Pharos University

in Alexandria

Faculty of Computer Science

and Artificial Inelegance

MATH202

Linear Algebra
Sheets

prepared by
Dr. Muhammad Saad
Course Code : MATH202
Course Title : Linear Algebra
Semester : Spring 2024/2025
Lecturer(s) : Dr. Muhammad Saad Pharos University
Instructor(s) : Eng. Remon Nabil Faculty of Computer Science and
Eng. Fayrouz Elmasry Artificial Inelegance
Eng. Eman Ahmed

Sheet #1
Classroom Problems
1. Consider the matrices:
" # " # " # " # " #
2 0 −1 7 −5 1 −5
A= , B= , C= , D= , E=
1 2 3 5
4 −5 2 1 −4 −3 −2 1 −1 4 3

Calculate −2A, B − 2A, AC , and ED.

2. Calculate each of the following products or explain why a product is not defined:
" #" #  
−2 3 4 5 −3 1 2 " #
(a) .   5 1 −1 2
3 4 1 1 2 (c)  4 5  .
−1 7
3 2 10 7
    √ 
" #
2 0 3 1 6 1 23
(b)  −1 1 2   2 5 .
   1 1  
2 e
(d) 2  0 4 .
4 4 2 −1 3 π −3
" #
3. Let A = and verify that (I + A + A2 )(I − A) = I − A3 .
0 2
1 1
" # " #
1 1
4. Let A = ,B= and C = AB. Evaluate A25 , B77 , and C 42 .
2 2
1 0
1
2
1
2
0 −1
" # " #
5. Let A = and B = . What value(s) of k, if any, will make AB = BA?
2 3 1 9
−1 1 −3 k
 
2 1 0
6. Calculate the value of the polynomial fx = x 3 − 3x + 2 at the matrix A = 0 2 0
 
1 1 1

7. If A and B are square matrices of the same order such that tr (A) = 3 and tr (B) = −5, find the
trace of the matrix 5A − 3BT .

8. Let
" # " # " # " # " #
2 0 −1 7 −5 1 −5
A= , B= , C= , D= , E=
1 2 3 5
4 −5 2 1 −4 −3 −2 1 −1 4 3

Calculate A + C and 3B, 2C − 5D, DB, C T E, tr (AB), and tr (BA).

9. For any shew-symmetric square matrices A and B, prove that the matrix AB − BA is symmetric.

2
Course Code : MATH202
Course Title : Linear Algebra
Semester : Spring 2024/2025
Lecturer(s) : Dr. Muhammad Saad Pharos University
Instructor(s) : Eng. Remon Nabil Faculty of Computer Science and
Eng. Fayrouz Elmasry Artificial Inelegance
Eng. Eman Ahmed

 
1 0 0 0
 
10. If A =  , find the matrix A5 − 25I.
 0 2 0 0 
 0 0 −1 0 
0 0 0 3

11. Mark each statement True or False. Justify each answer:

(a) If A and B are n × n symmetric matrices, then A2 − B2 is symmetric.

(b) If AB = 0; for square matrice A and B of order n, then either A or B is a zero matrix.
(c) If A and B are diagonal matrices, then AB = BA.
(d) For every symmetric matrices A and B, AB − BA is skew-symmetric.
(e) For any square matrix A, I − 3A + 5AAT − 3AT is always symmetric one.
(f) If AB = B; for A, B ∈ Rn×n , then A = I.

Homework Problems
1. Evaluate   
2 1 −1 2 5 " #
.
   4 6
 4 5 8  2 8 
1 −3
3 5
2 2 3
" #
2. If A = , show that (2I − A)(10I − A) = 9I.
2 3
3 10
 
2 1 3
̸ 0, where A =  1 −1 2 .
3. Show that A3 − 2A2 − 9A = 0 but A2 − 2A − 9I =
 
1 2 1

4. If A and B are square matrices of the same order and A is symmetric, prove that BT AB is also
symmetric.

3
Course Code : MATH202
Course Title : Linear Algebra
Semester : Spring 2024/2025
Lecturer(s) : Dr. Muhammad Saad Pharos University
Instructor(s) : Eng. Remon Nabil Faculty of Computer Science and
Eng. Fayrouz Elmasry Artificial Inelegance
Eng. Eman Ahmed

Sheets #2
Classroom Problems
1. Compute the following determinants:

3 0 4 2 −4 3 1 0 0 0 0
(a) 2 3 2 (b) 3 1 2 2 3 0 0 0
0 5 −1 1 4 −1 (c) 4 0 −1 0 0
7 0 5 2 0
−1 5 π 1 4

2. Find the inverses of the following matrices, if they exist, using the algorithm introduced in this
section.
" #    
1 −3
(a) Y =
1 3 5 2 0 0 0
4 −9 (c) B = 2
   
(e) C = 
1 1. 0 4 0 0
0 −3 0
  
3 4 2 0
2 4 1 " # 0 0 0 71
(b) A = −3 1 −3
 
(d) Z =
4 5
2 −3
.
4 2 1
   
1 2 0 1 2 0
3. Let A =  0 1 1  and B =  0 1 1 . Find:
   
0 0 1 1 1 1

(a) Fins the inverse of A. (show your steps)

(b) Find the matrix C such hat AC A − AB = 0.
(c) Find the matrix D such hat AD + B = I.
4. Consider the matrices
   
1 0 1 1 −1 1
A =  −2 6 2  , B= 3 2 6 .
   
and
0 1 2 −1 1 3

(a) Find the determinants det(A) , det(5AT ) and det(A−1 ).

