M.Sc.

Physics
Semester-based Curriculum Structure under CBCS (w.e.f.
Academic Session 2021-2022)
I. Programme Objectives:
The Master of Science in Physics is the leading programme of the department. The students
are trained to be capable to carry forward learning objectives of this natural science. The
students will be able to understand the Core Courses, Ability Enhancement Compulsory
Courses, Skill Enhancement Courses, Generic Elective Courses, Discipline Specific
Elective Courses under the Choice Based Credit System(CBCS).
2. Programme specific outcome: On completion of the course, a student acquires advanced
theoretical and experimental knowledge of Physics. The students will get an experience to a
research field through project/dissertation. They could readily join a research programme in
Universities/Institutes/Research Labs, or take up a teaching position.

Course Structure

1st Semester
Theory/Pra Credit Total
Paper Code paper
ctical point Marks
COR101 Mathematical Methods Theory 4 50
COR102 Classical Mechanics Theory 4 50
COR103 Quantum Mechanics Theory 4 50
COR104 Electronics Theory 4 50
COR105 General Practical I Practical 4 50
AECC Instrumentation method Theory 2 25
Total 22 275

2nd Semester
COR206 Electrodynamics and plasma Theory 4 50
COR207 Advanced QM Theory 4 50
COR208 Statistical Mechanics Theory 4 50
COR209 General Practical II Practical 4 50

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GEC Applied Physics (CBCS) Theory 4 50

Total 20 250
3rd semester
COR310 Atomic and molecular spectroscopy Theory 4 50
COR311 Solid State Physics Theory 4 50
COR312 Nuclear Physics Theory 4 50
Elementary Particle Physics and Theory 4 50
COR313
quantum field theory
DSE301 Advanced Practical(I) Practical 4 50
Advanced Theory and 2 25
SEC
Computer Application practical
Total 22 275

4th semester
Discipline specific Elective 1 Theory 4 50
DSE402

Discipline specific Elective 2 Theory 4 50

DSE403

DSE404 Discipline specific Elective 3 Theory 4 50

Advanced Practical(II): Practical 4 50
DSE405

4 50
Project Project/Dissertation

Total 20 250
Grand 84 1050
Total
No of elective papers and practicals are subject to vary time to time as per availability
of teachers and infrastructure. Students need to choose CBCS subject from other
department. However they may acquire equal CBCS credit from SWAYAM online
course subject to necessary permission from the Department.
Abbreviation meaning -- COR: Core Courses, AECC: Ability Enhancement
Compulsory Courses, SEC: Skill Enhancement Courses, GEC: Generic Elective
Courses, DSE: Discipline Specific Elective.

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 Semester I
COR101 Mathematical Method

Course Outcome: The students will be able to learn different mathematical tools to deal
with the different problems of natural phenomena

Course Content:

Module-1

Calculus of Residues : Residue and evaluation of residue; Cauchys residue theorem;

evaluation of definite integrals by the method of contour integration (including integration
around branch cuts); evaluation of principal values of improper integrals; summation and
inversion of series; partial fraction representation of meromorphic functions; infinite product
representation of entire functions (Mittag Leffler Expansion).Analytic
Continuation:Definition and some elementary theorems; Schwarz reflection principle; power
series method of analytic continuation. Complex Mapping. Conformal Transformation.

Eigenfunction methods for differential equations: Sets of functions. Some useful inequalities
Adjoint, self-adjoint and Hermitian operators Properties of Hermitian operator. Reality of the
eigenvalues; orthogonality of the eigenfunctions; construction of real eigenfunctions, Sturm–
Liouville equations Valid boundary conditions; putting an equation into Sturm–Liouville
form.

Module -II

Integral Transforms: Fourier transform, Laplace transforms; Parsevals theorem and

convolution theorem; partial differential equation and its classification; Solution of partial
and ordinary differential equation by above transformations. Green’s
Functions:Inhomogeneous differential equation (Poisson equations, wave equation,etc.);
Green’s Functions, definition and properties (for self adjoint differential operators
only)computation of Green’s function, direct computation, eigenfunction expansion, integral
transform method.

Group Theory: Abstract groups: subgroups, classes, cosets, factor groups, normal, subgroups,
direct product of groups; Examples, Homomorphism &isomorphism. Representations:

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reducible and irreducible, unitary representations, Schur's lemma and orthogonality theorems,
characters of representation, direct product of representations.

Module-III

Introduction to continuous groups: Lie groups, rotation and unitary groups. Representation of
SO(3), SU(2), SU(3) and SO(3,1).

Tensors : Coordinate transformation, Jacobian determinant, definition of tensors;

contravariant, covariant and mixed tensors; tensor algebra, Riemannian Geometry, signature
requirement, metric tensor, invariant volume, associated tensors, parallel transport, covariant
differentiation, Christoffel symbols; Geodesics, Ricci identity, Riemann –Christoffel
curvature tensors, curved space, Bianchi identity, Ricci tensor, vanishing of the curvature
tensor as a condition of flatness. Gradient, divergence, curl and Laplacian in terms of tensors.

Books:

1. Sokolnikoff : Tensor Analysis-Wiley Toppan

2.Lass : Vector and Tensors-McGraw Hill Kogakusha

3.Joshi :Matrices and Tensors-New Age International.

4.A.W. Joshi : Group theory.

5.Riley, Hobson and Bence Mathematical Methods for Physics and Engineering: A
Comprehensive Guide.

6. Mathews and Walker: Mathematical Methods of Physics

7.Arfken and Weber: Mathematical methods for Physicists

8.Morse and Feshbach: Methods of Theoretical Physics

9.Pipes and Harvil: Applied Mathematics for Physicists and Engineers –

10.Harper: Introduction to Mathematical Physics

11.Courant and Hilbert: Methods of Mathematical Physics –John Wiley.

12.Smirnov: Course on Higher Mathematics

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COR102 Classical Mechanics

Course Outcome: The students will be able to describe a wide variety of physical
phenomena (i.e. Small oscillation, rigid body motion, continuous media and non-linear
motion etc) by the Lagrangian and the Hamiltonian formalism, non-linear dynamics to
generalize the laws of physics in higher dimensions.

Course Content:

Module I

Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms: Study of different systems. Legendre

transforms. Hamilton’s canonical equations and their applications. Lagrangian and
Hamiltonian for relativistic particles, free and forced vibrations problems in Small
Oscillations.

Central force: Review of central force problems. Conditions for closed and stable orbits,
Bertrand’s theorem, Virial Theorem, Laplace-Runge-Lenz Vector.

Module-II

Canonical Transformations : Equations of canonical transformation; generating functions;

examples of canonical transformations; integral invariants of Poincare; Lagrange and Poisson
brackets as canonical invariants; infinitesimal contact transformations; constants of motion
and symmetry principles; generators of infinitesimal symmetry transformations.
Hamilton-Jacobi theory : Hamilton’s principal and characteristic functions; Hamilton
Jacobi equations for these two functions; separation of variables in the Hamilton-Jacobi
method (e.g. simple harmonic motion, Kepler problem etc.), Hamilton-Jacobi theory,
geometrical optics and wave mechanics.

Non linear dynamics: Non-linear Equations, autonomous systems; critical points; stability;
Liapunov direct method; periodic solutions; Poincare Bendixon theorem; limit cycles;
Lienard theorem

Module-III

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Rigid body dynamics: Lagrange’s equations of motion for a rigid body; Euler’s theorem on
the motion of a rigid body; infinitesimal rotations. Euler’s equations of motion. Force free
motion of a rigid body; heavy symmetrical top with one point fixed; precession and nutation;
Larmor precession; gyroscope and asymmetrical top , condition for Fast and sleeping top.

Mechanics of Continuous Media: Transition from discrete to continuous systems; the

Lagrangian formulation; stress energy tensor and conservation theorems; Hamiltonian
formulation; Poisson brackets and momentum representation; examples.

1. Goldstein, Poole and Safko: Classical Mechanics – Addison Wesley / Narosa.

2. Landau and Lifshitz : Mechanics – Pergamon.

3. Rana and Joag: Classical Mechanics – Tata-McGraw Hill.

4. Whittaker : Analytical Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies – Cambridge.

5. Fetter and Walecka : Theoretical Mechanics of Particles and Continua – McGraw Hill.

6. RaychaudhuriA.K: Classical Mechanics – Oxford.

7. Simmons: Differential Equations – Tata-McGraw Hill.

8. Bhatia: Classical Mechanics – Narosa.

COR103 Quantum mechanics

Course Outcome: The objective of this course is to introduce quantum mechanics to the
students and its application in Physics in the context of the atomic and sub-atomic world.
The students will be able to understand the underlying mechanics through wave mechanics
and matrix formulations of quantum mechanics.

Course Content:

Module I

Linear Vector Space formulation: The Linear Vector Space, Dimension and Basis of a
Vector Space, concept of state vectors, Time Evolution of the state vectors, basis functions,
inner product; dual space; principle of superposition of states, change of basis, Ket vector and
its characteristics, Bra vector and its characteristics, orthonormility, completeness condition
and closure property.

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Hilbert Space and operators: The Hilbert Space, linear Operators, Hermitian Adjoint,
Hermitian operator, Time Evolution Operator, Fundamental postulates of Quantum
mechanics, eigenvalue equation,, Projection Operators, Commutator Algebra, Parity
Operator, Uncertainty Relation between Two Operators, Functions of Operators, Expectation
values, Square-Integrable Functions: Wave Functions, Eigenvalues and Eigen vectors of an
Operator.

Representations: Representation in Discrete Bases, Representation in Continuous Bases,

Matrix Representation of Kets, Bras, and Operators, Position Representation, Momentum
Representation, Connecting the Position and Momentum Representations, Schrödinger
Equation and Wave Packets, Stationary States: Time-Independent Potentials, the
Conservation of Probability.

Module II

Schrödinger, Heisenberg and Interaction pictures: Introduction to the three

representations; equation of motion in Schrödinger, Heisenberg and Interaction pictures; time
translation operator. Time Evolution of Expectation Values.

Harmonic oscillator with operator algebra: Creation and annihilation operators, Oscillator
algebra, Hamiltonian of harmonic oscillator in terms of creation and annihilation operators,
Number operator, solution of energy eigenvalues, Selection rule, solution of wave functions,
Coherent state, Coherent state as a normalized state, Coherent state is a state of minimum
uncertainty product of position and momentum.

Mixed states; density matrix and its properties with examples; use of the density matrix in
calculating the average values, Greens function; propagator concept.

