A Project Report on

“Comparing Features of operating system

Realtime operating system, distributed
operating system”

Submitted By:
1. Niyati Gulab Khandare 3328
2. Rashmi Dayanand Pandey 3343
3. Gauri Laxmikant Purohit 3349

Guided By:
Prof.G.K.Mangnale

Submitted To:
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC HINGOLI

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, Miss. 1.Niyati Gulab Khandare , 2.Rashmi Dayanand

Pandey, 3.Gauri Laxmikant Purohit Roll No. 3328, 3343, 3349 of fifth Semester
of Diploma in Computer Engineering of Government Polytechnic Hingoli has
completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in course Operating system (22516)
for the academic year 2024-25 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place : Hingoli Enrollment No: 2211630166, 2211630183,

2211630190

Date : / /2024

Course Coordinator HOD Principal

Prof.G.K.Mangnale Prof. N. S Jadhao Prof. B.P. Deosarker
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,
MUMBAI
MICRO PROJECT
Progress Report / Weekly Report
Name of the Project: Comparing Features of operating system Realtime
operating system, distributed operating system Course: Operating system
(22516) Program: Computer Engineering (CO5I) Roll No. 3328,
3343, 3349

Sign of the
Week Duration
Date Work / Activity Performed Faculty
No in
Hrs.
1 03/09/24
1/2 Collecting Information
2 04/09/24 1/4 Collecting Images regarding operating system
3 15/09/24 1 Searching About project
4 16/09/24 1/2 Collecting Information regarding Its Architecture
5 18/09/24 1 Finding the advantages
6 22/09/24 2 Analyzing its Future Scope
7 23/09/24 1/2 Searching its real-life applications
8 28/09/24 4 Preparing the Project Report Format
9 02/10/24 2 Adding the collected information in the report
10 05/10/24 2 Adding the images in the report
11 12/10/24 Reformatting the Report
2
12 16/10/24 1 Preparing the indexes of the report

13 20/10/24 1/4 Making Final Changes in the Report

14 23/10/24 1 Reviewing the report again and eliminating the
mistakes
15 08/10/24 1/2 Finalizing the Micro-Project
16 - Submitting Report to the teacher
 Teacher’s Evaluation Sheet for Micro Project
Course Title and Code: - Operating system (22516)
Title of the Project: Comparing Features of operating system Realtime operating
system, distributed operating system
Group No: -

COs addressed by the Micro Project:

Installation/ configuration of operating system

CO a:
Correctness of executing various commands
CO b:
Writing and executing programs to get desired output
CO c:
Debugging the program
CO d:
Submit journal report in time
CO e:

Marks:-

Marks obtained
Marks for by the Total
Roll No. Name Of Student Group Work individual Marks
(06) based on viva (10)
(04)
3328 Niyati Gulab Khandare
3343 Rashmi Dayanand Pandey
3349 Gauri Laxmikant Purohit

Name and designation of Faculty : Prof.G.K.Mangnale

Lecturer,Computer Engg.Dept.

Signature:
Action plan: -

Name of the
Planned responsible
Planned
Details of activity finish date Team
start date
Member
Sr. No.
Collecting Information 03/09/24 04/09/24 Niyati G.
1 Khandare
Collecting Images 04/09/24 15/09/24 Rashmi D.
Pandey
2
Searching About project 15/09/24 16/09/24 Gauri L. Purohit
3
Collecting Information regarding Its 16/09/24 18/09/24 Niyati G.
Architecture Khandare
4
18/09/24 22/09/24 Rashmi D.
Finding the advantages Pandey
5
22/09/24 23/09/24 Gauri L. Purohit
Analyzing its Future Scope
6
23/09/24 28/09/24 Niyati G.
Searching its real-life applications Khandare
7
28/09/24 02/10/24 Rashmi D.
Preparing the Project Report Format Pandey
8
Adding the collected information in 02/10/24 05/10/24 Gauri L. Purohit
9 the report
Adding the images in the report 05/10/24 12/10/24 Niyati G.
Khandare
10
Reformatting the Report 12/10/24 16/10/24 Rashmi D.
11 Pandey
Preparing the indexes of the report 16/10/24 20/10/24 Gauri L. Purohit
12
Making Final Changes in the Report 20/10/24 23/10/24 Niyati G.
13 Khandare
Reviewing the report again and 23/10/24 08/10/24 Rashmi D.
eliminating the mistakes Pandey
14
08/10/24 08/10/24 Gauri L. Purohit
15 Finalizing the Micro-Project
All members
Submitting Report to the teacher
16
Resources Required: -

