Introduction to Database Systems and ER Diagrams

Module M-03: Database Design

1. The most commonly available Database Management Systems (DBMS)

2. The different types of databases

3. An introduction to Entity Relationship Diagrams, or ER diagrams

These are foundational concepts in understanding how data is stored, organized, and
visualized in modern information systems.

💾 Slide 2: What is a DBMS?

 DBMS = Database Management System

 Software for storing, retrieving, and managing data

 Interfaces between the data and users/applications

 Ensures security, consistency, integrity, and concurrency

What is a DBMS?
A DBMS is software that allows users to create, retrieve, update, and manage data efficiently.
Instead of working with files directly, users interact with the DBMS, which handles data access
internally.
It’s responsible for maintaining data security, integrity, and even concurrency, which means multiple
users can access the data simultaneously without conflicts.
Examples of systems using DBMS include school records, banking systems, hospital records, and
websites like Facebook or Amazon.

🧰 Slide 3: Commonly Available DBMS

 MySQL: Open-source, widely used in web development

 Oracle Database: Robust enterprise-level DBMS

 SQL Server: Developed by Microsoft, popular in business environments

 PostgreSQL: Advanced, open-source, standards-compliant

 MongoDB: A leading NoSQL DBMS

 SQLite: Lightweight, used in mobile applications

There are several DBMS options available, each suited for specific needs.

 MySQL is often used for websites and web apps, particularly alongside PHP.

 Oracle is used by large corporations and supports massive databases and complex
transactions.
  SQL Server works well with Microsoft technologies and is user-friendly.

 PostgreSQL is an open-source option that supports complex queries and follows SQL
standards very closely.

 MongoDB is a NoSQL database that stores data in flexible, JSON-like documents—ideal for
big data and real-time apps.

 And finally, SQLite is tiny, but powerful—perfect for mobile apps where simplicity is key.

Slide 4: Types of Databases

1. Relational Database – Data stored in tables (SQL-based)

2. NoSQL Database – Non-tabular, includes documents, graphs

3. Object-Oriented Database – Data stored as objects

4. Distributed Database – Data spread over multiple locations

5. Cloud Database – Hosted remotely, scalable

6. Hierarchical & Network Databases – Early data models, tree/graph structure

 Relational databases store data in rows and columns, and use Structured Query Language
(SQL). This is what MySQL, Oracle, and SQL Server use.

 NoSQL databases are more flexible and suited for storing unstructured data like multimedia
or social media content.

 Object-oriented databases store data as objects and are useful when working with object-
oriented programming languages.

 Distributed databases divide data across different physical locations, improving reliability
and performance.

 Cloud databases are hosted on platforms like Amazon Web Services (AWS), offering on-
demand scalability.

 Lastly, Hierarchical and Network databases were used in earlier systems. They organize data
in tree or graph-like structures.

🎓 Slide 1: Title Slide

Content:
Title: Database Management Systems & Types of Databases
Subtitle: Understanding the Backbone of Modern Data
Presented by: [Your Name]
Date: [Date]

Speaker Notes:

Hello everyone! I’m [Your Name], and today I’ll be giving you a deeper understanding of Database
Management Systems (DBMS) and the different types of databases we use in the digital world.
From simple apps on your phone to large-scale e-commerce platforms, databases are working behind
the scenes to keep things running smoothly.
This session will cover:

1. What DBMS is and why it matters

2. Common DBMS software you may have heard of

3. Types of databases and how they’re used in real life

Let’s begin!

🧠 Slide 2: What is a Database?

Content:

 A database is an organized collection of data

 Makes data easy to access, manage, and update

 Used everywhere: websites, mobile apps, hospitals, schools

Speaker Notes:

Before we understand DBMS, let’s quickly grasp what a database is.

A database is basically a collection of related data that is organized so that it can be easily accessed
and managed.
For example:

 Your phone’s contact list is a simple database.

 A hospital uses a database to track patients and treatments.

 Even Facebook uses databases to store your posts, photos, likes, and more.
Without databases, it would be nearly impossible to manage the massive amount of
information we generate daily.

🧰 Slide 3: What is a DBMS?

Content:

 DBMS = Software to manage databases

 Functions: Store, retrieve, update, and delete data

 Handles security, backup, user access, and performance

Speaker Notes:

So what is a DBMS?
A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software application that interacts with the database
and its users.
It allows you to store, retrieve, manipulate, and delete data safely.
But it doesn’t stop there!
A DBMS also handles:

 Data security – so only the right people access it

 Data integrity – so the data remains accurate and consistent

 Backups and recovery – so we don’t lose data during system crashes

 Multi-user support – allowing multiple people to work at once without conflict

Think of the DBMS as the brain behind all data operations.