(b) Fins the inverse of A. (show your steps)
(c) Solve the equation X A − B = I to get the matrix X .
5. Prove that the matrix  √ 
1 3
2√ 2
0
0 .
 
 − 23 1
2
0 0 1
is orthogonal and find its inverses.

4
 Course Code : MATH202
Course Title : Linear Algebra
Semester : Spring 2024/2025
Lecturer(s) : Dr. Muhammad Saad Pharos University
Instructor(s) : Eng. Remon Nabil Faculty of Computer Science and
Eng. Fayrouz Elmasry Artificial Inelegance
Eng. Eman Ahmed

6. If A and B are square matrices of the same order such that tr (A) = 3, det(A) = 4, tr (B) = −5, and
det(B) = −4, find:

(a) The trace of the matrix 5A − 3BT .

(b) the determinant of the matrix 3AB−1

7. Mark each statement True or False. Justify each answer:

(a) If A and B are orthogonal matrices of same order n > 1, then so is A + B.

(b) If A, B, and C are invertible n × n matrices, for some n > 1, then (ABC )−1 = A−1 B−1 C −1 .
(c) Q is an orthogonal matrix, then Q is invertible.
(d) If A and B are n × n invertible matrices, for some n > 1, then (A + B)−1 = A−1 + B−1 .
(e) For every 2 × 2 matrix A, there exists a 2 × 2 matrix B such that det(A + B) ̸= det(A) + det(B).
(f) If A and B are n × n matrices for some n > 1, with det(A) = 2 and det(B) = 3, then
det(A + B) = 5.
(g) For every nonsingular matrix A of order n > 1, adj (2A) = 2n det(A)A−1 .
(h) If A and B are invertible matrices of order n > 1, then A + B has to be invertible.
(i) If A is an orthogonal matrix, then det(A) = 1.
(j) If P and D are n × n matrices such that P is invertible, then det(PDP −1 ) = det(D).
   
2 3 5 2 0 0  
−1
(k) If A =  0 −1 7  and B =  7 −1 0 , then det 5AB
   
= 75.
0 0 3 8 0 5
" # " #
−1
(l) If (2X − I)T = , then X −1 =
1 4 3
−2 1
.
2 5
(m) If A and B are square matrices of order 4, then det(3A + 3AB) = 34 det(A)(1 + det(B)).

Homework Problems
1. Compute the following determinants:

1 3 2 3 −4 5 −2 4
5 −6 (c) 0 3 −5
(a)
(b) 4 0 5
5 1 6 2 −4 7

2. Find the inverses of the following matrices:

" #  
3 6 2 4 1
(b) −4 −7 3
(a)  
4 7
−2 −6 4

5
Course Code : MATH202
Course Title : Linear Algebra
Semester : Spring 2024/2025
Lecturer(s) : Dr. Muhammad Saad Pharos University
Instructor(s) : Eng. Remon Nabil Faculty of Computer Science and
Eng. Fayrouz Elmasry Artificial Inelegance
Eng. Eman Ahmed

3. Consider the matrices

   
1 0 1 1 −1 1
A =  −2 1− 2  , B= 3 2 6 .
   
and
0 1 2 −1 1 3

(a) Find the determinants |A| , |5AT |, A−1 , and A3 B−1 .

(b) Solve the equation X A − B = I to get the matrix X .

6
 Course Code : MATH202
Course Title : Linear Algebra
Semester : Spring 2024/2025
Lecturer(s) : Dr. Muhammad Saad Pharos University
Instructor(s) : Eng. Remon Nabil Faculty of Computer Science and
Eng. Fayrouz Elmasry Artificial Inelegance
Eng. Eman Ahmed

Sheets #3
Classroom Problems
1. Find the row rank of the following matrices:
   
−2 − 58 0 −17 1 1 −2 01 −2
 1 3 −5 1 5  1 2 −3 0 −2 −3
   
(a) A = 
 3 11 −19 7 1  (c) A = 1 −1 0 0 1
.  
6 .
1 7 −13 5 −3 1 −2 2 1 −3 0 
 
  1 −2 1 0 2 −1
2 4 6
 4 −3 3
 
 
(b) B =  5 1 −4 9 −7
 
3 0
−1 0 3 (d) B = −1 2 −4 1 .
   