SR. Name of the Resources Specification Quantity Remark

No.
-
1 Opreating System Windows 7/ windows 1
10/linux or any other

Hardware personal i3-i5 preferable - -

2 computer

Actual Procedure Followed: -

1. Collecting Information
2. Collecting Images
3. Searching About project
4. Collecting Information regarding Its Architecture
5. Preparing the Project Report Format
6. Adding the collected information in the report
7. Adding the images in the report
8. Reformatting the Report
9. Preparing the indexes of the report
10. Making Final Changes in the Report
11. Reviewing the report again and eliminating the mistakes
12. Finalizing the Micro-Project
13. Submitting Report to the teacher
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my great pleasure to acknowledge my research guide Prof.G.K.Mangnale lecturer in

Government Polytechnic, Hingoli, Her valuable guidance, constant inspiration, unending
support helped me a lot of focus my views in proper perspective.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. N.S. Jadhao for their valuable
guidance, support, and encouragement throughout this project. Their expertise, insight, and
advice have been instrumental in helping me to overcome challenges and achieve success. I
am truly grateful for their leadership and mentorship, which have been essential to my growth
and development asa professional. Thank you for your unwavering commitment to excellence
and for being an inspiration to us all.

Our sincere and whole hearted thanks Prof. B. P. Deosarkar, principal Government
Polytechnic, Hingoli for inspiring us to achieve highest goal. Last but not least I am also
thankful to my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing the project within limited
time frame. Thank you.

Name of the student :

1. Niyati Gulab Khandare 3328
2. Rashmi Dayanand Pandey 3343
3. Gauri Laxmikant Purohit 3349
 ABSTRACT

This project aims to compare the features of Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) and
Distributed Operating Systems (DOS) to highlight their unique characteristics, applications,
and performance metrics.
Real-Time Operating Systems are designed to process data and respond to inputs within a
guaranteed time frame, making them critical for applications where timing is crucial, such as
in embedded systems, robotics, and industrial automation. Key features of RTOS include task
scheduling, priority management, and deterministic behavior, which ensure that critical tasks
are completed within specified deadlines.
On the other hand, Distributed Operating Systems manage a collection of independent
computers and make them appear to users as a single coherent system. They emphasize
resource sharing, scalability, and fault tolerance. Key features include distributed scheduling,
data consistency, and communication protocols, enabling seamless interaction across multiple
nodes in a network.
By examining and contrasting these operating systems, the project will provide insights into
their design philosophies, use cases, and performance trade-offs. This comparative analysis
will serve as a valuable resource for developers and researchers in selecting the appropriate
operating system for their specific application needs.
The findings will be supported by case studies and performance evaluations, illustrating real-
world scenarios where each type of operating system excels. Ultimately, this project seeks to
deepen the understanding of RTOS and DOS, guiding informed decisions in the ever-
evolving landscape of computing technologies.
1.Brief Introduction:

An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware.
An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file management,
memory management, process management, handling input and output, and controlling
peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.

Some popular Operating Systems include Linux Operating System, Windows Operating
System, VMS, OS/400, AIX, z/OS, etc.

Definition:

An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the computer
hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs.
Real-time Operating System

A real-time operating system is an operating system that guarantees to process events or data
by a specific moment in time. A real-time operating system may be single or multi-tasking,
but when multitasking, it uses specialized scheduling algorithms so that a deterministic nature
of behavior is achieved. Such an event-driven system switches between tasks based on their
priorities or external events, whereas time-sharing operating systems switch tasks based on
clock interrupts

Distributed Operating System

A distributed operating system manages a group of distinct, networked computers and makes
them appear to be a single computer, as all computations are distributed (divided amongst the
constituent computers).
1.0 Brief Description:
What is an Operating System?

