Justice
Justice is a legal and ethical concept that means treating
people fairly, equally, and balanced. It's a fundamental goal
of society and the state.
• What does justice mean?
• Fairness: Justice is about treating people fairly and
equally.
• Equality: Justice is about ensuring that everyone has the
same access to opportunities, resources, and rights.
• Balance: Justice is about balancing personal interests
with societal goals.
• Rule of law: Justice is about upholding the rule of law.
What are different types of justice?
• Social justice
• Justice in terms of the distribution of opportunities, wealth, and privileges
within a society.
• Economic justice
• Justice that involves eliminating inequalities in wealth, income, and
property.
• Political justice
Justice that involves ensuring that all citizens have equal political rights
and access to political offices
What are different types of justice?
• Procedural justice: Justice is concerned with the procedures used to
allocate benefits and burdens
• Substantive justice: Justice is concerned with the final allocation of
benefits and burdens
• Distributive justice: Justice is concerned with the distribution of
wealth or other goods
• Retributive justice: Justice is concerned with punishment for
wrongdoing .
Principles of justice
• Equality
• People should be treated equally unless there are
relevant differences between them
• Fairness
• People should be treated fairly, which means
giving each person what they deserve
• Liberty
• People should be free to do what they want, as
long as they don't infringe on the freedom of
others .
Procedural Justice
Procedural justice is the idea that processes for resolving disputes and
allocating resources should be fair. It's a fundamental aspect of conflict
resolution.
How it works
• Procedural justice involves the use of consistent, unbiased policies
that consider all parties' views.
• It also involves the use of accurate information, the ability to correct
errors, and adherence to ethical norms.
• People's perception of fairness is influenced by the quality of their
experiences, not just the outcome.
Where it's applied
• Procedural justice can be applied in many settings, including
the workplace, legal system, and educational system.
• In the criminal justice system, procedural justice research has
focused on interactions between citizens, the police, and the
court system.
• Principles of procedural justice respect, voice, transparency,
and trust
Benefits of procedural justice
• When people perceive control within the legal
process, they are more likely to accept unfavorable
decisions.
• This can lead to greater citizen compliance with the
law.
• In the workplace, procedural justice can help
employees feel that they are being treated fairly and
honestly.
Distributive Justice
Distributive justice is the idea that resources, goods, and
opportunities should be fairly distributed among people in a
society. It's concerned with how to resolve conflicts over the
distribution of social benefits and burdens.
• What it's about
• Fairness
• Distributive justice is about ensuring that people are treated
equally and receive equal outcomes for equal work.
• Outcomes
• Distributive justice focuses on the results of how resources
are distributed, rather than the process used to achieve those
results.
• Factors
• Distributive justice considers factors like income, wealth,
and social status when allocating resources.
John Rawls Theory- Justice as fairness
John Rawls' theory of justice as fairness is a liberal
political philosophy that describes a society where
everyone has equal rights and works together in an
egalitarian economy. Rawls' theory is based on the idea
that citizens are free and equal, and that society should
be fair.
John Rawls Theory- Justice as fairness
Principles
• Greatest equal liberty principle: Everyone should
have the same rights to the fullest extent
• Difference principle: Social inequalities are only
justified if they benefit the worst off and are open to
everyone
• Fair equality of opportunity: Everyone should have
a fair chance to attain the best jobs and social
positions
How it's applied
• Rawls' principles are applied to ensure that the least
advantaged are not forgotten or hurt
• The principles are applied in order of priority, with
liberty coming first, followed by fair equality of
opportunity, and then the difference principle
Rights
The concept of rights is the idea that people have certain
entitlements or claims that society must
recognize. Rights are fundamental to a society, and are
often the subject of social conflict.
What are rights?
What are rights?
• Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles that define
what people are entitled to
• Rights are a way to recognize the value and dignity of
every person
• Rights are a way to ensure that people can live free from
fear, discrimination, and harassment
• Rights are a way to ensure that people can develop their
potential and make choices about their lives
Negative rights
• Definition: Rights that prevent others from
interfering with a person's life
• Examples: The right to free speech, the right to
pursue happiness, the right to make one's own moral
decisions
• Purpose: To protect a person from abuse or coercion
• Enforcement: Courts can enforce negative rights,
allowing citizens to seek legal remedies if their rights
are violated
Positive rights
• Definition: Rights that give a person the right to
receive something from another person or the
government
• Examples: The right to health care, the right to
certain services
• Purpose: To give a person the right to receive
something from another person or the
government
• Enforcement: Usually guaranteed through laws
Types of rights
• Political rights :
The right to vote, The right to be elected, The right to
hold public office, and The right to criticize and oppose
the government.
• Civil rights :
The right to life, The right to liberty, The right to
equality, and The right to lead a civilized social life.
Types of rights
• Legal rights :
The rights given to citizens of a country by the
government to enjoy certain freedoms
• Economic rights :
The right to work, The right to adequate wages, The
right to leisure and rest, and The right to social security.
• Cultural and educational rights
The right to participate in cultural activities
Types of rights
• Environmental rights :
• The rights of future generations,
• The rights of the environment, and
• The right to sustainable development.
• Human rights :
• The rights that are inherent in the mere fact of being
human,
• The right to enjoy rights without discrimination.
Types of rights
• What are Social Rights?
Social rights are human rights and have all their
characteristics. Social rights are moral, legal or
societal rules and an understanding of what is
necessary to fulfil people's social needs and to
promote social inclusion and social solidarity.