7 1 3 5 −6 10 7

2. Solve the following nonhomogeneous linear systems using the elimination method:

(
2x + 3y = −1
x − y = 0
(a) .

 x
 − 2y + 4z = 2
(b) 2x + y − z = −1 .
− y + 3z = 1

 3x
(
3x1 + 4x2 + 3x3 = 0
− 4x2 + 3x3 = 4
(c) .
3x1

 x1
 − x2 − 3x3 − 2x4 + x5 = −3
(d) 2x1 − 2x2 − 6x3 − x4 + 2x5 = 4 .
− 6x2 − 9x3 − 2x4 + x5 = 1

 3x1

 x
 − 2y + 4z = 2
(e) 2x + y − z = −1 .
− y + 3z = 1

 3x

 x
 − 2y + 4z = 2
(f) 2x + y − z = −1 .
− y + 3z = 1

 3x

7
 Course Code : MATH202
Course Title : Linear Algebra
Semester : Spring 2024/2025
Lecturer(s) : Dr. Muhammad Saad Pharos University
Instructor(s) : Eng. Remon Nabil Faculty of Computer Science and
Eng. Fayrouz Elmasry Artificial Inelegance
Eng. Eman Ahmed

3. Discuss the consistence for the following linear systems for all values of k.
 

 3x + 6y + 3kz = 10k  x + y
 + z = 1
(a) kx + 3y + z = k + 1 . (b) x + ky + z = 2 .
+ 6y + kz =  2x + y

 3x 
3 + 2z = 1

Homework Problems
1. Find the row rank of the following matrices:
   
2 6 −6 6 3 6 1 3 4 −1 2 1 1
−2 − 36 −3 0 −6 6 0 −3 2 6
   
(a) A =  (c) C = 
2 6
 4 9 −12 9 3 12  3 6 −3 3 9
. .
3 9
−2 3 6 3 3 −6 3 9 0 9 0 3 9
 
1 2  
 
(b) B = 
3 6 0 2 3
(d) D = 1 −2 2.
.  
1 2
2 4 3 5 4

2. Solve the following linear systems using the elimination method:

(
3x − 2y = 4
x − 23 y = 43
(a) .

 −x + y + 4z =
 1
(b) x + 5z = −1 .
−2

 3x + 2y + 3z =
(
x1 − 2x2 − 2x3 − x4 = −3
−2x1 + x2 + x3 − 2x − 4 = −3
(c) .

3. Discuss the consistence for the following linear systems for all values of a and b.

 x + ay + z = a

ax + y + az = b .
 x + y + z = 1


8
 Course Code : MATH202
Course Title : Linear Algebra
Semester : Spring 2024/2025
Lecturer(s) : Dr. Muhammad Saad Pharos University
Instructor(s) : Eng. Remon Nabil Faculty of Computer Science and
Eng. Fayrouz Elmasry Artificial Inelegance
Eng. Eman Ahmed

Sheets #4
Classroom Problems
1. Solve the following homogeneous linear systems using the elimination method.
(
2x + y = 0
x − y = 0
(a) .

 3x1 + 4x2 − x3 − 6x4

 0
2x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 − 3x4 = 0

x2 − 14x3 − 9x4 = 0
(b) .

 2x 1 +
 x1 + 3x2 + 13x3 + 3x4 = 0




 x + y + 2z + 2u + v = 0
 −x + 2y + 4z + 4u + v =

 0
(c) 5x + y + z + u + 2v = 0 .
x − 2y − 4z − 4u + 3v =



 0
+ 2y + 2z + 2u + v =

 0

2. Use the inversion method to solve the following linear system with a unique solutions:

 x + y − z = 2

y − 3z = 1 .
 2x + y + 5z = 0


3. Condenser the electric circuite below.

(a) Apply Kirchhoff’s first and second laws write two linear equations involving I1 , I2 and I3 .
(b) Solve the system of equations from parts (a) and (b) to find the currents I1 , I2 and I3 .

electric1.png

4. (a) Find the general flow pattern of the network shown in the figure.

9
Course Code : MATH202
Course Title : Linear Algebra
Semester : Spring 2024/2025
Lecturer(s) : Dr. Muhammad Saad Pharos University
Instructor(s) : Eng. Remon Nabil Faculty of Computer Science and
Eng. Fayrouz Elmasry Artificial Inelegance
Eng. Eman Ahmed

(b) Assuming that the flow must be in the directions indicated, find the minimum flows in the
branches denoted by x2 , x3 , x4 , and x5 .

5. Intersections in New Alamein City are often constructed as one-way “roundabouts,” such as the
one shown in the figure. Assume that traffic must travel in the directions shown. Find the general
solution of the network flow. Find the smallest possible value for x6 .

6. (a) Find the general traffic pattern of the freeway network shown in the figure. (Flow rates are
in cars/minute.)
(b) Describe the general traffic pattern when the road whose flow is x5 is closed.
(c) When x5 = 0, what is the minimum value of x4 ?

10
 Course Code : MATH202
Course Title : Linear Algebra
Semester : Spring 2024/2025
Lecturer(s) : Dr. Muhammad Saad Pharos University
Instructor(s) : Eng. Remon Nabil Faculty of Computer Science and
Eng. Fayrouz Elmasry Artificial Inelegance
Eng. Eman Ahmed

Homework Problems
1. Solve the following linear systems using the elimination method:


 x
 + 3y + z = 0
(a) x + y + 4z = 0 .
 x

− 2y + 5z = 0



 x + y + 2z + 2u + v = 0

2x + 2y + 4z + 4u + 3v = 0
(b) .