Module III

Rotations: Infinitesimal Rotations, Finite Rotations, Properties of the Rotation Operator

Euler Rotations, Angular momentum as generator of rotation, Representation of the Rotation
Operator Rotation Matrices and the Spherical Harmonics.

Angular Momentum: Introduction to Orbital Angular Momentum, General Formalism of

Angular Momentum, Geometrical Representation of Angular Momentum, commutation
rules; eigenvalues and eigen functions of angular momentums, Matrix Representation of

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Angular Momentum, Spin Angular Momentum, algebra of Pauli spin matrices; spin half
particle in a magnetic field and spinors; properties of the spherical harmonics.

Addition of Angular Momenta: Addition of Two Angular Momenta, General Formalism,

Calculation of the Clebsch–Gordan Coefficients.

Books Recommended:

1) Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, David J. Griffiths, Third edition, Cambridge

University Press
2) Introductory Quantum Mechanics, Fourth edition, Richard L. Liboff, Pearson
3) Quantum Mechanics, Amit Goswami, Waveland Press
4) Quantum Physics" Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick (John Wiley and sons).
5) Quantum Theory" D. Bohm (Prentice-Hall).
6) Quantum Mechanics Concepts and Applications, 2nd ed , Nouredine Zettili, John
Wiley & Sons, Ltd

COR104 Electronics
Course Outcome: The students will become familiarized with important electronic devices,
circuits and microprocessors.
Course Content:
Module-I
Power Circuits: Regulated power supply; basic concepts; series regulator using BJT and op-
amp regulator; SMPS; D.C / D.C converter; Power control by SCR.
Integrated Circuit Fabrication: Monolithic Integrated-circuit technology, Planner process,
fabrication of BJT, MOSFET, diodes, Integrated-circuit resistors, capacitors.
Semiconductor Devices: MOSFET, CMOS, Power MOS, UJT, SCR, triac, diac, IGBT.
Operational Amplifiers: Instrumentation amplifiers, Practical integrator and differentiator,
Log and anti-log amplifier, Multiplier and Divider, RC active filters-first and second order
low pass and high pass filter, band pass and band elimination filter.
Module-II
Network Analysis: Constant k low pass, high pass; band pass and band elimination filters, m
derived filters, propagation constants, characteristic impedance for T and  sections, neper
and decibel.

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Noise: Different sources of noise; signal to noise ratio; definition and calculation of noise
figure.
Amplitude Modulation: basic concepts of modulation, sidebands; double sideband, single
sideband and carrier suppressed mode of transmission; power relation; modulation index,
typical circuits for generation and detection of amplitude modulated waves; envelope and
average detection, generation and detection of suppressed carrier type AM signals. VSB AM
and QAM technique in TV broadcasting.
Angle Modulation: Concepts of frequency and phase modulation, Frequency spectrum;
bandwidth; reactance tube and p-n junction methods of generation of FM waves; Armstrong
system; demodulation by staggered tuned and Foster Seeley discriminator circuits,
equivalence between PM and FM.
Module-III
Digital circuits: Encoders, Decoders, tri-state devices, A/D converters-parallel comparator,
Successive Approximation, Dual-slope.
Elements of Microprocessors : Review of 8085 μP, functions of ALU, Flags, ALE and
different registers; instruction set; Assembly language programming; machine cycle; op-code
fetch, memory read, memory write and timing diagram; Memory: FF or Latch as storage
elements; array of memory elements; addressing of registers; memory map and address lines,
absolute and partial decoding and multiple address ranges.
Transmission Lines, Waveguides and Microwaves oscillators: Parallel wire and coaxial
lines; transmission line equation; characteristic impedance; propagation constant; high
frequency transmission lines; travelling wave interpretation; VSWR; Coefficient of
reflection; principle of stub line matching; directional coupler; Rectangular waveguide;
waveguide modes; resonant cavities; reflex klystron; magnetron.

References:
1. Malvino and Leach: Digital Principles and Applications – Tata McGraw Hill
2. Streetman : Solid State Electronic Devices – Prentice Hall India
3. Gaekwad : Op –Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits – Prentice Hall India
4. Taub and Schilling: Digital Integrated Electronics – McGraw Hill Kogakusha
5. Kennedy : Electronic Communication Systems – Tata McGraw Hill
6. D. Roy Chowdhuri and Jain, Linear Integrated Circuits, New Age International (P) Ltd.
7. Milman and Grable, Microelectronics. Tata McGraw-Hill
8. R P Jain, Modern Digital Electronics, Tata McGraw-Hill
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9. J D Ryder, Electronic Fundamentals and applications, PHI
10. J D Ryder, Networks, Lines and Fields, PHI
11. Gaonkar: Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications with 8085, PRI
12. Roddy and Coolen, Electronic Communications, Pearson
13. Samuel Y. Liao, Microwave Devices and Circuits, Pearson
14. B. C. Sarkar and S. Sarkar, Analog Electronics, Damodar Prakashani
15. B. C. Sarkar and S. Sarkar, Digital Electronics
16. Ram: Fundamentals of Microprocessors and Microcomputers – D. Rai and Sons
17. Sarkar: Microwave Propagation and Technique – S. Chand

COR105 General Practical I

Course Outcome: This course aims at performing Nuclear, optics, electronics and solid
state physics experiments by the students. Hands on experiments in the concerned
equipments will give the students the ability of the theoretical understanding.

Course Contents

Nuclear Physics and Advanced Optics (Group A students only)

List of Experiments:

1. a) Determination of the Plateau region of a GM tube. (b) Analysis of statistical fluctuations

at low and high count rates.

2. Determination of the half-life of a long lived radioactive sample (40K).

3. Study of gamma absorption in Aluminium and Lead using a GM tube and determination of
the mass absorption coefficient.

4. Study of beta absorption in Aluminium using a GM tube and determination of range and
energy of beta particles.

5. a) Calibration of a Michelson interferometer using Na-D lines as standard.

b) Measurement of d between Na-D lines.

c) Determination of refractive index/thickness of a thin sheet of a transparent material.

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6. Study of spectra of Hydrogen atom using a constant deviation spectrograph/spectrometer,
to identify the Rydberg series and to construct its energy level diagram.

7. Study of the molecular spectra of I2 in absorption and determination of the dissociation

energy.

8. Study of emission spectra of Cu and to determine the energy diagram with possible
transition.

9. Study of the Zeeman splitting of Na-D lines using a constant deviation spectroscope and
Fabry-Perot etalon.

Electronics and Solid State Physics (Group B students only)

List of Experiments:

1. Construction of a power supply with semiconductor devices, zener diodes and using an
emitter follower and to study its performance ripple factor, line and load regulations.

2. Construction of a single stage common emitter voltage amplifier, measurement of its gain,
input and output impedances and the determination of the gain-bandwidth product using R-C
coupling.

3. Experiments on Diac, Triac, SCR and UJT

4. Design and construction of a stable multivibrator and the study of its characteristics and
performance.

5. Experiments on Modulation and demodulation.

6. Study of characteristics of FET and MOSFET and use of these as source followers.

7. Study of velocity of sound by ultrasonic interferometer

8. Study of thermal conductivity of nanofluid.

9. Study of viscosity of nanofluid.

10. Study of ferromagnetic Curie temperature of nickel.

References:

1. Laboratory manual

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AECC Instrumentation methods

Course Outcome: Students will be able to familiarize experimental methods of some

sophisticated instruments and interpret the experimental data.

Course content:

Module I

Linear and nonlinear curve fitting, chi-square test.

Particle detectors : Principle of Gas filled detector, ionization chamber, scintillation detector
and Solid state detectors , Energy Measurements, Signal processing; Multi channel analyzer;
Time of flight technique; Coincidence measurements true-to-chance ratio; time resolution.
Counting Statistics and Error Prediction: Characterization of Data, Statistical Models,
Application of Statistical Models, Error Propagation, Optimization of Counting Experiments,
Limits of Detectability.
Module II

Structural and optical properties characterization of materials (XRD, FTIR, UV, PL)

Production and measurement of high vacuum: pumps and gauges

Very High and very low Temperature production and measurement: High temperature
furnaces, Cryogenics (brief idea), different thermometers

High magnetic fields production and measurement: superconducting coil magnet, pulse
magnetic field, vibrating sample magnetometer, SQUID

Semester II
COR206 Electrodynamics and plasma

Course Outcome: The students will learn advanced knowledge of electromagnetic fields
and radiation, propagation and scattering of electromagnetic waves. They will learn
collective behaviour of charged particles and their dynamics in electromagnetic field which
helps to study the basic working model of plasma.

Course Content:

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 Module I

Electromagnetic Fields : Maxwell’s equations & Pointing’s theorem (mention only),

Conservation of linear and angular momentum - Maxwell’s stress tensor, scalar and vector
potentials, gauge transformations-Lorentz gauge and Coulomb gauge, the inhomogeneous
wave equations - solution of inhomogeneous wave equations by Green’s function;
retarded and advanced solutions; Multipole expansion of localized charge distributions,
Magnetic monopole.

Multipole Radiations: Electric and magnetic dipole field and radiation of a localized
oscillating source; Hertz potential and corresponding field equations; Multipole expansion
of the electromagnetic field; Electric quadrupole radiations; Sources of multipole
radiation-multipole moments.
Module II

Moving Charge: Lienard-Wiechert potentials, the field of a uniformly moving point charge;
convection potential and virtual photons.

Radiation from an Accelerated Charge : Fields of an accelerated charge; angular and

frequency distributions of the emitted radiation; special cases of acceleration-parallel and
perpendicular (circular orbit) to velocity; Larmor’s formula and its relativistic
generalization; Bremsstrahlung; Cerenkov radiation; radiation reaction; electromagnetic
mass.

Module III

Scattering: Radiation damping; scattering by a free electron; scattering and absorption of

radiation by a harmonically bound electron; scattering of electromagnetic waves from a
system of charges, coherent and incoherent Bragg diffraction.
Magneto-hydrodynamics and Plasma Physics : Conducting fluid in a magnetic field;
freezing in of lines of force; MHD equations; magnetic pressure; magnetic viscosity;
pinch effect; Alfven waves; plasma oscillations; screened potential and Debye length.

COR207 Advanced Quantum Mechanics

Course Outcome: The students will be able to understand the underlying mechanics of
different phenomena through approximation method, scattering theory, symmetry. They

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will be introduced to the basics of quantum computation. They will also learn quantum
mechanics for high energy particles in relativistic scale.

