
practices.
In addition to being unsanitary and disrespectful, spitting can also be harmful
to one's health. It can spread diseases such as tuberculosis and hepatitis and can
also damage the respiratory system.
Proper Waste Disposal
Waste disposal means removing, discarding, recycling, or destroying
unwanted materials called waste that is produced from agriculture, domestic usage
or industrial products. Following the correct methods for waste disposal will ensure
lesser pollution and hazards for the environment. Proper waste management is
necessary with steps involving the proper collection of waste and scientific
treatments that may contribute less to water pollution, soil pollution and air pollution.
(Vedantu, n.d.)
Consequently, a study by Ghosh et al. (2019) explored waste segregation
behaviors in households and reported that separating garbage according to the type
of material before disposal played a crucial role in waste management. The study
emphasized the need for proper waste segregation to facilitate recycling and
minimize the environmental impact of waste disposal.
Additionally, a study by Pham et al. (2020) investigated the challenges and
practices of waste management in public places and highlighted the importance of
proper containment and sealing of garbage to prevent odors, pests, and the spread
of infectious diseases. The study underscored the need for effective waste
management strategies, including proper disposal practices and regular cleaning to
maintain a hygienic environment.
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in 2018, the
United States generated approximately 267 million tons of municipal solid waste
(MSW), which includes items such as household trash, commercial waste, and
construction debris. Of that total, approximately 68% (182 million tons) was landfilled,
12% (32 million tons) was recycled, and 5% (13 million tons) was composted. The
remaining 15% (40 million tons) was either burned for energy recovery or otherwise
discarded. So, the percentage of waste that was landfilled in 2018 was 68%, while
the percentage that was recycled was 12%, and the percentage that was composted
was 5%.
Floor Cleaning Practices
While toilet seats often have a perception for dirtiness, researchers at the
University of Arizona found that, in many cases, shoes actually carry more harmful
pathogens. In fact, a study found nine different species of bacteria on shoe bottoms,
some of which can cause stomach, eye, and lung infections.
The transfer rate of bacteria from shoes to clean tiles was 90% to 99%. The
study included 10 people who wore brand-new shoes for two weeks before their
kicks were sampled for bacteria. The outside of the shoes averaged 421,000 units of
bacteria, compared with 2,887 on the inside. And fecal bacteria appeared on 96% of
the shoes indicating frequent contact with fecal material, which most likely originates
from floors in public restrooms or contact with animal fecal material
outdoors Bacteria found on the footwear included E. coli, a source of urinary tract
infections and diarrhea, as well as other bacteria causing pneumonia and respiratory
tract infections (Geba, 2008).
Furthermore, a study by Islam et al. (2019) examined the sanitation conditions
of public toilets in rural areas and reported that proper floor and wall sanitation
practices were crucial in preventing the spread of diseases. The study emphasized
the need for regular mopping and wiping down of surfaces to remove dirt, bacteria,
and other contaminants. It also highlighted the significance of maintaining clean
walls to create a visually appealing and hygienic toilet environment.
Toilet Sitting Behavior
Since then, the question of whether we should squat or sit while defecating
has been debated, with many publications and sources pointing to the many
advantages of squatting. Consecutively, research indicates that people who squat
report less straining and take less time to go (Sikirov, 2003). Other studies have
shown that adopting a squat position when pooing lowers abdominal pressure,
suggesting this position requires less effort for bowel emptying (Tashiro et al, 2020).
A fascinating new study (Garcia-Fernandez and Emanuel Petros, 2020) has
demonstrated a positive link between squatting-based exercises and reducing
daytime and night-time incontinence in children.
An additional bonus of the squat posture is that it stretches the muscles
around the hip joint. Adductor magnus and the proximal hamstrings (both of which
are often shortened and tight in children with neurological impairment) along with the
erector spinae of the lower back and gluteus maximus.
Additionally, there is a wide range in the cleanliness of public restrooms, and
many individuals prefer not to take any chances when it comes to using a potentially
unclean toilet. In a poll conducted by YouGov it was shown that while most
Americans (63%) say they usually sit when using a public toilet, half of people who
do so say they first line the seat with toilet paper. One in five (21%) say they squat
over public toilets and 9% say they never use them. (Orth and Bialik 2023)
Relationship of Toilet Habits and Sanitation Practices
A statistically significant correlation coefficient of 0.300 indicated that
cleanliness impacted the toilet frequency of students. The visual experience of the
overall cleanliness of the toilet had the most significant impact on students’ toilet
behavior (path coefficient, 0.81). Washing facilities and convenient handwashing had
the least impact on toilet use (path coefficient, 0.52)
Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter describes the methodology of the research. It consists of
the profile of the respondents, research design, research tool, and data gathering
procedure.
Research Design
This study is Quantitative research. Quantitative research explores the
concept of dependent and independent variables, as well as measurements and the
problems associated with them, such as reliability, validity, and error. It is conclusive
as it quantifies the problem under consideration and provides statistical results to
measure its impact (Shenmare 2023).