An Operating System (OS) is a software that acts as an interface between computer hardware
components and the user. Every computer system must have at least one operating system to
run other programs. Applications like Browsers, MS Office, Notepad Games, etc., need some
environment to run and perform its tasks

1.1 Following are the popular types of Operating System:

 Batch Operating System

 Multitasking/Time Sharing OS

 Multiprocessing OS Real Time OS

 Distributed OS

 Network OS Mobile OS
1.2 Features of Operating System
Here is a list important features of OS:

 Protected and supervisor mode

 Allows disk access and file systems Device drivers Networking Security

 Program Execution

 Memory management Virtual Memory Multitasking

 Handling I/O operations Manipulation of the file system

 Error Detection and handling

 Resource allocation

 Information and Resource Protection

1.3 Functions of Operating system
Below are the main functions of Operating System:

In an operating system software performs each of the function:

1. Process management:- Process management helps OS to create and delete processes. It

also provides mechanisms for synchronization and communication among processes.
2. Memory management: Memory management module performs the task of allocation and
de-allocation of memory space to programs in need of this resources.
3. File management:- It manages all the file-related activities such as organization storage.
retrieval, naming, sharing, and protection of files.
4. Device Management. Device management keeps tracks of all devices. This module also
responsible for this task is known as the I/O controller. It also performs the task of allocation
and de-allocation of the devices.
5. I/O System Management: One of the main objects of any OS is to hide the peculiarities of
that hardware devices from the user.
6. Secondary-Storage Management: Systems have several levels of storage which includes
primary storage, secondary storage, and cache storage. Instructions and data must be stored in
primary storage or cache so that a running program can reference it.
7. Security:- Security module protects the data and information of a computer system against
malware threat and authorized access.
8. Command interpretation: This module is interpreting commands given by the and acting
system resources to process that commands.
9. Networking: A distributed system is a group of processors which do not share memory,
hardware devices, or a clock. The processors communicate with one another through the
network.
10. Job accounting: Keeping track of time & resource used by various job and users.
11. Communication management: Coordination and assignment of compilers, interpreters,
and another software resource of the various users of the computer systems.

1.4 Advantages of Operating System:

 Allows you to hide details of hardware by creating an abstraction Easy to use with a
GUI

 Offers an environment in which a user may execute programs/applications

 The operating system must make sure that the computer system convenient to use

 Operating System acts as an intermediary among applications and the hardware

components

 It provides the computer system resources with easy to use format Acts as an
intermediator between all hardware's and software's of the system

1.5 Disadvantages of Operating System:

 If any issue occurs in OS, you may lose all the contents which have been stored in
your system
 Operating system's software is quite expensive for small size organization which adds
burden on them. Example Windows
 It is never entirely secure as a threat can occur at any time
2.0 Real Time Operating System
Real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system intended to serve real time
application that process data as it comes in, mostly without buffer delay. The full form of
RTOS is Real time operating system.
In a RTOS, Processing time requirement are calculated in tenths of seconds increments of
time. It is time-bound system that can be defined as fixed time constraints. In this type of
system, processing must be done inside the specified constraints. Otherwise, the system will
fail.

2.1 Types of Real time operating system

Three types of Real time operating systems are:
1.Hard Real Time:
In Hard RTOS, the deadline is handled very strictly which means that given task must start
executing on specified scheduled time, and must be completed within the assigned time
duration.
Example: Medical critical care system. Aircraft systems, ete.

2.Firm Real time:

These type of RTOS also need to follow the deadlines. However, missing a deadline may not
have big impact but could cause undesired affects, like a huge reduction in quality of a
product.
Example: Various types of Multimedia applications.
3.Soft Real Time:
Soft Real time RTOS, accepts some delays by the Operating system. In this type of RTOS,
there is a deadline assigned for a specific job, but a delay for a small amount of time is
acceptable. So, deadlines are handled softly by this type of RTOS.
Example: Online Transaction system and Livestock price quotation System.