Course Content:

Module-I

Approximation methods: Variational method for stationary state problems; Time -

independent perturbation theory -non-degenerate and degenerate cases; Time-dependent
perturbation theory -transition amplitude; constant and harmonic perturbations; Fermi’s
golden rule; WKB approximation; Adiabatic and sudden approximations; Applications.

Scattering theory: Scattering amplitude; differential and total cross-sections; Scattering in a

spherically symmetric potential partial -wave analysis; phase shift its evaluation; Born
approximation; hard sphere scattering.

Symmetries: Symmetry operations as unitary and anti-unitary transformations; conservation

laws from invariance principles; Discrete symmetries; reflection, inversion and parity;
intrinsic parity; time reversal; Kramers degeneracy.

Module-II

Quantum Computation: Bits and Qubits; Quantum Cryptography; Bloch sphere

representation of a Qubit, Multiple Qubits; Quantum Circuits: Single Qubit Gates, Multiple
Qubit Gates, Design of Quantum Circuits; Quantum Teleportation; Experimental realization
of Quantum Teleportation; Quantum Computation; Logical Operations on Quantum
Registers; A real Quantum Computer.

Relativistic Quantum Mechanics: Klein-Gordon Equation: Continuity equation and

indefinite norm; free particle solutions; negative energy-momentum solutions and their
interpretation, non-relativistic reduction and interpretation of Klein-Gordon equation; the
charged Klein-Gordon field; the interaction of a spin-0 particle with an electromagnetic field;
spin of the KG particle; invariance properties.

Module-III

Dirac equation: the conjugate Dirac equation; continuity equation; non-relativistic

correspondence; spin; helicity and magnetic moment of the Dirac particle. Lorentz covariance
for the Dirac particle; gamma matrices, their different representations and properties; bilinear

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covariant; free particle solutions and their representation; negative energy solutions and hole
theory; positron.

References:

1. David Griffiths: Introduction to Quantum Mechanics -Pearson Education

2. L. Schiff: Quantum Mechanics -McGraw Hill Kogakusha

3. E. Merzbacher : Quantum Mechanics -John Wiley

4. J. J. Sakurai : Modern Quantum Mechanics -Addison Wesley

5. Schwabl: Quantum Mechanics -Narosa

6. Bransden and Joachain : Introduction to Quantum Mechanics -Longmans

7. Landau and lifshitz : Quantum Mechanics -Pergamon

8. Davydov : Quantum Mechanics –Pergamon

9. Gasiorowicz: Quantum Physics -John Wiley

10. Baym : Lecture Notes on Quantum Mechanics -Benjamin

11. Schweber : Relativistic Quantum Field Theory -Harper and Row

12. Bjorken and Drell : Relativistic Quantum Mechanics -McGraw Hill

13. Greiner : Relativistic Quantum Mechanics -Springer.

14. Ghatak and Lokanathan : Quantum Mechanics, Theory and Applications –Macmillan

15. Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, M. A. Nielsen & I. Chuang,

Cambridge University Press (2000)

16. G. Greenstein and A. G. Zajonc The Quantum Challenge Modern Research on the
Foundations of Quantum Mechanics-Narosa Publishing House

17. J.Preskill, Notes on Quantum Computation.

18. Mikio Nakahara and Tetsuo Ohmi,"Quantum Computing", CRC Press (2008).

COR208 Statistical Mechanics

Course Outcome: The students will be able to understand different physical phenomena in
the context of statistical definition. In this course, the students will experience the rigorous

15
approach of Statistical Mechanics to explore interesting phenomenon like Bose-Einstein
Condensation, super fluidity etc. They will learn to apply classical and quantum statistical
mechanics to explain physical phenomena.
Course content:
Module-I
Review: Random Walk, phase space, phase points, Phase trajectory, Ensemble, Liouville’s
equation, Gibbs paradox; Free energy, entropy.
Stationary ensembles: Micro canonical, canonical and grand canonical ensembles. Partition
function and statistical definition of thermodynamic quantities; computation of partition
functions of some standard systems- ideal gas, Harmonic oscillators, rigid rotators, Para
magnetism.; relation between density of states and partition function; spin ½ system and
negative temperature; grand canonical ensemble and its partition function; chemical potential;
dependence of different thermodynamic quantities on the number of particles; energy
fluctuations in the canonical ensemble and the equivalence of the canonical and the
microcanonical ensembles; density fluctuations in the grand canonical ensemble and its
equivalence to the canonical ensemble. Partition function and distribution for perfect gas.
Density Matrix: Quantum mechanical and statistical averaging, quantum Liouville equation,
Density matrix for stationary ensembles. Construction of density matrix, Polarization vector,
Pure and Mixed states, Application to a free particle in a box, an electron in a magnetic field,
beam of spin ½ particles.
Module-II
Quantum Statistics: Fermi and Bose distributions; quantum gas in equilibrium; quantum
gases of elementary particles; number density and chemical potential; energy density,
equation of state and different thermodynamic quantities; relativistic quantum gas; black
body radiation and Planck’s law; degenerate Bose gas; lattice specific heat and phonons;
Bose condensation and super fluidity; quantum liquid with Bose-type spectrum, example of
liquid He; degenerate Fermi gas; degeneracy pressure; specific heat of degenerate Fermi gas;
Riemann’s (z) and integrals of quantum statistics : relativistic degenerate electron gas; high
temperature dense matter; white dwarfs and neutron stars.

Module-III
Real Gas: Free energy; virial equation of state; second virial coefficient and Joule Thomson
expansion; inversion temperature, model calculation and van der Waals equation of state.

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Ising Model: One dimensional and three dimensional Ising Model, Bragg-William
approximation, Bethe-Peierl approximation, Specific heat, high temperature expansion.
Phase Transitions: Liquid-gas, order-disorder, ferroelectric and ferromagnetic transitions;
critical points; Ehrenfest’s classification; order parameter; continuous and discontinuous
transactions; Landau’s theory of continuous transitions; continuity of entropy; discontinuity
of specific heat; singularities of order parameter and partition function; generalized
susceptibility; mean field theory; critical exponents; scaling and fluctuations of order
parameter.

References:
1. Landau and Lifshitz: Statistical Mechanics – Pergamon
2. Toda, Kubo and Saito: Statistical Physics – Springer Verlag.
3. Reif: Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics – McGraw Hill.
4. Pathria: Statistical Mechanics – Pergamon.
5. Ma: Statistical Mechanics – World Scientific.
6. Huang: Statistical Mechanics – John Wiley

COR209 General Practical II

Nuclear Physics and Advanced Optics ( Group B students only)

List of Experiments Given in COR105

Electronics and Solid State Physics ( Group A students only)

List of Experiments Given in COR105

GEC Applied Physics (CBCS)

Course outcome: The students of other science subjects will have an overview of the basic
Physics .

Course content:

Module-I

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Basic Physics: Newtonian mechanics: Vectors; Newton’s laws of motion; Force and
acceleration; Work, Energy, Power; Newton’s laws of Gravitation; Projectiles; Friction;
Circular motion; Moment of Inertia.

Ray optics: Reflection and Refraction at a plane boundary; Refractive index; Snell’s law;
Fermat’s principle; Image formation by reflection at a spherical boundary; Concave and
Convex mirrors; Lenses.

Wave Optics: Interference, Diffraction, polarization

Elements of electricity and magnetism: Electric field and potential, Gauss law, BiotSavart
law, Ampere Circuital law, Maxwell’s equation, Electromagnetic wave

Modern physics and relativity: Structure of atoms and nucleus, Radioactivity, Fission,
Fusion, Superconductivity, Special theory of relativity.

Module-II

Applied Quantum Mechanics: Basics: Schrödinger equation, Measurements, Expectation

values, Stationary states,

Approximation methods: Variational principle, Time independent and Time dependent

perturbation theory; WKB approximation.

Some elementary examples: (a) Free electrons in one dimension,  - states in benzene; free
electrons in three dimensions. (b) Quantum slabs, wires and dots; quantum wells. (c) The
hydrogen atom problem.

Molecules: (a) The Li2 molecule: LCAO or tight binding states; bonding and anti-bonding
State (b) Molecular orbitals; Polar bonds; Non-orthogonal and overlap repulsion. (c) The
physics of N2 , CO and CO2 ; cohesion;  -bonds; sp hybrids and  -bonds.

Module - III

Data and error analysis: The presentation of physical quantities with their inaccuracies
(measuring errors and uncertainties), Classification and propagation of errors.

Probability distributions: Binomial distribution; Poisson distribution; Gaussian or Normal

distribution; Lorentzian distribution; the central limit theorem.

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Processing of experimental data: Distribution function of a data series; the average and the
mean squared deviation of a data series; estimates for mean and variance; 2 Test of a
distribution; handling data with unequal weights.

Fitting functions to data: Dependent and independent variables, method of least squares,
fitting to a polynomial, minimizing 2 for Goodness of Fit, Linear-Correlation Coefficient.

Numerical Methods: Polynomial Interpolation, Numerical Differentiation and Integration,

Roots of Nonlinear Equations.

Semester III
COR310 Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy
Course Outcome: On completion of the course, the student should be able to achieve
advanced knowledge about the interactions of electromagnetic radiation and matter and
their applications in spectroscopy. They will have the knowledge of basics formalisms of
LASER and their properties.
Course content:
Module-I
Atomic Spectroscopy : One electron atom : Hydrogen spectrum; spectral series limit and
term values; Ritz combination principle; summary of Bohr-Somerfield model; semi-classical
treatments of relativistic corrections and spin-orbit interaction; Thomas correction; non-
relativistic limit of Dirac equation; existence of intrinsic spin and anomalous magnetic
moment; Dirac – Coulomb problem; relativistic spin-orbit and Darwin terms; correction to
Bohr-Somerfield term values; fine structure constant; Lamp-Rutherford splitting; evaluation
of integrals < r1/k >nl; features of alkali spectrum; double structure; Born Heisenberg
approximation; induced dipole field; quantum defects Rydberg and Ritz terms; X-ray
spectrum and screening.
Module-II
Many Electron atoms: Schrödinger equation for many electrons system; central field
approximation; product function and Hartee equation; Pauli exclusion principle; Slater
determinant; Hartree-Fock approximation; exchange integral; Koopmans theorem, Aufbau
principle and the periodic table, Electronic configuration; multiplicity of terms; Russel
Saunders coupling; Hunds rule; Lande interval rule; j-j coupling; land g factor, Thomas Fermi
approximation.