💾 Slide 4: Features of a DBMS

Content:

 Data Independence

 Efficient Data Access

 Data Integrity & Security

 Concurrency Control

 Backup and Recovery

Speaker Notes:

A good DBMS comes with several important features:

 Data Independence means the data structure can be changed without affecting the entire
application.

 Efficient Data Access helps in faster querying and reporting.

 Data Integrity & Security ensure the data is accurate and protected from unauthorized
access.

 Concurrency Control allows multiple users to access the database at the same time without
issues.

 And Backup and Recovery ensure that data can be restored after any unexpected problem.
These features are essential, especially for large organizations handling millions of data
records.

Slide 5: Commonly Used DBMS Software

Content:
  MySQL – Open source, commonly used in web development

 Oracle – Enterprise-grade, scalable, secure

 Microsoft SQL Server – Windows-based, easy to manage

 PostgreSQL – Advanced, standards-compliant

 MongoDB – NoSQL database, document-oriented

 SQLite – Lightweight, used in mobile apps

Speaker Notes:

Let’s look at some popular DBMS tools you may encounter in the real world:

 MySQL: Widely used in web development. If you’ve used WordPress or PHP, you’ve probably
worked with MySQL.

 Oracle: A powerful option used by large enterprises and financial institutions. Known for its
reliability.

 Microsoft SQL Server: Designed for Windows environments, it’s often used in business
applications.

 PostgreSQL: Loved by developers for its reliability, flexibility, and open-source community.

 MongoDB: A NoSQL database that stores data in documents (like JSON), suitable for big data
and dynamic apps.

 SQLite: Lightweight and serverless—commonly used in mobile apps and small applications.
Each has its strengths depending on the need—scalability, speed, flexibility, or simplicity.

Slide 6: Why Are There Different Types of Databases?

Content:

 Different data needs = Different database types

 Structure, size, and speed influence choice

 Not all data fits neatly into rows and columns

Speaker Notes:

Not all data is the same. Some data is structured, while others are unstructured or semi-structured.
That’s why we have different types of databases—each suited for specific types of data or usage
scenarios.
For example:

 A school system might use a relational database to store student grades.

 A social media app might use a NoSQL database to store image comments, likes, and
reactions.
  A real-time game might use in-memory databases for speed.
Let's explore these types in more detail.

🔢 Slide 7: Relational Databases (RDBMS)

Content:

 Data stored in tables (rows and columns)

 Use Structured Query Language (SQL)

 Examples: MySQL, Oracle, SQL Server

Speaker Notes:

The most common type of database is the Relational Database, also called RDBMS.
It stores data in tables with predefined columns and rows.
For example, a “Student” table might have columns like Name, Age, and Roll Number.
These databases follow strict rules and are great for structured data.
They use SQL to interact with the data—SQL is like the language of relational databases.
If you've ever heard of MySQL or Oracle, those are examples of RDBMS.

🔄 Slide 8: NoSQL Databases

Content:

 Flexible data model, ideal for big data

 Supports documents, key-value, graphs

 Examples: MongoDB, Cassandra, Redis

Speaker Notes:

Unlike RDBMS, NoSQL databases don’t use tables.

They’re flexible and handle unstructured or semi-structured data, like JSON documents or
multimedia files.
NoSQL is great for:

 Social media platforms

 Real-time analytics

 IoT and sensor data

 Any app where data changes rapidly

Examples include:

 MongoDB – stores documents

 Cassandra – great for distributed systems

 Redis – stores data in key-value format, often used for caching

NoSQL is fast, scalable, and good for today’s data-heavy apps.
🧱 Slide 9: Other Types of Databases

Content:

 Object-Oriented DB – Stores objects, not rows

 Hierarchical DB – Tree-like structure, old systems

 Network DB – Graph structure, complex relationships

 Distributed DB – Stored across multiple servers

 Cloud DB – Hosted online, scalable and on-demand

Speaker Notes:

Apart from relational and NoSQL, there are other types too:

 Object-Oriented Databases store data as real-world objects. They're useful in software

engineering and gaming.

 Hierarchical Databases follow a tree structure—once popular, now rarely used.

 Network Databases are similar but allow more complex relationships.

 Distributed Databases store data across multiple machines—great for high availability.

 Cloud Databases are hosted on cloud services like AWS, Google Cloud, or Azure. They're easy
to scale and manage remotely.

🔍 Slide 10: Choosing the Right Database

Content:

 Based on:

o Type of data

o Speed requirement

o Budget

o Scalability needs

 No one-size-fits-all

Speaker Notes:

So how do we choose the right database?

It depends on several factors:

 What kind of data are you storing? Structured or unstructured?

 Do you need fast performance or real-time responses?

 Are you running a small app or a large company?

  Is your project budget small or big?
Sometimes, companies even use multiple types of databases in one system.
The key is to match the database to the project’s needs.