2.2 Terms used in Real time operating system

Here, are essential terms used in Real time operating system:
 TaskA set of related tasks that are jointly able to provide some system functionality.
 Job A job is a small piece of work that can be assigned to a processor, and that may or
may not require resources.
 Release time of a job It's a time of a job at which job becomes ready for execution.
 Execution time of a job: It is time taken by job to finish its execution.
 Deadline of a job: It's time by which a job should finish its execution.
 Processors: They are also known as active resources. They are important for the
execution of a job.
 Maximum It is the allowable response time of a job is called its relative deadline.
 Response time of a job: It is a length of time from the release time of a job when the
instant finishes.
 Absolute deadline: This is the relative deadline, which also includes its release time.

2.3 Features of Real time operating system

Here are important features of RTOS:
 Occupy very less memory.
 Consume fewer resources
 Response times are highly predictable Unpredictable environment
 The Kernel saves the state of the interrupted task ad then determines which task it
should run next.
 The Kernel restores the state of the task and passes control of the CPU for that task.

2.4 Applications of Real Time Operating System

 Real-time systems are used in:
  Airlines reservation system.
 Air traffic control system.
 Systems that provide immediate updating.
 Used in any system that provides up to date and minute information on stock prices.
 Defence application systems like RADAR.
 Networked Multimedia Systems
 Command Control Systems
 Internet Telephony.
 Anti-lock Brake Systems
 Heart Pacemaker

2.5Components of RTOS

Components of Real Time Operating System

Here, are important Component of Real Time Operating System.

1. The Scheduler: This component of RTOS tells that in which order, the tasks can be
executed which is generally based on the priority.
2. Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP): It is a number of multiple different tasks that can be
handled by the RTOS so that parallel processing can be done.
3. Function Library: It is an important element of RTOS that acts as an interface that helps
you to connect kernel and application code. This application allows you to send the requests
to the Kernel using a function library so that the application can give the desired results.
4. Memory Management: this element is needed in the system to allocate memory to every
program, which is the most important element of the RTOS.
5.Fast dispatch latency: It is an interval between the termination of the task that can be
identified by the OS and the actual time taken by the thread, which is in the ready queue, that
has started processing.
6.User-defined data objects and classes: RTOS system makes use of programming
languages like Cor C++, which should be organized according to their operation.

2.6 Advantages of Real-Time Operating Systems

 Priority Based Scheduling.
 Abstracting Timing Information.
 Maintainability/Extensibility.
 Modularity.
 Promotes Team Development.
 Easier Testing.
 Code Reuse.
 Improved Efficiency.

2.7 Disadvantages of Real time operating system

Here, are drawbacks/cons of using RTOS system:
 RTOS system can run minimal tasks together, and it concentrates only on those
applications which contain an error so that it can avoid them. RTOS is the system that
concentrates on a few tasks. Therefore, it is really hard for these
 systems to do multi-tasking. Specific drivers are required for the RTOS so that it can
offer fast response time to interrupt signals, which helps to maintain its speed.
 Plenty of resources are used by RTOS, which makes this system expensive.
 The tasks which have a low priority need to wait for a long time as the RTOS
maintains the accuracy of the program, which are under execution.
 Minimum switching of tasks is done in Real time operating systems.
 It uses complex algorithms which is difficult to understand.
3.0 Distributed Operating System
In this article, we will fully explain distributed operating system. Distributed operating
system allows distributing of entire systems on the couples of center processors, and it serves
on the multiple real time products as well as multiple users.
Distributed Operating System is a model where distributed applications are running on
multiple computers linked by communications. A distributed operating system is an extension
of the network operating system that supports higher levels of communication and integration
of the machines on the network.
This system looks to its users like an ordinary centralized operating system but runs on
multiple, independent central processing units (CPUs).
3.1 Types Of Distributed Operating System
 Client-Server Systems
 Peer-to-Peer Systems.
 Middleware
1.Client-Server Systems
Client-Server Systems is known as "Tightly Coupled Operating System". This system is
designed mostly for multiprocessors and homogeneous multicomputer. Client-Server
Systems works as centralized server because it provides the approval to all requests, which
are generated by client systems side.
Server systems can be divided into two segments:
i) Computer Server System
This system allows the interface, and then client sends own all requests for executing as
action. Finally it sends to back response after executing action, and transfer result to client.
ii) File Server System
It allows the file system interface for clients because their clients can be performed various
tasks such as creation, updating, deletion files, and more.
Objective Hide and manage hardware resources.