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Atoms in External Electric and Magnetic Fields: Zeeman and Paschen Back effects; Stark
effect in hydrogen. Electron-Nucleus interaction: Effect of nuclear spin; hyperfine structure
of atomic spectrum; 133Cs clock.

Module-III
Molecular structure and Spectra: Adiabatic approximation and separation of electronic and
nuclear motions; Hund-Mülliken and exchange integral; covalent bond of homonuclear
molecules; hybridization and directed valence bond of carbon.
Electronic terms in molecules: Relation between atomic and molecular terms. Vibrational
and rotational structures of singlet terms in diatomic molecules; anharmonicity and rotation
vibration coupling; angular part of a singlet wave function for a diatomic molecule; multiplet
structures in diatomic molecules and Hund’s schemes; symmetry of molecules; Λ doubling.
Rotational and Vibrational Energy Levels: Quantization of rotation of a rigid body;
rotational spectrum and bond length measurements; rotation-vibration spectrum; Frank
Condon principle; Condon parabola; Fortrat diagram P, Q and R branches; band head; fine
structure. Fluorescence and phosphorescence; photo dissociation; Raman spectrum.
LASER: basic principle of laser; interaction of atomic system and radiation-density matrix of
two-level systems; atomic susceptibility; line shape; saturation; spontaneous and induced
transitions; gain coefficient; homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening; beam stability;
optical resonators and resonance frequency; oscillation condition; threshold inversion; oscillation
frequency; power output.
Specific Laser Systems: Semiconductor diode laser; quantum well laser; free electron laser.

References:
1. Bransden and Joachain : Physics of Atoms and molecules – Longmans.
2. Condon and Odabasi : Atomic Structure – Cambridge.
3. Condon and Shortley : Theory of Atomic Spectra – Cambridge.
4. Bethe and Salpeter : Quantum Mechanics of One and two Electron Atoms Springer Verlag.
5. Slater : Quantum theory of Molecules and Atomic Structure, Vols. I and II-McGraw Hill.
6. Slater : Quantum Theory of Molecules and Solids, Vol. I-McGraw Hill.
7. Landau and Lifshitz : Quantum Mechanics Non-relativistic theory – Pergamon.
8. Berestetskii, Lifshitz and Pitaevski : Relativistic Quantum Theory-Pergamon.
9. Davydov : Quantum Mechanics – Pergamon.

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COR311 Solid State Physics

Course Outcome: This course aims at attaining the knowledge of matter in the condensed
phase, their structural, electrical, and magnetic properties. The students will be able to
compute parameters related to extent and nature of crystallinity, conductivity, defects etc
and the way these affect some basic properties.

Course Contents:

Module I

Crystal symmetry and diffraction: Macroscopic and microscopic symmetry elements,

Point groups, Space groups, Equivalent points, Braggs Law; in reciprocal lattice and
Brillouin Zones, Laue derivation of amplitude of scattered wave; Equivalence of Bragg’s law
and Laue’s condition, Ewald construction Geometrical structure factor and atomic form
factor, Structure factor calculations of some novel metals and compounds with SC, BCC,
FCC, HCP, NaCl, ZnS and diamond crystal structures,

Imperfection in solids: Different types of defects and dislocation, point defects and line
defects, Frenkel and Schottky defects, defects by non-stoichiometry; electrical conductivity
of ionic crystals; classifications of dislocations; role of dislocations in plastic deformation and
crystal growth. Luminescence and phosphors, decay mechanisms, thermoluminiscence,
thalium activated alkali halides; Colour centers and photoconductivity; electron compounds;
Excitons.

Crystal Binding: General considerations about bonding: ionic bonds, covalent bond, van der
Walls-Fluctuating dipole forces-or molecular bonding, metallic bonding, hydrogen bonds.

Module II

Transport Properties: Boltzmann transport equation; electrical conductivity of metals and

alloys; thermal conductivity of metals and insulators; Wiedemann-Franz law; isothermal Hall
effect; quantum Hall effect.

Energy bands in solids: The Bloch theorem; Bloch functions; Review of the Kronig-Penney
model; Brillouin zones; Band gap in the nearly free electron model;The tight binding model;
Empty lattice band; Number of states in a band; Effective mass of an electron in a band:
concept of holes; Classification of metal, semiconductor and insulator; Electronic band

21
structures in solids - Nearly free electron bands; Tight binding method – application to a
simple cubic lattice; Band structures in copper, GaAs and silicon; Topology of Fermi-surface;
Electron dynamics in an electric field.Cyclotron resonance and determination of Effective
mass. Concept of hole.

Module III

Magnetic properties of solids: Semiclassical treatment of paramagnetism for J=1/2,

Brillouin function-van Vleck paramagnetism; ground state of an ion and Hund's rules; crystal
field splitting and quenching of orbital momentum; Pauli Spin Paramagnetism of Metals;
ferromagnetism in insulators; spontaneous magnetization; exchange interactions;
antiferromagnetic order; ferrimagnetism; Colossal and Giant magnetoresistance.

Dielectric relaxation: Dielectric solid in static and alternating electric fields; losses;
relaxation times; Complex dielectric constant and dielectric losses, relaxation time; Debye
equations; Cases of distribution of relaxation time; Cole - Cole distribution parameter;
Dielectric modulus; Ferro-electricity; different models and thermodynamic treatment of
phase change. Thermo-electricity; electrets.

Phenomenological description of superconductivity: Occurrence of superconductivity;

destruction of superconductivity by magnetic field; Thermodynamics of superconductivity;
Gibbs free energy; entropy; heat capacity; qualitative description of formation cooper pair
and outline of BCS theory and BCS Hamiltonian; energy gap and its experimental evidences;
Giaver tunnelling; Flux quantisation; a.c. and d.c. Josephson effect; Vortex state (qualitative
discussions); High Tc superconductors (information and qualitative description).

Reference book:

1. Aschroft and Mermin: Solid State Physics – Saunders

2. C. Kittel : Introduction to Solid State Physics – John Wiley

3. Azaroff: Introduction to Solids – Tata McGrawHill.

4. J. Dekker: Solid State Physics- Macmillan.

5. Ali Omar: Elementary Solid State Physics: Principles and Applications – Addison Wesley.

6. D.L. Bhattacharyya: Solid State Physics – Calcutta Book House.

22
7. Srivastava: Elements of Solid State Physics – Prentice Hall India.

8. Pillai: Solid State Physics – New Age International.

8. Keer:Principlesof Solid State – Wiley Eastern

COR312 Nuclear Physics

Course Outcome: The students will learn an in-depth description of the nucleus and its
various properties. They will be able to describe the structure of the nucleus and the nature
of the interaction that keeps the nucleus bound.

Course Content:

Module-I
Basic nuclear properties: mass; Change; parity; isospin; binding energy; separation energy.
Nuclear size: Rutherford scattering, electron scattering and form factors, charge density
radius and potential radius, Wood-Saxon potential, experimental methods of determination.
Static Electric and Magnetic Moments of a Nucleus; magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole
moments. experimental determination.
Liquid Drop Model: properties of the model; the semi-empirical mass formula and its
application to considerations of nuclear stability, Degenerate Fermi Gas Model applications.
Nuclear Disintegrations: Nuclear Emission: Penetration of potential barrier; nature of
barrier for neutrons, protons and alpha particles; Gamow’s theory of alpha disintegration and
calculation of reduced widths and decay half-lives. Beta Decay- Fermi theory; Kurie plot ;
log fvalues, classification and selection rules; Gamma disintegration and selection rule.
Interaction of charged particles with matter: ionization formula, range-energy
relationship, charged particle detectors, energy measurement and identification of charged
particles.
Module-II
Deuteron: Properties of the deuteron; ground and excited states of deuteron with square-well
potential; deuteron radius and probability.
Scattering Problem: n-p scattering at low energies; effective range formula and scattering
length, shape-independent approximation; modification of effective range for deuteron bound
state; scattering by hard sphere and finite square-well potential. p-p scattering at low

23
energies; identity of particles, antisymmetrization of wavefunction; comparison with n-p
scattering; interference between nuclear and Coulomb forces; effective range. n-n scattering;
charge-independence and charge symmetry, mirror nuclei, exchange forces and saturation,
repulsive core; Relative stability of the n-n, n-p, and p-p systems.
Structure of Complex Nuclei: Shell Model: Evidence of shell structure; magic numbers;
effective single particle potentials (square-well and harmonic oscillator); extreme single-
particle model- its successes and failures in predicting ground state spin, parity and magnetic
moments; Nordheim’s rules; Schmidt limits, anomalous magnetic moments of nucleons and
qualitative discussions about their origin. Collective Model: Evidence of collective motion;
nature of vibrational and rotational spectra; qualitative discussion in terms of phonons and
rigid rotators; quadrupole moments of deformed even-even nucleus.
Module-III
Nuclear Reactions: Classification; conservation principles; kinematics and Q-values;
exoergic and endorgic reactions; threshold energy, Experimental setup; cross sections –
elastic, inelastic, reaction, total; principle of detailed balance; Partial wave method of
calculating cross sections. Compound Nuclear Reactions: characteristics; resonance and
compound nucleus formation; one level Breit Wigner formula;
Direct Reactions: characteristics; types of direct reactions with examples elastic, inelastic,
transfer, stripping, pick-up, knock on and break-up reactions (qualitative discussion with
example).
Nuclear Fission: Spontaneous and induced fissions; elementary discussion of Bohr-Wheeler
theory; barrier penetration and decay rates in fission; mass distribution of decay products;
fission isomers.
Nuclear Fusion and thermo nuclear reaction: Source of energy in stars, Nucleo-synthesis.

References:

1. M. K. Pal: Theory of Nuclear structure (EWA press)

2. Cohen: Concepts of Nuclear Physics (Tata McGraw Hill)
3. Wong: Introductory Nuclear Physics (Prentice Hall)
4. Blatt and Weiskopff : Theoretical Nuclear Physics (Dover)
5. Evans: The Atomic Nucleus (McGraw Hill)
6. Roy and Nigam: Nuclear Physics (New Age International)
7. S. N. Ghoshal: Nuclear Physics (S Chand Publication)

24
8. Preston and Bhaduri: Structure of the Nucleus (Levant Books)
9. Y.M. Jana: An Introduction to Nuclear Physics (Narosa, New Delhi)
10. Krane: Introductory Nuclear Physics (Wiley India, New Delhi).