✅ Slide 11: Summary & Conclusion

Content:

 DBMS = Software to manage and secure data

 Many types of databases for different needs

 Relational = Tables | NoSQL = Flexible | Cloud = Scalable

 DBMS powers everything from your phone to big companies

Speaker Notes:

Let’s wrap up what we’ve learned:

 DBMS is essential software for managing data securely and efficiently.

 We use different types of databases depending on the nature of the data and use case.

 Relational databases are best for structured data, while NoSQL databases work well with
flexible, large-scale data.

 Cloud and distributed databases are the future, offering remote access and scalability.
Databases may be invisible to users—but they power almost everything in the digital world.
Thank you for listening! I’m happy to take any questions.
Sure thing! Here's a restructured version of your presentation with a clear, concise flow:

1. Title Slide

Title: Understanding Database Management Systems (DBMS) and Types of Databases

Subtitle: An Overview of Common DBMS Software and Database Models

2. Introduction to Databases

 What is a Database?

o A database is a structured collection of data that can be easily accessed, managed,

and updated.

o Why we need databases: to store and organize data efficiently, making it easier to
retrieve and analyze.

3. What is a DBMS?

 Definition:
A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that allows users to create, manage,
and manipulate databases.

 Functions:

o Data storage

o Data retrieval

o Data security

o Data backup and recovery

4. Purpose of a DBMS

 Why Use a DBMS?

o Data Integrity: Ensures the data is accurate and consistent.

o Data Security: Protects data from unauthorized access.

o Data Redundancy Control: Minimizes duplicate data.

o Data Access: Facilitates easy and efficient access to data.

5. Types of DBMS

 Overview:
There are four main types of DBMS based on data structure and relationships:
 o Relational DBMS (RDBMS)

o Object-Oriented DBMS (OODBMS)

o Hierarchical DBMS (HDBMS)

o Network DBMS (NDBMS)

6. Types of Databases (DBMS Models)

 Relational DBMS (RDBMS): Uses tables to store data and relationships.

 Object-Oriented DBMS (OODBMS): Stores data as objects, similar to how data is organized
in object-oriented programming.

 Hierarchical DBMS (HDBMS): Organizes data in a tree-like structure, resembling parent-child

relationships.

 Network DBMS (NDBMS): Uses a graph structure to represent data relationships.

7. Relational DBMS (RDBMS)

 Definition: Data is stored in tables (relations) and linked using keys.

 Key Feature: Uses SQL (Structured Query Language) for data manipulation.

 Example: MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server

 Use Case: Widely used for business applications, online transaction systems.

8. Object-Oriented DBMS (OODBMS)

 Definition: Stores data as objects (from object-oriented programming).

 Key Feature: Supports complex data types and inheritance.

 Example: db4o, ObjectDB

 Use Case: Suitable for applications requiring complex data representation, like multimedia
and CAD systems.

9. Hierarchical DBMS (HDBMS)

 Definition: Data is stored in a tree structure, with a parent-child hierarchy.

 Key Feature: Fast retrieval for hierarchical data but lacks flexibility.

 Example: IBM's IMS

 Use Case: Used in legacy systems, particularly in mainframe environments.

10. Network DBMS (NDBMS)

 Definition: Data is represented as a network of interconnected nodes.

 Key Feature: Supports more complex relationships than hierarchical DBMS.

 Example: Integrated Data Store (IDS), TurboIMAGE

 Use Case: Suitable for applications that need to handle complex data relationships.

11. Commonly Used DBMS Software

 Relational: MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle DB

 NoSQL (Non-Relational): MongoDB, Couchbase, Cassandra

 In-memory: Redis, Memcached

 Cloud-Based: Amazon RDS, Google Cloud Datastore

 Use Cases:

o MySQL/Oracle: Enterprise applications

o MongoDB: Big data, real-time web apps

o Redis: High-performance caching

12. Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMS

 Advantages:

o Reduces data redundancy

o Enhances data security

o Improves data integrity and consistency

 Disadvantages:

o High initial cost

o Complex to manage and maintain

o Performance can be slower for large datasets

13. Summary

 Recap:

o DBMS is essential for managing and organizing data.

o Different types of DBMS models (RDBMS, OODBMS, HDBMS, NDBMS) suit different
data structures and needs.
 o Common DBMS systems include MySQL, Oracle, MongoDB, and Redis.

14. References

 List any textbooks, online sources, or research papers you used for your presentation.

💡 Key Points for Presentation:

 Keep it concise: Stick to essential definitions, key features, and real-life examples.

 Visual aids: Use simple diagrams to illustrate DBMS types or examples.

 Engage: Ask the audience a few questions to keep them involved. For example: "Which
DBMS are you familiar with?" or "Have you encountered these types of databases in your
projects?"

Does this structure work better for you? Let me know if you'd like further adjustments!