 2x + 2y + 4z + 4u + 2v = 0

 3x + 5y + 8z + 6u + 5v = 0

2. Use the inversion method to solve the following linear systems with a unique solutions:

 2x − y − z = 4

x 3y − 3z = 2 .
 2x + y + z = −1


3. Consider the electric circuite below.

(a) Apply Kirchhoff’s first law to either junction to write an equation involving I1 , I2 , I3 , I4 , I5 and
I6 .
(b) Apply Kirchhoff’s second law to the two loops to write two linear equations.
(c) Solve the system of equations from parts (a) and (b) to find the currents I1 , I2 , I3 , I4 , I5 and I6 .

electric2.png

11
Course Code : MATH202
Course Title : Linear Algebra
Semester : Spring 2024/2025
Lecturer(s) : Dr. Muhammad Saad Pharos University
Instructor(s) : Eng. Remon Nabil Faculty of Computer Science and
Eng. Fayrouz Elmasry Artificial Inelegance
Eng. Eman Ahmed

4. Find the general flow pattern of the network shown in the figure. Assuming that the flows are all
nonnegative, what is the smallest possible value for x4 ?

5. Mark each statement True or False. Justify each answer:

(a) If A is a 3 × 3 matrix such that the system Ax = 0 has only the trivial solution, then the
equation Ax = b is consistent for every b in R3 .
(b) Homogeneous linear systems always have at least one solution.
(c) If a linear system Ax = 0 has infinitely many solutions, then the system Ax = b has infinitely
many solutions.

12
 Course Code : MATH202
Course Title : Linear Algebra
Semester : Spring 2024/2025
Lecturer(s) : Dr. Muhammad Saad Pharos University
Instructor(s) : Eng. Remon Nabil Faculty of Computer Science and
Eng. Fayrouz Elmasry Artificial Inelegance
Eng. Eman Ahmed

Sheets #5
Classroom Problems
     
1 4 2
−3
     
1. Let A =  , B =   and C = 
 3     1 
 be three vectors in R4 . Evaluate the following
 −2   3   5 
6 1 0
vectors:

(a) A + B; (c) 7A − 2B;

(b) −3C ; (d) 2A + B − 3C .

2. Let V = R2 with the usual scalar multiplication of vectors and addition defined as
" # " # " #
x1 y1 y1 − x1
x2 y2 x2 − y2
+ =

" # " #
x1 y1
, ∈ V . Is (V , ⊕, ⊙) a vector space?(Explain)
x2 y2
for every

3. Let V = R2 with the usual addition of vectors and the scalar multiplication defined as
" # " #
x1 cx1
c
x2 x2
=

for every x = (x1 , x2 ) ∈ V and real number c. Is (V , ⊕, ⊙) a vector space?(Explain)

  
 x
 

4. Let V =  y  |x, y ∈ R with the standard componentwise operations show that V is not a
 

 1 

vector space.

5. Let V be the set of all 2×2 upper tingler matrices with the usual addition and scalar multiplication.
Is (V , ⊕, ⊙) a vector space?(Explain)

6. Let V = R2 with the usual scalar multiplication of vectors and addition defined as
" # " # " #
x1 y1 x1 + y1
x2 y2
+ =
0
" # " #
x1 y1
, ∈ V . Is (V , ⊕, ⊙) a vector space?(Explain)
x2 y2
for all

13
 Course Code : MATH202
Course Title : Linear Algebra
Semester : Spring 2024/2025
Lecturer(s) : Dr. Muhammad Saad Pharos University
Instructor(s) : Eng. Remon Nabil Faculty of Computer Science and
Eng. Fayrouz Elmasry Artificial Inelegance
Eng. Eman Ahmed

" # 
t+1 s
 
7. V = |t, s ∈ R . and let addition and scalar multiplication be the standard
 2t s − 1 
operations on vectors. Determine whether V is a vector space or not.
8. Let V be the set of all polynomials of the on the form ax 2 + bx − 3, for eall real numbers a and
b. With the usual addition and scalar multiplications of polynomials, is V a linear space?
9. Let V = R2 with the usual scalar multiplication of vectors and addition defined as
" # " # " #
x1 y1 x1 + y1
x2 y2 x2
+ =
" # " #
x1 y1
, ∈ V . Is (V , ⊕, ⊙) a vector space?(Explain)
x2 y2
for all

10. Let V = R2 with the scalar multiplication defined as

" # " #
x1 cx1
c
x2 x2 + c − 1
=

and the usual addition of vectors. Is (V , ⊕, ⊙) a vector space?

" # 
t
 
11. Let V = |t ∈ R . and let addition and scalar multiplication be the standard operations
 −3t 
on vectors. Determine whether V is a vector space or not.