COR 313 Elementary Particle Physics and quantum field theory

Course Outcome: The students will be able to classify the elementary particles giving the
correct quantum number assignments to all quark and lepton flavours. They will able to
discuss qualitatively the relationship between symmetries and conservation laws. The
student is expected to obtain insight into the most important aspects of quantum field
theories after finishing the course.

Course Content:

Module I

Brief history of particle discovery, Relativistic Kinematics and Mandelstam variables.

parity; charge conjugation and charge parity; G-parity, time reversal invariance and the
principle of detailed balance; CPT theorem (statement only) and its consequences;
strangeness; Gell-Mann Nishijima formula,; hypercharge; Properties of Charged Pions and
Muons decay modes: measurement of charge, spin, parity, lifetime of pions and muons,

Methods of determination of mass, spin, parity and other quantum numbers of other particles
(Principles only). quark structure of baryons and mesons; charm, beauty and truth prediction
of ; mass formula; baryon and meson resonances , quarkonium; Pauli principle and the
colour of quarks. Gluons as mediators in quark quark interaction. Role of Neutrino in parity
non-conservation in beta decay; Wu’s experiment, Muon Decay and time dilation, Different
types of neutrinos.

Module-II

Quantum Mechanics of Fields and Many Particle Systems (Second Quantization) Identical
particles: Bosons and Fermions; Symmetric and antisymmetric many body wave functions.

Method of Second Quantization : Lagrangian formalism; Noethers theorem; in-variance

under transformations and operator requirements; quantization of a field obeying
Schrödinger’s equation; quantum conditions for boson and fermion fields; occupation number
representation and Fock space; method of writing one and two body operators in the second

25
quantized notation. Quantization of Klein-Gordon Field:Single component free Hermitian
scalar field; plane wave and spherical wave decompositions; energy, momentum and
displacement operators; symmetry of states; non-hermitian scalar field; charge operator;
particles and antiparticles.

Module-III

Quantization of Dirac Field: Plane wave representation; quantum conditions; energy and
momentum operators; positivity of energy; current and charge operators symmetrisation.

Quantization of the Electromagnetic Field:Maxwell’s equations and the electromagnetic field

tensor; quantization in the radiation gauge; transverse photon.

Interacting Fields: Brief discussion; quantized electromagnetic field interacting with a

classical source; application to atomic transition probabilities; scattering of radiation
(Compton Effect); S matrix and the evolution operator.

Books:

1. Relativistic Quantum Field Theory-Harper and Row.

2. Bjorken and Drell : Relativistic Quantum Mechanics-McGraw Hill.

3. Bjorken and Drell : Relativistic Quantum Fields-McGraw Hill.

4. Greiner : Relativistic Quantum Mechanics-Springer.

5. A.K Das : Lectures on Quanyum Field Theory

6. P.B Pal and Lahiri : Quantum Field Theory

DSE301 Advanced Practical (I)

Course Outcome: This course aims at performing some advanced Nuclear, solid state
physics, electronics experiments by the students. Hands on experiments in the concerned
equipments will give the students the ability of the theoretical understanding.

Course Contents

(Any six practical should be done taking at least one practical from each section)

A. Solid State Physics

26
1. To measure the electrical conductivity of a sample by the four probe method and to study
the variation of conductivity with temperature.

2. a) to determine the Hall coefficient, electrical conductivity, mobility and carrier

concentration in a given material. b) To determine its magnetoresistance.

3. To determine the susceptibility of single crystals by Goe’s method.

4. To use ESR for the study of solids.

5. Study of ferroelectric properties of solids by P-E loop tracer.

B. Nuclear Physics

1. Beta spectroscopy with a magnetic spectrometer, obtaining the Fermi-Kurie plot to

determine the maximum beta energy and shape factor correction for forbidden beta
transitions.

2. Beta spectroscopy with scintillation detectors and measurement of conversion electron

fraction.

3. Gamma spectroscopy with scintillation detectors using single-channel and multichannel

analyzers: a) Study of resolution at different amplifier gains, (b) Energy calibration for a
fixed gain, c) Study of spectrum of 22Na source and determination of the activity from sum
peak analysis.

4. Measurement of the thickness of a thin foil from alpha energy loss.

5. Beta-gamma coincidence measurements: study of decay schemes and lifetime of nuclear

levels.

6. Gamma-gamma coincidence measurements: angular correlation of the two positron

annihilation gammas from 22Na source.

7. Study of angle dependence of Compton shift and scattering cross section and determination
of the classical electron radius.

8. Study of alpha scattering from metal targets and verification of the Rutherford formula and
identification of the target element.

C. Electronics

27
1. Study of the characteristics of a solar cell.

2. a) To setup a microwave bench and to measure the guide wavelength for verifying

the relation between  and g b) Study of Horn antenna using microwaves.

3. Measurement of attenuation in optical fibres.

4. a) Solving problems by writing programmes in assembly language and to verify these with
8085 μP and 8086 μP kits. (b) Interfacing of a keyboard, seven segment display, an A/D
converter and a stepper motor with an 8085μP kit.

5. Study of transmission line characteristics.

6. Study of A/D and D/A conversion

SEC Advanced Computer Application

Course Outcome: This advance course aims to acquaint students with computer
programming and numerical analysis. Through this course, students will be able to learn
the useful computational techniques to find out solutions to the physical problems.
Course content:
1. Plotting of functions and data; fitting etc. using gnuplot/origin etc.
2. Revision of numerical methods for integration, finding roots of equation, solving
simultaneous linear differential equations, least squares fitting, interpolation, solving
differential equations (Euler method).

3. Use of standard subroutines :

(i) Runge kutta method for solving differential equations (example : anharmonic
oscillator).
(ii) Matrix diagonalisation; matrix inversion (eigenvalue problem)
Monte Carlo methods. Applications in
1. Random number generation from different distributions: uniform, Gaussian etc;
2. Numerical integration: Trapezoidal Rule, Simpson 1/3 etc.

Books
1. Tanja van Mourik : Fortran 90/95 Programming Manual
2. A. C. Marshall, J. S. Morgan and J. L. Schonfelder : Fortran 90 Course Notes

28
 3. V. Rajaraman: Computer Oriented Numerical Methods
4. J.M. McCulloch and M.G. Salvadori: Numerical Methods in Fortran
5. R. L. Burden and J. D. Faires : Numerical Methods.
6. Abhijit Kar Gupta : Python

Semester IV
DSE402 A. Nuclear Physics
Course Outcome: This course is an advanced course in Nuclear Physics developed in
continuation with the Semester-III. After completion of this course, the students will have
advanced knowledge on Nuclear Reactions nucleon-nucleon scattering, reactions of
nucleons and nuclei with heavy ions at low energies (MeV), different nuclear models.
Contents:
Module-I
Two-nucleon interactions: Scattering: Spin-dependence of the interaction  singlet and
triplet scattering lengths; coherent scattering from ortho and para-hydrogen; singlet state of
the deuteron; high energy n-p, p-p, n-n scattering; Serber force and Jastrows idea of repulsive
core.
Deuteron problem: Electric quadrupole and magnetic moments of the deuteron using
intrinsic wave-function; Tensor force and the Rarita-Schwinger equations.
Meson-physics: Yukawa’s hypothesis, OPEP, OBEP, Lippmann Schwinger equation,
charged and neutral pion exchange, T-matrix; pseudo-scalar meson field, Derivation of
OPEP.
Electro-Magnetic Transitions: Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter, E-type
and M-type multiple transitions, rate, selection rules, single particle transition, internal
conversion, coefficient and rate, internal pair creation, angular correction.

Module-II
Nuclear Shell model: Residual interaction; justification of Nordheim’s rules; configuration
mixing; antisymmetrization of wave-functions of two and three nucleons in unfilled shell;
Pairing interaction and its effects; Electro-magnetic transition in the Shell model.
Collective Model: Collective modes of vibrational and rotational modes; Hamiltonian of a
deformed nucleus and its separation into vibrational and rotational parts;  and -vibrations;
rotation- vibration coupling; collective spectra of nuclei.

29
Unified Model: Coupling of collective and individual particle modes; rotation-particle
coupling; Nilsson model (qualitative).

Module-III
Nuclear Reactions: Compound Nuclear Reactions; Formation and decay; multilevel Breit-
Wigner formula; Weiskopff-Ewing formula; continuum stats; Evaporation model; level
density, Erickson’s formula; Nuclear temperature; Hauser-Feshbach formalism.
Direct reactions: Formalism: PWBA and DWBA; method of coupled channels; form factors
and spectroscopic factors connection with nuclear structure (calculation of a single-nucleon
transfer reaction).
Optical Model: Its properties and calculation of its parameters; Phenomenological optical
model, Feshbach’s formalism.
Heavy ion reactions: Information obtained from these reactions; the applicability of classical
approach; Coulomb excitation and scattering; grazing collisions, head-on collisions and their
features; WKB method of calculating cross-sections; fusion reactions; exotic model.

References:
1. M. K. Pal : Theory of Nuclear structure (EWA press)
2. Cohen : Concepts of Nuclear Physics (Tata McGraw Hill )
3. Wong : Introductory Nuclear Physics (Prentice Hall)
4. Blatt and Weiskopff : Theoretical Nuclear Physics (Dover)
5. Evans : The Atomic Nucleus (McGraw Hill)
6. Roy and Nigam : Nuclear Physics (New Age International)
7. S. N. Ghoshal : Nuclear Physics (S Chand Publication)
8. Preston and Bhaduri : Structure of the Nucleus (Levant Books)
9. Y.M. Jana : An Introduction to Nuclear Physics (Narosa, New Delhi)
10. Krane : Introductory Nuclear Physics (Wiley India, New Delhi).
11. Preston : Physics of the Nucleus (Addison Wesley)
12. Greiner and Maruhn : Nuclear Models (Springer).
12. Lilley : Nuclear Physics –Principles and Applications, (Wiley India).

DSE402 B. Advanced Electronics-I

30
Course Outcome: The course is intended to introduce to the students the different types of
electronics like solar cell, diode , CCD . The students will be able to apply their knowledge
of electronics to the various aspects of system design using the electronic circuits and to
other branches of physics.

Course Content:

Module-I

Solar Cells and LED: Advantages of using solar energy; principle of operation of a p-n
junction solar cell, equivalent circuit, energy-band diagram, I-V characteristics, open-circuit
voltage, short-circuit current, fill factor, efficiency, solution of continuity equation, spectral
response, limitations of a solar cell and methods of improvement of its performance. Photo-
diode. Direct and indirect band gap semiconductors, materials used for the fabrication of light
emitting diodes, construction and principle of operation of LED, semiconductor LASER.