2.Peer-to-Peer System
Peer-to-Peer System is known as a "Loosely Couple System". This concept is implemented in
the computer network application because it contains the bunch of processors, and they are
not shareable memories or clocks as well. Every processors consist own local memory, and
these processors make communication with each other through various communication
medium such as high speed buses or telephone lines.
Objective-It provides local services to remote clients.

3. Middleware
Middleware allows the interoperability in the between of all applications, which are running
on other operating systems. With using these services those applications are capable for
transferring all data each other.
Objective-It allows the distribution transparency
3.2 Terms Used In Distributed Operating System
1. Concurrency:-
Concurrency is a big-picture word describing what happens when we break down activities
into smaller tasks that run together
2.Tasks & Threads:-
A Task is an abstraction for a small unit of work, when you break it down. Hammering a nail
is a task. Watering plants and picking up take-out are also tasks. Ordering an airline ticket is a
task, and so is an airline company updating its ticket prices. In computer terms a task is a
Thread.
3.process:-
A Process is at the operating-system level, independent and may include multiple threads
running in the same memory space.
4.Synchronized:-
Synchronized code can only be run/accessed by a single thread at a time, which means one
program cannot access it while another is updating. Code synchronization is more like a
queue, where threads wait their turn before going through the activity and each thread may
execute the activity separately.

3.3 Features of distributed Operating System

 Resource sharing.
 Openess.
 Concurrency,
 Scalability.
 Fault Tolerance.
 Transparency.

3.4 Application of distributed Operating System

 Air Traffic Control System.
 Automated Banking System Multiplayer online gaming
 Airplane Control Towers System
 Scientific Computing System
 Cluster Computing Grid Computing
 Data rendering
  Wireless sensor N/W System
 Routing Algorithms

3.5 Advantages of distributed Operating System

 All the nodes in the distributed system are connected to each other...
 More nodes can easily be added to the distributed system i.e. it can be scaled as
required.
 Failure of one node does not lead to the failure of the entire distributed system.

3.6 Disadvantages of Distributed Systems

 It is difficult to provide adequate security in distributed systems because the nodes as
well as the connections need to be secured.
 Some messages and data can be lost in the network while moving from one node to
another.
4.0 Comparing features of Real time operating System and Distributed
Operating System
Distributed Operating System Real time operating System
1.Distributed Operating System is a model 1.The time interval required to process and
where distributed applications are running on respond to inputs is very small. This time
multiple computers linked by interval is called response time.
communications.
2.Distributed operating System are most 2.Real time Operating System are used in
common in middle and large organization. large organizations.
3.Distributed system a system in which 3.A real-time system is any information
components are distributed across multiple processing system which has to respond to
locations and computer- network. externally generated input stimuli within a
finite and specified period
4.These are referred to as loosely coupled 4. Real-time systems are used when there are
systems or distributed systems. time requirements that are very strict like
missile systems, air traffic control systems,
robots, etc.
5. Types of Distributed time operating 5. Types of Real time operating system:-hard
system:-Client sever system, peer to peer and real time, firm real time and soft real time
middleware

5.0 Conclusion:-
 Without operating system the computer cannot run the application and we cannot do
work in the computer, therefore operating system is very important in computer.
 As operating system controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the
various uses, we can say that it plays a very important role in the computer system.
An operating system is needed in order to use various application on your computer
and wireless devices.