Homework Problems
1. Let V = R2 with the usual scalar multiplication of vectors and addition defined as
" # " # " #
x1 y1 x1 + 2y1
x2 y2 x2 + 2y2
+ =
" # " #
x1 y1
, ∈ V . Is (V , ⊕, ⊙) a vector space?(Explain)
x2 y2
for all

2. Let V be the set of all vector in R2 which lies on circle x 2 + y2 = 1. Is (V , ⊕, ⊙) a vector

space?(Explain)
3. Let V = R2 with the addition and scalar multiplication defined as
" # " # " # " # " #
x1 y1 |x1 + y1 | x1 |cx1 |
, c
x2 y2 |x2 + y2 | x2 |cx2 |
+ = and =
" # " #
x1 y1
, ∈ V and scalar c. Is (V , ⊕, ⊙) a vector space?(Explain)
x2 y2
for all

14
 Course Code : MATH202
Course Title : Linear Algebra
Semester : Spring 2024/2025
Lecturer(s) : Dr. Muhammad Saad Pharos University
Instructor(s) : Eng. Remon Nabil Faculty of Computer Science and
Eng. Fayrouz Elmasry Artificial Inelegance
Eng. Eman Ahmed

Sheets #6
Classroom Problems
1. Determine wether the set W is subspace the corresponding vector space V or not.
" # 
x
 
(a) W = | x, y ≥ 0 and V = R2 .
 y 
" # 
x
 
(b) W = | xy = 0 and V = R2 .
 y 

(c) W is the set of all 2 × 2 matrices with zero trace and V = R2×2 .
" # 
s − 2t
 
(d) W = | s, t ∈ R and V = R2 .
 t+s 
  
 x
 

(e) W =  y  | 3x − 2z = 5y and V = R3 .
 
 z
 


(f) W is the set of all polynomials of degree less than or equal 3 and zero constant term and
V = P3 (x).
(g) W is the set of all polynomials of degree less than or equal 3 and zero constant term and
V = P3 (x).
" # 
x
 
(h) W = | x ∈ R and V = R2 .
 3x 
" # 
x
 
(i) W = | x + y = −2 and V = R2 .
 y 

(j) W is the set o all nonsingular matrices of order 2 and V = R2×2

2. Show that w in R4 is a linear combination of v1 , v2 , v3 where
       
9 8 −4 −7
−4 −4
       
w =   , v1 =   , v2 =   , v3 =  .
3  6 
−4 −3 −2  −5 
7 9 −8 −18

3. Determine wether the set S spans the corresponding vector space V or does not.
     

 1 1 1  
(a) S =  1  ,  0  ,  1  and V = R3 .
     

 1 
2 0 

15
 Course Code : MATH202
Course Title : Linear Algebra
Semester : Spring 2024/2025
Lecturer(s) : Dr. Muhammad Saad Pharos University
Instructor(s) : Eng. Remon Nabil Faculty of Computer Science and
Eng. Fayrouz Elmasry Artificial Inelegance
Eng. Eman Ahmed

(b) S = {x 2 + 2x + 1, x 2 + 2, x} and V = P2 (x).

" # " # " #
 
(c) S = , , and V is the space of all lower triangular 2-by-2
1 0 1 0 0 0
 0 0 2 3 1 4 
matrices.
" # " # " # " #
2 1 −2
 
4. S = , , , and V = R2×3 .
1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 2
 5 4 3 0 3 4 0 −1 3 1 0 3 

5. S = x 3 − 2x + 5, x 3 + x 2 + 3x − 4, 2x 3 + x 2 + x + 1, x 3 − x 2 + 4 and V = P3 (x).

Homework Problems
1. Determine wether the set W is subspace the corresponding vector space V or not.
" # 
x
 
(a) W = | x 2 + y2 = 1 and V = R2 .
 y 
" # 
x
 
(b) W = | x ∈ R and V = R2 .
 0 
  

 2c 


  

(c) W =   | a, b, c, d ∈ R and V = R4 .
 0 

  a + 3b + c  

b − 2a

 


(d) W is the set of all skew-symmetric matrices of order n and V = Rn×n , for some n ≥ 2

2. Determine wether the set S spans the corresponding vector space V or does not.
" # " # " # " # 
 
(a) S = , , , and V = R2 .
1 3 5 7
 2 4 6 8 
" # " # " #
1 −3
 
(b) S = , , and V is the space of all symmetric 2-by2 matrices.
1 5 0 0
 2 3 0 2 1 3 

16
 Course Code : MATH202
Course Title : Linear Algebra
Semester : Spring 2024/2025
Lecturer(s) : Dr. Muhammad Saad Pharos University
Instructor(s) : Eng. Remon Nabil Faculty of Computer Science and
Eng. Fayrouz Elmasry Artificial Inelegance
Eng. Eman Ahmed

Sheets #7
Classroom Problems
1. Determine wether the set S is linearly independent or linearly dependent in the corresponding
vector space V .
" # " # " # " #
−1 0
 
(a) S = , , ,
1 2 0 2 1 4
in the linear space R2×2 .
 4 3 2 3 6 7 12 14 

(b) S = 3x 2 + 2x − 1, x 2 − 2x + 5, 2x 3 + x + 7 the linear space P3 (x).

     


 7 −4 4  
      
(c) S =   ,   ,   in the linear space R4 .
0
   3   3

  3   −2   2  

 0 
1 1 
(d) S = {t 2 + t + 1, t 2 − 2}t, t 2 − t + 1} the linear space P2 (t).
     

 1 2 0  
(e) S =  1  ,  2  ,  3  in the linear space R3 .
     