MIS Diode and CCD: Energy-band diagrams for ideal metal-insulator-semiconductor diodes
in equilibrium and under different applied voltages, accumulation, depletion and inversion
cases, space-charge and electric field, differential capacitance, MIS CV curve. Charge
coupled devices (CCD): basic operation, CCD structure, two phase CCD, colour CCD

Module-II

Tunnel diode: Effect of high doping, degenerate semiconductors, energy band diagrams of a
tunnel diode in equilibrium and under different biasing conditions, current-voltage
characteristics, tunnelling current, excess current and thermal current, equivalent circuit and
input impedance.

IMPATT Diode: Principle of operation of an IMPATT diode, injection phase delay and
transit time effect; small signal analysis; equivalent circuit of the avalanche region;
impedances of the avalanche region and the drift regions.

Gunn Diode: Principle of operation of a Gunn diode, simplified band diagram of GaAs,
transferred electron mechanism, formation and drift of space-charge domains.

Optoelectronics : Classification and fabrication principles of optical fibres, Step and graded
index fibers, Wave propagation in optical fiber media, Losses in fibre, Optical fiber source

31
and detector, Optical joints and Coupler, Fiber characteristics; Basic principles of optical
fiber communication, Digital optical fiber communication system.

Module-III

Advanced Analog and Digital Circuits : Buffer, precession rectifier, Comparators;

regenerative comparator; function generator (sine, square and triangular), phase locked
loop(PLL): Phase detector, Voltage Controlled Oscillator, Block diagram of PLL, operations,
Lock-in-Range, Capture Range, Application of PLL; Switched capacitor, MOSFET
realization; idea of sequential circuit design; state diagrams, state table and synthesis of
clocked sequential circuits, programmable logic devices – PLA, PAL, GAL, Programmable
gate arrays.

Books:

1. Sze: Physics of Semiconductor Devices-Wiley Inter-science.

2. Grove: Physics and Technology of Semiconductor Devices-John Wiley.

3. Streetman: Solid State Electronic Devices-Prentice Hall India.

4. Lengyel: Introduction to Laser Physics-Wiley Inter-Science.

5. Gower: Optical Communication Systems-Prentice Hall India.

6. Keiser: Optical Fiber Communications-Tata McGraw Hill.

7. Senior: Optical Fiber Communication-Prentice Hall India.

8. Gandhi: Theory and Practice of Microelectronics-John Wiley.

9. Hovel: Solar Cells (Semiconductors and Semimetals, Vol. II)-Academic Press.

10. Green: Solar Cells-Operating Principles, Technology and System Application-Prentice

Hall.

11. D. Roy Chowdhuri and Jain, Linear Integrated Circuits, New Age International (P) Ltd.

12. Gray, Hurst, Lewis and Meyer, Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits, Wiley

13. R P Jain, Modern Digital Electronics, Tata McGraw-Hill

32
14. Milman and Grable, Microelectronics. Tata McGraw-Hill

15. Malvino and Leach: Digital Principles and Applications – Tata McGraw Hill.

DSE402 C. Solid State Physics-I

Course Outcome: Students will acquire advanced theoretical knowledge of lattice

dynamics, magnetic properties of matter, x-ay scattering and neutron scattering.
Integrating these properties, they will be able to figure out solutions for some specific
problems, generate ideas for some device fabrication and its utilization in research.
Course Contents:

Module-I

Electron states in Solids: Crystalline Solids: Pseudo potential approach; APW; OPW
(qualitative).
Non-crystalline Solids : Electronic density of states; Greens function for single and two
impurity states using tight-binding Hamiltonian; idea of Anderson localization; Scattering
diagrams; average T-matrix approximation and CPA. Vibration states and low temperature
properties of non-crystalline solids.
Lattice Dynamics: Born Oppenheimer approximation and separation of nuclear and electron
motions; inter nuclear potentials; lattice Hamiltonian, harmonic approximation, cubic and
quadratic terms; force constants and their symmetries. Dynamical matrix, normal coordinates
quantization of lattice vibration, Phonons, Grüneisen formula.

Second Quantisation: Notations and Definitions, Interaction Hamiltonian in second

quantized form; Applications of Second Quantisation.
Module-II

Diamagnetic properties of metal: Landau diamagnetism; de Hass van Alphen effect;

Quantum Hall effect
Magnetic Ordering: Exchange interaction in real systems: Domain wall and Anisotropy
energy; double exchange; super exchange; RKKY interaction.
Itinerant ferromagnetism: Exchange interactions between free electrons and exchange hole;
Band model of ferromagnetism; Stoner criterion, Temperature behaviour of a ferromagnet in
the band model; Exchange enhancement of Pauli susceptibility

33
Spin wave: Spin waves in ferromagnets; Holstein-Primakoff transformation; Dispersion
relation for magnons, magnon heat capacity. Spin waves in antiferromagnets; Ground state
energy; Dispersion relation for antiferromagnetic magnons. Magnetic phase diagram; critical
points and critical exponents.

Module-III

Magnetic Resonance and Relaxation:

Basic Theory: Quantum mechanical description of spin in a static field; rotating magnetic
field; Bloch equation and its solution in weak radio-frequency field. Local field; magnetic
dipole broadening and method of moments. Magnetic interaction of nuclei with electrons;
quenching orbital motion and chemical shift; Fermi contact interaction; Knight Shift.
Spin-lattice Relaxation: Spin temperature and spin-lattice relaxation time; relaxation of
nuclei in metals and Korringa relation.
X-ray Scattering: Debye Waller factor; fundamental and superstructure reflection
determination of long range order parameter.
Neutron scattering: Scattering cross-section; scattering from single nucleus, composite
target and crystals; elastic and inelastic scattering; incoherent and coherent scattering;
magnetic scattering of neutrons; scattering by ions with spin and angular momentum;
applications of neutron diffraction technique to identify magnetic ordering.

References:
1. Ashcroft and Mermin: Solid State Physics-Saunders.
2. Ibach and Luth: Solid State Physics – Narosa.
3. White: Quantum Theory of Magnetism – Springer Verlag.
4. Matis: Theory of Magnetism, Vol, I-Springer Verlag.
5.:Charles Kittel: Quantum Theory of Solids, John Wiley & Sons
6. Ziman; Principles of Theory of Solids – Cambridge.
7. Madelung : Solid state Physics – Springer Verlag.
8. Callaway: Quantum Theory of Solids, Vols. I and II-Academic Press.
9. Harrison: Solid State Theory – Tata McGraw Hill.
10. Azaroff : X-ray Crystallography – Academic Press.
11. Squires: Thermal Neutron Scattering – Cambridge.
12. Lovesey : Theory of Neutron Scattering – Cambridge.

34
DSE403 A. Particle Physics

Course Outcome: The course emphasizes on how the fundamental particles and their interactions
can be realized through the principles based on the special theory of relativity, quantum mechanics,
group theory and symmetry principles. After completion of this course, the students will be
equipped with the knowledge and techniques to go for the advanced courses as well as to
opt for research career in this field.

Course Content:

Module-I

Group Theory : Lie group, generators, Casimir operators, irreducible representations, U(1),
0(3), SU(2), SU(3) and SU(n), root and weight diagrams, Young tableaux. Proper and
improper Lorentz Transformations, SL(2,C) representations, Poincare group.

Hadron Structure and Strong Interactions: Group theoretical construction of hadron states
connection with quark model; SU(2) and isospin; SU(3) and hypercharge; properties of
hadrons as predicted by group theory; symmetry breaking; Gell-Mann-Nishijima-Okubo
mass formula; mixing.

Gauge Field: Gauge invariance in classical electromagnetism and quantum mechanics;

global and local gauge transformations; abelian and non-abelian gauges; examples U(1) and
SU(3); local gauge invariance; Yang Mills fields; QED.

Module-II

Electromagnetic Interactions: Perturbation Theory: Time ordered and normal ordered

products; Wicks theorem; propagators and Greens functions; vacuum expectation values; S
matrix; Dysons expansion; Feynman rules; crossing symmetry; cross-section and decay rates.

Applications of perturbation theory: Compton effect and other examples. Radiative

Corrections: one loop renormalization; regularization and power counting; renormalization-
charge, mass and vertex corrections.

Weak Interactions: Phenomenology: Parity violation and V-A interaction; calculation of

typical lifetimes (neutron, pion and muon decays). CVC and PCAC; charged and neutral
currents; sum rules; Cabbibo theory; intermediate vector bosons.

35
 Module-III

Vacuum: Goldstone theorem; spontaneous symmetry breaking; massive gauge bosons and
Higgs mechanism; electroweak interactions and the Weinberg Salam Glashow model;
Lagrangian and Feynman rules for electroweak interactions; weak electromagnetic ,W and Z
decays, lifetimes, widths and branching ratios.

Nucleon Structure: Probing a charge distribution with electrons form factors; elastic e-p
scattering nucleon from factors, inelastic lepton hadron scattering structure functions;
Bjorken scaling and partons; Adler sum rules; hadron production in e+,e-scattering, Drell
Yan process.

Quantum chromo dynamics: Non-abelian SU (3) gauge invariance and QCD; QCD
Lagrangian and Feynman rules; color; quark-quark interaction; gluons and gluon coupling;
jets; confinement and asymptotic freedom. The Standard Model: some tests for the model.

Books:

1.Halzenand Martin: Quarks and Leptons-John Wiley.

2.Bjorken and Drell: Relativistic Quantum Mechanics-McGraw Hill.

3.Bjorken and Drell: Relativistic Quantum Fields-McGraw Hill.

4.Mandl and Shaw: Quantum Field Theory-John Wiley.

5.Itzykson and Zuber: Quantum Field Theory-McGraw Hill.

6.Ryder: Quantum Field Theory-Cambridge.

7.Cheng and Li: Gauge Theories of Elementary Particle Physics-Oxford.

8.Close: An Introduction to Quarks and Partons-Academic Press.

9.Martin and Shaw: Elementary Particles-John Wiley.

10.Perkins: Introduction to high Energy Physics-Addison Wesley/Cambridge.

11.Hughes: Elementary Particles-Cambridge.

12.Griffiths: Introduction to Elementary Particles-John Wiley.

36
13.Kane: Modern Elementary Particle Physics-Addison Wesley.

14.Muirhead: Physics of Elementary Particles-Pergamon.