This study used the Correlational and Descriptive Research Design. As
explained by Blog, F (2020) Correlational research enables researchers to establish
the statistical pattern between two (2) seemingly interconnected variables; it allows
you to link two (2) variables by observing their behaviors in the most natural state
while Descriptive Research design is a methodological approach that refers to the
process of systematically describing the attributes of a given population or
phenomenon. The purpose of descriptive research is to provide information about
the nature and extent of a phenomenon (McCombes 2021).
This design was chosen to meet the objectives of the study, namely, to
determine the extent and relationship of toilet habits and sanitation practices of the
Junior High School Learners of Glan Central Integrated SPED Center.
Sampling Technique
A stratified random sampling was used for selecting the respondents of this
study. This technique was employed to ensure a fairly equal representation of the
variables for the study. The stratification was based on the entire population of the
enrolled in the Junior High School Learners of Glan Central Integrated SPED Center.
Equal representation from each grade level was ensured by computing the
percentage of each grade level’s population to the entire population; selection of
learners was done by simple random sampling. Slovin’s Formula was employed to
select 174 respondents from the 309 learners of Glan Central Integrated SPED
Center.
The Slovin formula is written in this form:
Where:
n = sample size N = population
1 = constant e = margin of error at 0.05
Substitution:
309
n=
1+309(0.05)²
309
n=
1+309(0.0025)
309
n=
1.7725
n= 174
RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY
The respondents of this study are the samples determined from Grade 7-10
Junior High School Learners of Glan Central Integrated SPED Center through the
sampling technique discussed above with a total sample size of 174 learners as
stratified in the table below.
GRADE LEVEL Population Percentage Sample size
VII 60 17.24% 30
VIII 62 21.26% 37
IX 96 26.44% 46
X 91 35.06% 61
Total 309 100% 174
Table 1: Distribution and Computation of samples per Grade Level
DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT
To provide accurate analysis and in- depth evaluation of the data that will be
gathered, descriptive and Pearson’s correlation method will be used. This method
includes the use of questionnaires and interviews. A researcher’s made
questionnaire will be used as the main data gathering instrument for this study; and
will undergo series of questionnaire validation from experts of fields related to this
study. The questionnaire was chosen as the instrument to gather the data because
it highlights more honest responses because of its anonymity and confidentiality.
In evaluating the level of the studied variable of this study, viz, Toilet Habits
and Sanitation Practices, a 5-point frequency scale specifically the Oxford Scale
(1990) will be used as shown below.
Scale Description
5 Always Practiced
4 Often Practiced
3 Sometimes Practiced
2 Seldom Practiced
1 Never Practiced Statistical Treatment
The data collected from the participants were analyzed through percentage,
means and correlations. To determine the extent of Toilet Habits of the Junior High
School Learners of Glan Central Integrated SPED Center, the Oxford scale (1990)
will be used in treating the data of this study.
Table 2: Statistical Treatment for the Independent Variable
Numerical Rating Description/ Interpretation
4.50 – 5.00 Always Practiced
3.50 – 4.49 Often Practiced
2.50 – 3.49 Sometimes Practiced
1.50 – 2.49 Seldom Practiced
1.00 – 1.49 Never Practiced
Consecutively, to determine the extent of the Sanitation practices of the students of
Glan Central Integrated SPED Center, the Oxford scale (1990) scale was used in
treating the data of this study.
Table 3: Statistical Treatment for the Dependent Variable
Numerical Rating Description/ Interpretation
4.50 – 5.00 Always Practiced
3.50 – 4.49 Often Practiced
2.50 – 3.49 Sometimes Practiced
1.50 – 2.49 Seldom Practiced
1.00 – 1.49 Never Practiced
Correlational analysis will be used to find out the significant relationship
between social media exposure and body image. The researchers adopt the scale
patterned from Sanchez (2007) as seen below.
Table 4: Statistical Treatment for Correlation: Correlational Scale by Sanchez
Range Description
0.91 - Very highly correlational, dependable relationship
High correlational, marked relationship.
Fair correlation, substantial relationship
Slight correlation, definite but small relationship
Low correlation, almost negligence relationship
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
Upon approval of the title of the study and having found the research
instrument was valid and reliable, the following procedures were to be undertaken
by the researchers for the conduct of the study.
● A letter was prepared that was addressed to the School Record’s Officer and
signed by the researchers, Research Project subject teacher, and approved
by the Head of the Related Subjects Department and the School Principal
and thereafter the researchers obtained the total population and computed
the sample size of the study.
● The researchers made the questionnaires as the main data gathering
instrument for the variables being measured in the study for the collection of
data.
● Series of questionnaire validation will be conducted by competent individuals
who are experts of fields related to this study to ensure a substantive
questionnaire in obtaining the most accurate data in determining the extent of
the variables being studied.
● A letter will be prepared and to be signed and approved by the Research
Project subject teacher, Junior High School curriculum chairman, Head of the
Related Subjects Department, and the School Principal for the survey to be
conducted to the respondents of the study.
● The approved letter for the conduct of the survey will be given to all grade
level chairpersons for information dissemination to class advisers and for the
exemption of identified respondents from their classes during the conduct of
the survey.
The survey will be conducted inside classrooms through a survey using a 4 pages
questionnaire.