 1 
0 3 

2. Explain why the set S is a basis or not for the corresponding vector space V .
   

 2 0  
(a) S =  1  ,  −1  . 1
   

 3 
1 
     

 1 −1 0  
(b) S =  0  ,  1  ,  1  and V = R3 .
     

 1 
0 1 

(c) S = {2, x, x 3 + 2x 2 − 1} and V = P3 (x).

" # " # " # " #
2 −3
 
(d) S = , , ,
1 0 0 1 0 0
.
 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 
     
 −1
 2 1 
(e) S =  1  ,  −1  ,  1  and V = R3 .
     
−3

 0 
2 
" # " # " #
 
(f) S = , , and V = R2 .
2 1 8
 1 0 −3 
n o
(g) S = x 2 + 1, x + 2, −x 2 + x and V = P2 (x).

17
 Course Code : MATH202
Course Title : Linear Algebra
Semester : Spring 2024/2025
Lecturer(s) : Dr. Muhammad Saad Pharos University
Instructor(s) : Eng. Remon Nabil Faculty of Computer Science and
Eng. Fayrouz Elmasry Artificial Inelegance
Eng. Eman Ahmed

Homework Problems
1. Determine wether the set S is linearly independent or linearly dependent in the corresponding
vector space V .
" # " # " # " #
3 −3 0
 
(a) S = , , ,
1 2 0 5 3 2 1 1 1
in the linear space R2×3 .
 6 5 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 0 5 0 
       

 1 2 0 1  
(b) S =  1  ,  0  ,  1  ,  2  in the linear space R3 .
       

 1 
2 0 3 

2. Explain why the set S is a basis or not for the corresponding vector space V .
n o
(a) S = x, x 2 , x 2 + 2x, x 3 − x + 1 and V = P3 (x).
" # " #
−1
 
(b) S = , and V = R2 .
1
 1 2 
" # " # " # " #
 
(c) S = , , , and V = R2×2 .
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
 1 0 −1 0 −1 2 0 1 

3. Mark each statement True or False. Justify each answer:

       

 1 2 3 4 
       
 
(a) The set S =   ,   ,   ,   is a basis for the linear space R4 .
 0   2   3   4 

 0   0   3   4  

 0 
0 0 4 
(b) Let V = R2 with the addition ⊕ defined as
" ! " # " #
x1 y1 x1 + y1 − 5
]⊕ ,
x2 y2 2x2 y2
=

" # " #
x1 y1
for all x = and y = in V , and the usual scalar multiplication of vectors. Hence,
x2 y2
V is a vector space.
         

 1 7 0 6 1  
       
−1
   
(c) The set of vectors S =   ,   ,   ,   ,   is linearly dependent in
2
   0
       6 1

  0   2   3   0   0  

 3 
5 4 2 1 
R4 .

18
Course Code : MATH202
Course Title : Linear Algebra
Semester : Spring 2024/2025
Lecturer(s) : Dr. Muhammad Saad Pharos University
Instructor(s) : Eng. Remon Nabil Faculty of Computer Science and
Eng. Fayrouz Elmasry Artificial Inelegance
Eng. Eman Ahmed

" # 
x
 
(d) The set W | x ∈ R is a subspace of R2 .
 2 
     


 7 −4 4 
      
(e) The subset S =   ,   ,   of the linear space R4 is linearly dependent.
 0   3   3 

  3   −2   2  

 0 
1 1 
(f) If V be the set of all vector in R2 which lies on the straight line y = 3x + 2, then V is a
vector space aunder the standard operations of vectors.

19
 Course Code : MATH202
Course Title : Linear Algebra
Semester : Spring 2024/2025
Lecturer(s) : Dr. Muhammad Saad Pharos University
Instructor(s) : Eng. Remon Nabil Faculty of Computer Science and
Eng. Fayrouz Elmasry Artificial Inelegance
Eng. Eman Ahmed

Sheets #8
Classroom Problems
 
3
−2
 
 
1. Find the angle between the vector v =   with unit vector e3 in the inner product space R4 ..
 5 
0

2. Detainee wether each of the following sets is orthonormal or not.

(a)
    

 1 −2 

(b) S =  2 , 0  , in R3 .
   

 

1 2
" # " # 
 4 12 
(c) S = 5 , 13 in R2 .
 − 35 5
13 
   1   1 

 − √13 √ √ 


 √1
  √26   06  
(d) S =   ,  −1  ,  √1  in R4 .
 3   6   
  √1   √6   6 

 3 

 0 0 √2 
6

3. Apply Gram-Schmidt process to find an orthonormal basis for the subspace spanned by the given
set S of vectors in the corresponding inner product spaces:
     

 1 −1 1 
(a) S =  3  ,  1  ,  1  in R3 .
     
−1

 1 
1 
      

 1 1 1 


        

 1   0   1   
(b) S =  0  ,  0  ,  1  , in R5 .
     

       

  0   1   1   


 1 

1 1
     

 1 −1 −1  
(c) S =  1  ,  1  ,  0  in R3 .
     