DSE403 B. Advance Electronics II

Course Outcome: The course is intended to introduce to the students the different areas of
electronics like communication systems, microcontrollers and microprocessor. The
students will be able to apply their knowledge of electronics to the various aspects of system
design using the electronic circuits and to other branches of physics.
Course Content:
Module-I
Communication Fundamentals : Antennas: Basic Considerations; antenna parameters;
current distributions; short electric doublet; half wave dipole; longer antenna; effect of
ground; image antenna; Field strength at a point close to the antenna; microwave antenna and
other directional antennas.
Propagation of Radio Waves: Types: Ground and surface wave propagation; ionospheres;
virtual heights and critical frequencies of layers; propagation of radio waves through
ionosphere; loss of energy in the ionosphere; skip distance and MUF; single hop and multi-
hop transmission; Chapmans theory (deduction not required); influence of earth’s magnetic
field; Appleton Hartree formula (deduction not required); Propagation of microwaves through
space; environmental effects; radiometer; microwave radiation hazards.
Radar Communication: Duplexer, Radar display, Doppler Radar, CWIF Radar, FMCW
Radar, Moving Target Indicator (MTI), Blind Speeds, Radar Applications.
Module-II
Digital Communication: Pulse modulation: PAM, PWM, PPM, Pulse code modulation,
coding technique, modulation and demodulation; Digital modulation: ASK, FSK, CPFSK,
MSK, PSK, QPSK, DPSK, Principle, modulators and demodulators, carrier recovery circuits,
time division multiplexing; digital signal; bit transmission and signalling rate; sampling
theory and analysis; error probability and error check; UART and modem; electronic
exchange.
Satellite Communication: Principle of satellite communication; satellite frequency
allocation and band spectrum, communication satellite link design; digital satellite
communication; multiple access techniques; demand assignment control; spread spectrum
technique; code division; satellite orbit and inclination; satellite link design, satellite
applications, ideas of global communication network.

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 Module-III
8085 μP: Programming techniques: looping, Counting and Indexing, Data Transfer and 16-
bit data operations, Logic operations; Stack and subroutines; Interfacing I/O devices and data
converters; 8085 interrupts and interrupts controller; I/O ports; PPI(8255A); Serial I/O and
data communication
8086μP: fundamentals; Memory segmentation; Interrupt handling; Idea of the recent
advances of microprocessors
Microcontroller: Basic concepts of microcontroller 8051; architecture and programming
model.

References:

1. Terman: Electronic and Radio Engineering – McGraw Hill.

2. Kraus: Antenna – McGraw Hill.
3. Reich, Ordnung and Skalnick: Microwave Principles – Affiliated East West Press.
4. Sarkar: Microwave Propagation and Technique – S. Chand.
5. Jordan and Balmain: Radiation and Radiating Systems – Prentice Hall India.
6. Kennedy: Electronic Communication Systems – Tata McGraw Hill.
7. Taub and Schilling: Principles of Communication Systems – Tata McGraw Hill.
8. Carlson: Communication Systems – Tata McGraw Hill.
9. Haykin: Communication Systems – John Wiley.
10. Roddy and Coolen, Electronic Communications, Pearson
11. Gaonkar: Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications with 8085, PRI
12. Malvino: Digial Computer Electronics – Tata McGraw Hill.
13. D. V. Hall: Microprocessor and interfacing – Tata McGraw Hill.

DSE403 C. Solid State Physics II

Course Outcome: Students will acquire advanced theoretical knowledge of transport,

optical, dielectric and superconducting properties of matter. Integrating these properties,
they will be able to figure out solutions for some specific problems, generate ideas for some
device fabrication and utilize in research application.

Course Contents:

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 Module-I

Many Body Physics: Interacting Fermi system; quasi-particles and their energies; Hartree-
Fock approximation: exchange energy and quasi-particle energy in HF approximation;
Landau Theory of the Fermi Liquid and calculation of equilibrium properties (Specific Heat;
compressibility and spin susceptibility); Effective mass and Galilean Invariance.
Transport Properties: First and zero sound. Single particle propagator; spectral
representation; Greens function for quasi-particles; retarded response functions; density
fluctuation excitations and collective modes.
Electron Transport: Collision term: relaxation time approximation; Kubo-Greenwood
formulation of the transport problem; electrical conductivity; thermal conductivity; thermo
emf; Peltier coefficient; Thomson coefficient-single and multiple charge carriers.

Module-II

Dielectric and Optical Properties of Solids : General Survey of Optical Properties of

Solids; responseof a crystal to electromagnetic fields; dielectric function and long wavelength
dielectricresponse of an electron gas to an electric field; plasma oscillation; dispersion
relation for electromagnetic wave; Kramers-Kroenig relations; dispersion relations for
dielectric function and  (ω).

Inter band transition: Derivation of Sum Rules; Friedel sum rules and oscillations; Inter
band transition processes, Semiconductors and separation of conduction electron; Direct and
indirect inter band transitions; simple theory of optical absorption due to inter band transition.

Optical properties and band structure: Excitons: Mott-Wannier excitons, Frenkel excitons.

Module-III

Microscopic Description of Superconductivity: Macroscopic Quantum Description of the

Supercurrent; The Supercurrent Equation; The London Equations; The Two-Fluid Model;
Flux Quantization.

Phenomenological theories of superconductivity: Superconducting order parameter and

Ginzburg Landau equations; G-L coherence length and kappa parameter; flux quantization;
upper critical field; surface energy; Josephson Effect and applications.

Microscopic Theory of Superconductivity: Froehlich effective electron-electronattraction;

Copper pairing; the Bogoliubov-Valatin transformation; BCS theory of the ground state of

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Type I superconductors; significance of the energy gap parameter; the transition temperature;
elementary excitations in superconductors; density of states.

SQUID magnetometer; Coexistence of superconductivity and magnetism;

References:

1. Pines and Nozieres: Theory of quantum Liquids-Benjamin.

2. Schrieffer: Superconductivity-Pergamon.
3. Ibach and Luth: Solid State Physics-Narosa.
4. Abrikosov, Gorkov and Dzyaloshinski: Methods of Quantum Field Theory in
Statistical Physics-Dover.
5. Fetter and Walecka : Quantum Theory of Many Particles Systems-McGraw Hill.
6. Tinkham: Superconductivity-McGraw Hill.
7. Ziman: Principles of the Theory of Solids-Tata McGraw Hill.
8. Kittel: Quantum Theory of Solids-John Wiley.
9. March and Jones: Quantum Theory of Solids, Vols. I and II-Dover.
10. Callaway: Quantum Theory of Solids, Vols. I and II Academic Press.
11. Slichter: Principles of Magnetic Resonance-Springer Verlag.
12. Seeger: semiconductor Physics-Springer Verlag.
13. Kireev: Semiconductor Physics-MIR.

DSE404 A. Applied Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Astrophysics

Course Outcome: The students are expected to learn the physics of nuclear fission and
nuclear reactor, nuclear fusion and tokomak, nuclear radiation hazard and radiation
dosimetry.

Course Content:

Module-I
Neutron Physics and Reactor Physics : Neutron sources and detectors, interaction of
neutrons with matter, moderation of neutron, diffusion equation, Fermi age equation, thermal
nuclear reactors, Four factor formula, critical criterion of a thermal reactor, critical size of
reactors with different shapes.
Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion : Energy release in fission, Nature of the fission
fragments, Energy distribution between the fission fragments, Emission of neutrons in

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nuclear fission, Energetics of fission process, Bohr Wheeler theory, Cross section of neutron
induced fission, Particle induced and photofission, Shell effect and shape isomerism, Nuclear
fusion and thermo-nuclear reaction, Cross section of fusion reaction, Lawson Criterion,
Different methods of satisfying Lawson criterion, Magnetic confinement, Toroidal
confinement; Tokamak.

Module-II
Nuclear Astrophysics: The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (HRD), Electromagnetic spectra
and abundance determinations, Neutrino astronomy, evolution of stellar structure, Spallation
reactions; nuclear abundances and steller nuclear reactions;
The Big Bang contribution to primordial nucleosynthesis, Dark matter and Dark energy; The
chemical evolution of galaxies;
Energy production in the Sun; solar neutrino problem; non-explosive stellar evolution and
concomitant nucleosynthesis;
The hot modes of hydrogen burning, The He to Si explosive burnings, Supernova; the s-
process, r-process and the p-process; Heavy-element nucleosynthesis by the s-and r-processes
of neutron captures; neutron stars; Nuclear Cosmochronology.

Module-III
Applications: Trace Element Analysis using XRF, PIXE, NAA; Mass Spectrometry with
Accelerators, material modification by swift heavy ion radiation, Radioactive Dating, Man-
made sources of radiation.
Biological effects of radiation: Physical and chemical damage; dose, dose rate; damage of
tissue levels, Radiation shielding and its safety, Diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear Medicine;
Projection Imaging, with internal and external radiation, computed Tomography, Magnetic
Resource Imaging Principles, Radiation therapy.

References:
1. M. K. Pal : Theory of Nuclear structure (EWA press)
2. Cohen : Concepts of Nuclear Physics (Tata McGraw Hill )
3. Wong : Introductory Nuclear Physics (Prentice Hall)
4. Blatt and Weiskopff : Theoretical Nuclear Physics (Dover)
5. Evans : The Atomic Nucleus (McGraw Hill)
6. Roy and Nigam : Nuclear Physics (New Age International)
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7. S. N. Ghoshal : Nuclear Physics (S Chand Publication)
8. Y.M. Jana : An Introduction to Nuclear Physics (Narosa, New Delhi)
9. Krane : Introductory Nuclear Physics (Wiley India, New Delhi).
10. Lilley : Nuclear Physics –Principles and Applications, (Wiley India).

DSE404 B. General theory of Relativity and Cosmology

Course Outcome: The students will be able to learn the basic principles and formalism of
classical field theory in general, and in particular the application of these to problems in
gravitation and cosmology. The students will have the basic concepts and methods of
differential geometry as applied to general relativity after successful completion of the
course.

Course Content:

Module-I

General Relativity: Special relativity, Conceptual foundation of GR and curved space-time,

Principle of equivalence, Gravity and geometry, Form of the metric and Newtonian limit,
Metric tensor and its properties, Concept of curved space-time, Tangent space and four
vectors, Tensor algebra and calculus, Covariant differentiation and parallel transport,
Riemann curvature tensor, Geodesic and particle trajectories in gravitation field.

Module-II

Einstein's field equations: Einstein's field equation, Definition of the stress tensor, Bianchi
identities and conservation of the stress tensor, Einstein's equation for weak gravitational
fields and the Newtonian limit.

Sarzschild metric and related topics: Derivation of the metric and its basic properties, r = 2m
surface, Effective potential for particle and photon orbits in Schwarzchild metric, Deflection
of ultra-relativistic particles, Gravitational red-shift.

Standard Cosmology: The structure of the universe, Cosmological principle, FRW model
(closed, open and flat universe), Critical density, Perfect fluid and dynamical equations of
cosmology, Hubble's law, Cosmological constant, de Sitter universe, Composition of the
energy density of the universe, Dark matter, Dark energy.

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 Module-III

ΛCDM Cosmology:

Hubble’s observation and expanding universe; Friedmann cosmology; Red shift and
expansion; Big bang theory; Constituents of the universe; Dark matter and dark energy (as a
nonzero cosmological constant); Early universe and decoupling; Neutrino temperature;
Radiation and matter-dominated phases; Cosmic microwave background radiation, its
isotropy and anisotropy properties; COBE, WMAP and Planck experiments; CMBR
anisotropy as a hint to large scale structure formation; Flatness, horizon, and relic abundance
problems; Inflation and the slow-roll model.

Books:

1. General Relativity and Cosmology, J. V. Narlikar, Macmillan India

2. General Relativity, I. R. Kenyon, Oxford

3. Classical Theory of Fields, L.D. Landau & E.M. Lifshitz (Volume 2 of A Course of
Theoretical Physics ) Pergamon Press.

4. Gravitation: Foundations and Frontiers, T. Padmanabhan 1 st ed., Cambridge University

Press

5. Theoretical Astrophysics : Galaxies And Cosmology, Vol 3, 1 st ed., T. Padmanabhan,

Cambridge University Press

6. First course in general relativity, 2nd ed., B. F. Schutz, Cambridge University Press

7. Introduction to Cosmology, 3rd ed., J. V. Narlikar, Cambridge University Press

DSE404 C. Applied Electronics

Course Outcome: Students will have sound technical skills in electronics and
instrumentation which includes doping, Computer Networking, Digital Image processing.
Course Content:
Module-I
Crystal Growth: Growth of single crystals by Czochralski technique, distribution
coefficient, rapid-stirring and partial-stirring conditions; zone processes.

43
Epitaxial Growth of Semiconductors: Epitaxial growth of silicon layer by vapour phase
reduction of silicon tetrachloride; kinetics of growth, mass-transfer control and surface-
reaction control conditions. Molecular beam epitaxy.
Thin Films: Production of thin films, conductivity and other properties of different types of
thin films. Thin film solar cells.
Thermal Oxidation and Doping: Formation of silicon dioxide layer on silicon; kinetics of
oxide growth, diffusion-controlled and reaction-controlled cases; expression of oxide layer
thickness as a function of time, Doping of impurities, Ion implantation technique.
Module-II
Computer Networking : Principle of computer networks, Circuit switching; Message
switching; Packet switching; classification of different type of networks, merits and demerits;
LAN, MAN, WAN and their applications, Network topologies; Star, Ring, Tree, Bus
topologies; Internet; Network Model, Layered concept, Hierarchy, OSI model, Layers in OSI
model, TCP/IP protocol, Addressing.
Cellular Mobile Communication: Frequency reuse, Handoffs, Interference and capacity,
Fading, multiple access techniques: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, major wireless standards.
Module-III
Digital Image processing: Basic concept; image capture; image sampling and quantization;
spatial and intensity resolution; basic mathematical tools for image processing; zooming and
interpolation; Geometrical transformation; affine transform; outline of image analysis and
recording.
Television: Basic concept; TV camera; Display; Scanning; Composite video signal; Receiver
block diagram; Color TV system; Concepts of modern TV circuit, Flat TV; Different mode of
distribution network.

References:

1. Grove: Physics and Technology of Semiconductor Devices-John Wiley.

2. Holland: Vacuum Deposition of Thin Films-Chapman and Hall.
3. Chopra: Thin Films-McGraw Hill.
4. Gandhi: Theory and Practice of Microelectronics-John Wiley.
5. S.K. Gandhi: VLSI Fabrication Principles: Silicon and Gallium Arsenide- Wiley
7. Chopra and Das: Thin Film Solar Cells-Plenum Press.
8. Tanenbaum: Computer Networks – Prentice Hall.
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9. Bertsekas and Gallaghr: Data Network – Prentice Hall.
10. Stallings: Data and Computer Communications – Prentice Hall.
11. B. A. Forouzan: Data Communications and Networking- McGraw Hill
12. Gonzalez and Woods: Digital image processing – Prentice Hall.
13. Jain: Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing – Prentice Hall India.
14. Kennedy: Electronic Communication Systems – Tata McGraw Hill.
15. Gulati – Monochrome and Color TV, New Age International Publisher
16. Gibson, Mobile communication Handbook, CRC, IEEE press
17. William C.Y.Lee: Mobile Cellular Telecommunications Analog and Digital Systems- Tata
McGraw Hill.
18. Kennedy: Electronic Communication Systems – McGraw Hill.

DSE404. D. Materials Science

Course Outcome: The students will be able to explain the properties of nanomaterial’s,
liquid crystals, high temperature superconductor, and nanofluid. They will also understand
the theories and mechanisms to explain the exotic properties as observed in these
materials.

Course Content:

Module-I

Quantum confined systems: Quantum confinement and its consequences, quantum wells,
quantum wires and quantum dots and artificial atoms. Electronic structure from bulk to
quantum dot. Electronic structure calculations by abinitio, tight binding, empirical potential
and density functional methods. Electron states in direct and indirect gap semiconductors
Nano crystals. Confinement in disordered and amorphous systems. Elementary idea about
Graphenes, Idea of spin transport in low dimensional systems (Spintronics).

Module-II

Experimental Nano science: Introduction; particle size dependent phenomenon inmaterials;

classical nucleation theory and cluster formation; Physical methods; Inert gas consideration;
chemical vapour deposition; PLD; mechanical milling.

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Chemical methods: Growth of nanostructures, Sol-gel, hydrothermal, Solvo-thermal, metal
reduction methods.
Characterization Techniques:X-Ray diffraction; Scanning Electron
Microscopy;Transmission Electron Microscopy; UV-visible.
Properties of nanomaterial: Mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical properties.

Module-III

Liquid crystals: Basic idea; Nematic, Cholestoric and Smectic phases; Discotic and
Columner phases; phase sequences and phase diagrams; order parameter.
High Temperature Superconductivity: Introduction and experimental results; Normal state
properties. Electronic models: Three-band model; One-band models. Algorithms: Lanczos
technique.
Nanofluids: Definition; Different types of nanofluids; Heat transfer investigations using
nanofluids; Fabrication, Stability and Thermophysical properties of nanofluids; Molecular
dynamics modelling of thermophysical properties; Future work.
Suggested Books
l. Nanostructures-Theory & Modelling by C. Delerueand M. Launoo (Springer, 2004)
2. Nanostructure by V. A. Shchukin, N. N. Le eutsov and D. Birnberg (Springer, 2004)
3. Characterization of Nanophase Materials by Z. L. Wang (Ed.) (Wiley-VCH, 2000)
4. Semiconductor Nanocrystal Quantum Dots by A. L. Rcgach (Ed.) (Springer Wien NY,
2008)
5. Introduction to Nanotechnology by C. P. Poole Jr. & F. J. Owens (Wiley-Interscience,
2003)

6. High-Tc superconductivity and the C60 family, Ed. By Sunqi Feng and Hai-Cang Ren,
Gordon and Breach Publishers.

7. G. R. Stewart, Rev. Mod. Phys. 56, 755 (1984)

8. J. G. Bednorz and K. Müller, Z. Phys. B 64, 189 (1986)

9. P. W. Anderson, Science 235, 1196 (1987)

10. E. Dagotto, Rev. Mod. Phys. 66, 763 (1994)

11. Nanofluids: Science and Technology by Sarit K. Das, Stephen U. S. Choi, Wenhua Yu, T.
Pradeep - Wiley-Interscience

46
12. Nanofluids and Their Engineering Applications by K. R. V. Subramanian, Tubati
Nageswara Rao, Avinash Balakrishnan – CRC Press

13. N. Ali, J. A. Teixeira, and A. Addali, A Review on Nanofluids: Fabrication, Stability, and
Thermophysical Properties, Journal of Nanomaterials, Vol.2018, Page 1 – 33, (2018).

DSE405 Advanced Practical-(II)

(Any six practical should be done taking at least one practical from each section)

A. Solid State Physics

1. To interpret a Debye-Scherer powder X-ray photograph for a sample and to determine the
dimensions of the unit cell and the number of atoms in it.

2. To interpret a Laue photograph and to identify the crystal planes.

3. To interpret rotation oscillation photographs and to determine lattice parameters.

4. To handle a goniometer, to study the external symmetry of single crystals and to verify the
law of rotational indices.

5. Determination of density of color centers induced in alkali halides.

6. Study of thermoluminiscence.

B. Nuclear Physics

1. Determination of half-life of Indium by thermal neutron activation and study of beta ray
absorption.

2. Determination of half-lives of the complex beta source produced by neutron activation of

silver.

3. Estimation of percentage of silver in a sample by neutron activation.

4. Study of growth of radioactivity in a sample by neutron activation.

5. Determination of ratio of thermal neutron capture cross sections of 103Rh to 103Rh*

and to 104Rh ground sate, and estimation of the spin cut-off parameter.

47
C. Electronics

1. Design and construction of an IC regulated and stabilized power supply (constant

voltage/constant current) and the study of its characteristics.

2. Design and construction of a multistage amplifier using BJTs and FETs and the study of its
gain and bandwidth.

3. Design and construction of a simple pulse generator of variable frequency and width using
IC 555 timer.

4. OP AMP based experiments: active filters, Wien bridge oscillator.

5. Construction and application of OP AMP comparator, Schmidt triggers.

6. Experiment based on PLL.

7. Experiment on Pulse Modulation using IC 555 timer.

Project/ dissertation

Course Outcome: The project or dissertation course is offered to motivate a student to take
a research problem and pursue theoretical or experimental work under the mentorship of a
faculty member. This course is an open invitation to a student for out of box thinking to
provide a solution to a physics problem.

Note: The faculty members of the department are usually the supervisors. The faculty
members from other academic institutes/colleges also supervise some of the
projects/dissertations. The department will notify regarding the selection process and the
probable vacancies.

48