 1 
0 1 
       

 1 0 0 1  

        
(d) S =   ,   ,   ,   in R4 .
1 1
        0 0

  0   1   1   0  

 0 
0 1 1 

20
 Course Code : MATH202
Course Title : Linear Algebra
Semester : Spring 2024/2025
Lecturer(s) : Dr. Muhammad Saad Pharos University
Instructor(s) : Eng. Remon Nabil Faculty of Computer Science and
Eng. Fayrouz Elmasry Artificial Inelegance
Eng. Eman Ahmed

Homework Problems
1. For vectors u, v in an inner product space V , find the value of ⟨u+v, u−v⟩ if ||A|| = 3 and ||B|| = 4.
   
1 −1
   
2. Find the angle between the vectors u =  2  and v =  2  in the inner product space R3 .
3 4

3. Apply Gram-Schmidt process to find an orthonormal basis for the subspace spanned by the given
set S of vectors in the corresponding inner product spaces:
     

 1 1 1 


     
(a) S =   ,   , 
 1   0   2 
 in R4 .

  0   2   −2  

 1 
1 1 
       

 1 1 1 1  

        

 1   0   2   0  
(b) S =  0  ,  0  ,  −1  ,  1  in R5 .
       

        

  0   1   1   0  


 4 
5 5 0 

21
 Course Code : MATH202
Course Title : Linear Algebra
Semester : Spring 2024/2025
Lecturer(s) : Dr. Muhammad Saad Pharos University
Instructor(s) : Eng. Remon Nabil Faculty of Computer Science and
Eng. Fayrouz Elmasry Artificial Inelegance
Eng. Eman Ahmed

Sheets #9
Classroom Problems
1. Determine whether which of the following functions is a linear transformation or not.
" #  " #
x −y
(a) T : R2 → R2 and T  =
y x
.

" #  " #
x x
(b) T : R2 → R2 and T  =
y y2
.

(c) T : R → R and T (x) = x 2 .

" # 
x 
(d) T : R2 → R and T  = x 2 + y2 .
y

(e) T : Pn → Pn−2 and T (x) = p′′ (x) + x, for n ≥ 3.

" #  " #
x+y
x 
(f) T : R2 → R2 and T  = x−y 2
y
.
2

(g) T : Rm×n → Rm×m and T (A) = AAT , for every A ∈ Rm×n .

2. If T : R2×2 → R2×2 is a linear operator and
" # " # " # " #
T (e11 ) = , T (e12 ) = , T (e21 ) = , and T (e22 ) = ,
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 −1 0 0 2 0
" #
then find T 
4 1 .
−3 2
 
1 2 4
3. Define a linear operator T : R3 → R3 by T (u) = Au, where A =  2 1 3 .
 
1 3 2

(a) Find T (e1 ), T (e2 ) and T (e3 ).

(b) Find T (3e1 − 4e2 + 6e3 )
4. Find the null spaces and their dimension of the following linear transformations:
(a) T : R3 → R2 and  
 x 
" #
x z
 y  = −x + 5y + z .
T  + 2y +
z

22
 Course Code : MATH202
Course Title : Linear Algebra
Semester : Spring 2024/2025
Lecturer(s) : Dr. Muhammad Saad Pharos University
Instructor(s) : Eng. Remon Nabil Faculty of Computer Science and
Eng. Fayrouz Elmasry Artificial Inelegance
Eng. Eman Ahmed

(b) T : R3 → R3 and    
x
   x − y + 2z
 y  =  2x + 3y − z  .
T  
z −x + 2y − 2z

(c) T : P2 → P1 and
T (p(x)) = p′ (x) − p(0).

5. Define a mapping T : P3 → P2 by T (p(x)) = p′ (x).

(a) Show that T is a linear transformation.

(b) Find the image of the polynomial p(x) = 3x 3 + 2x 2 − x + 2.
(c) Describe the null space of T .

6. For the linear operator T : P3 → P3 by

T (p(x)) = xp′′ (x)

Determine whether the polynomial p(x) is in null (T ) or not.

(a) p(x) = x 2 − 3x + 1. (c) p(x) = 1 − x 2 .

(b) p(x) = 5x + 2. (d) p(x) = 3.

7. A linear transformation T : R2×2 → R3×2 defined as

"  
# a+c b+d
a b  
T =  −a + 2c −b + 2d 

c d
2a 2b

Homework Problems
1. Determine whether the function is a linear transformation between vector spaces or not.
" #  " #
x x y
(a) T : R2 → R2 and T  = +
y x −y+2
.

" #  " #
x − y
(b) T : R2 → R2 and T  = 2x
y x + 3y
.

(c) T : R → R and T (x) = −2x.

 
x  " #
 x
 y  = y .
(d) T : R3 → R2 and T 
 
z

23
Course Code : MATH202
Course Title : Linear Algebra
Semester : Spring 2024/2025
Lecturer(s) : Dr. Muhammad Saad Pharos University
Instructor(s) : Eng. Remon Nabil Faculty of Computer Science and
Eng. Fayrouz Elmasry Artificial Inelegance
Eng. Eman Ahmed

(e) T : P3 → P3 and T (p(x)) = 2p′′ (x) − 3p′ (x) + p(x).

(f) T : Rm×n → R and T (A) = det(A).

2. Define a linear transformation T : R2 → R3 by

"  
# x − 2y
x  
T =  3x + y 

y
2y

(a) Find T (e1 ) and T (e2 ).

(b) Find the nullity of T .

3. Define a mapping T : R2 → R2 by
" # " #
x
x e
T
ey
=
y

Determine whether T is a linear transformation or not.

4. Define a mapping T : Rn×n → Rn×n as T (A) = A + AT . Show that the mapping is a linear
transformation. Hence, describe its null space.

5. Mark each statement True or False. Justify each answer:

(a) The mapping T : P4 → P2 , defined as T (p(x)) = p′′ (x) + x, is a linear transformation.

" #
a b 
(b) The mapping T : R2×2 → R, defined as T  = a + d, is a linear transformation.
c d
" #  " #
x  x
(c) T : R2 → R2 and T 
y
= .
0
   
x
   x + y − z
 y  =  2xy − y .
(d) T : R3 → R3 and T   
z x +z+1

(e) T : Rn×n → Rn×n and T (A) = 2A − 3AT , for some n > 1.

24
 Course Code : MATH202
Course Title : Linear Algebra
Semester : Spring 2024/2025
Lecturer(s) : Dr. Muhammad Saad Pharos University
Instructor(s) : Eng. Remon Nabil Faculty of Computer Science and
Eng. Fayrouz Elmasry Artificial Inelegance
Eng. Eman Ahmed

Sheets #10
Classroom Problems
1. Calculate the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix
 
−7 0 6
 
 0 5 0 
6 0 2

Also, compute the dimension of the eigenspace for each eigenvalue.

2. Calculate the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix

" #
1 4
2 3

Also, compute the dimension of the eigenspace for each eigenvalue.

3. Calculate the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix

 
1 0 0
 −3 1 0 
 
4 −7 1

Also, compute the dimension of the eigenspace for each eigenvalue. Is A is diagonalizable? Why?

4. Diagonalizae the matrix  

1 2 2
 
 2 0 3 
2 3 0

Hence find calculate A4 .

5. Determine wether the matrix  

2 1 1
A= 2 3 2 
 
3 3 4

is diagonalizable or not. If it is so, find the diagonalization and use it to find A100 .

6. Determine wether the matrix  

2 −1 1
A =  0 3 −1 
 
2 1 3
is diagonalizable or not.

25
 Course Code : MATH202
Course Title : Linear Algebra
Semester : Spring 2024/2025
Lecturer(s) : Dr. Muhammad Saad Pharos University
Instructor(s) : Eng. Remon Nabil Faculty of Computer Science and
Eng. Fayrouz Elmasry Artificial Inelegance
Eng. Eman Ahmed

7. Diagonalize the matrix  

1 1 −2
 −1 2 1 
 
0 1 −1

and use your result to find A20 .

8. Mark each statement True or False. Justify each answer:

(a) If A is diagonalizable, then A3 is diagonalizable.

(b) If A is a 3 × 3 matrix with 3 linearly independent eigenvectors, then A is diagonalizable.
(c) If 0 is an eigenvalue of an n × n matrix A, then rank (A) < n.

Homework Problems
1. Determine the characteristic equation, eigenvalues and eigenvectors of each of the following ma-
trices. Also, for each eigenvalue λ compute the dimension of the eigenspace.
" #  
(a) A =
3 1 1 2 3
(d) A =  2 −1 0 .
.  
2 4
" # 3 0 4
2 −3
(b) A =
−4 6
.
 
  1 0 0 0
 
(e) A = 
0 0 0  0 1 0 0 
(c) A =  0 0 −2 . −1
  .
 0 0 0 
0 2 0 0 0 0 −1

2. Find the eigenvalues, and if necessary the corresponding eigenvectors, of A and determine whether
A is diagonalizable or not.
" #  
−1 1
(a) A =
2 2 0
0 −2 (e) A =  2 2 2 .
.  
0 0 3
" #
−2 −3
(b) A =  
−2 −2
.
−1 3 2
(f) A =  −1 2 3 .
 
" #
−1 −1 −1 2 3
(c) A =
0 −1
.
 
" # 2 1 1
(g) A =  2 −1 −1 .
 
(d) A =
2 2
−2 −2 −1 1
.
2

26
Course Code : MATH202
Course Title : Linear Algebra
Semester : Spring 2024/2025
Lecturer(s) : Dr. Muhammad Saad Pharos University
Instructor(s) : Eng. Remon Nabil Faculty of Computer Science and
Eng. Fayrouz Elmasry Artificial Inelegance
Eng. Eman Ahmed

   
1 0 0 1 0 0 0
(h) A =  −1 0 0 . −1
   
(i) A = 
 2 0 0 
−1 0 0 −1
.
 0 2 0 
−1 0 0 2

3. Diagonalizable the following matrices A and find An , for every positive integer n.
" #  
(a) A =
2 0 1 0 0
−1 −1 (c) A =  0 −2 1 .
.  
0 0 1
 
" # 0 −1 2
−2 1 (d) A =  0 2 2 .
 
(b) A = .
1 2 0 0 1

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