MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL

EDUCATION
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, DHARASHIV

MICRO PROJECT
Academic Year 2023-24
Title Of Project
Types Of Sensors

Program: Computer Engineering

Program Code CO6I
Course: Emerging Trends in Computer Science
Course code:22618
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Waghmare Amar Baban, Roll No 52 of 6th
Semester of Diploma in computer ENGINEERING... of Institute,
GOVT.POLYTECHNIC DHARASHIV (Inst. Code: 0118) has completed
the Micro Project satisfactorily in the Subject – Emerging Trends
in Computer Science for the academic year 2023– 2024 as
prescribed in the curriculum by MSBTE Mumbai.

Place :Dharashiv Enrollment No.2201180416

Date: / / 2025 Exam Seat No.

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

 INDEX
Sr. No Content Page No.
1) Introduction to sensors

2) Types of sensors
3) Real life use of sensors
4) Applications of sensors
5) Advantages of sensors
6) Disadvantages of sensors
7) Conclusion
 Format for Micro Project Proposal

Types of sensors

1.0 Brief Introduction

Sensors can be found all around us; you will probably have come into
contact with sensors every day. They are present in the home, the office,
cars, buses, trains, computers, phones, coffee machines, kettles, washing
machines, medical facilities, labs, power plants, restaurants, kitchens, food
processing factories, production lines, manufacturing facilities and many
more.

A Sensor is a device used to measure sensing a change in the environment

they are in. Some sensors have integrated processors to give an output in a
different format. The measurement taken will be processed and the result
of the process, the output will be given.

The output can then be used to cause something to change or move.

2.0 Aim of the project

 To understand the importance of different type of sensors
 To know the use of sensors in daily life
 To understand the advantages and disadvantages of sensors
 To reach out the basic CO’s.
3.0 Action Plan

Sr. No. Details of Activity Planned Planned Name of

Start Date Finish date Responsible
Team
Members

1 Decide the name of 01-03-2022 04-03-2022

topic. And Think
about the topic

2 Grab information 05-03-2022 10-03-2022

about topic from
internet. Amar
Waghmare
3 Arranging 12-03-2022 16-03-2022
information in as
sequenced manner.

4 Preparing the 20-03-2022 30-03-2022

report

5 Editing the report 01-04-2022 18-04-2022

in MS word
software

4.0 Resources Required

Sr.no Name of Specification Qty Remarks

Resources
1 Computer Processor(i3-i5) 1 Only for
System RAM- 2GB and experimental
Above purpose.
2 Operating Windows 1
system operating system
 Summery

1. What is sensor?

2. Types of sensor with its application.

 Temperature Sensor.
 Motion sensor.
 Humidity Sensor.
 Gas Sensor.
 Smoke sensor.
 Pressure Sensor
 Image Sensor.
 Accelerometers sensor.
 IR Sensors.
 Proximity Sensors.

3. Applications of Sensors

4. Real-life uses

5. Advantages of sensors

6. Disadvantages of sensors
1) Introduction of user interfaces-
Sensors can be found all around us; you will probably have come into contact
with sensors every day. They are present in the home, the office, cars, buses,
trains, computers, phones, coffee machines, kettles, washing machines,
medical facilities, labs, power plants, restaurants, kitchens, food processing
factories, production lines, manufacturing facilities and many more.

A Sensor is a device used to measure sensing a change in the environment

they are in. Some sensors have integrated processors to give an output in a
different format. The measurement taken will be processed and the result of
the process, the output will be given.

The output can then be used to cause something to change or move.

Sensors can be used to monitor various changes, they could be changes in;

 Temperature
 Pressure
 Position
 Weight
 And more….
Types of sensors-
Temperature sensors:

Temperature sensors are extremely common and well used in industrial

settings as well as commercial applications.

Temperature sensors are used to measure the change in temperature in

various matters. This is sometimes done by monitoring the change in
electrical resistance. This is how thermistors, RTDs and many temperature
probes work.

There are many different types of temperature sensors available, they come in
various shapes, sizes and types. Our portfolio includes the following types:
thermistors, probes, thermocouples, RTDs and temperature transducers to
name a few.

Application of temperature sensor:

 In mobile phone, agriculture, in health-cares .

 In air-conditioners, refrigerators and similar devices used for
environmental control.
 They are also used in manufacturing processes, agriculture and health
industry.
Real-life use of temperature sensor:

Industrial Applications – Monitoring various machinery and environments,

power plants, manufacturing.

Scientific and laboratory applications – Science and biotech monitoring.

Medical Applications – Patient monitoring, medical devices, gas analysis,

thermodilution cardiac catheters, humidifiers, ventilator flow tubes, dialysis
fluid temperature.

Motorsport – Exhaust gas, inlet air temperature, oil temperature and engine
temperature measurements.

Domestic appliances – Kitchen appliances (ovens, kettles etc) as well as

white goods.

HVAC applications – Heating ventilation and air conditioning devices either

commercial or domesticated.

Transit – Refrigerated vans and lorries.

Advantages:

 No resistance lead wire problems

 Fastest response
 Simple, rugged
 Inexpensive
 High temperature operation
 Point temperature sensing

Disadvantages:

 Non-linear
 Low voltage
 Least stable, repeatable
 Least sensitive
Pressure sensors:

There are two main types of pressure sensors; pressure transducers which
give an accurate measurement of applied pressure and pressure switches,
which have a set limit and switch when this limit is reached. They can be used
to monitor the pressure in liquids and gases.

Pressure sensors that are used for underwater applications are often referred
to as liquid level meters. They can determine the liquid level within a tank
based on the pressure measured.

Pressure sensors can measure different types of pressure such as gauge,

differential, absolute or vacuum. Most sensors will take this measurement in
either Bar or PSI.

Application of Pressure sensor:

 In vehicle, tyre pressure monitoring system (TPMS) is used to alert the

driver when tyre pressure is too low and could create unsafe driving
conditions.
 steam system.
Real life use of pressure sensor:

1. Alarm systems on HVAC boiler room controls

2. Monitoring the oxygen levels in pressure tanks in the medical industry
3. Water levels in household appliances such as washing machines
4. Liquid dispensing in coffee machines
5. Medical Breathing apparatus
6. Detecting blocked filters in fans and extraction units

Advantages:

 They are economical and are designed on robust technologies

 They provide great stability and regulated output
 They’re highly sensitive, compact, and lightweight
 Simple to construct and highly durable

Disadvantages:

 Provide only moderate accuracy in case of drifts

 Give delayed response to shocks and vibrations
 They’re not reliable for high-temperature ranges and offer only
moderate accuracy
 Highly sensitive to environmental conditions
Proximity sensors:

Proximity sensors are used to detect the presence of an object without any
direct contact. It is used as an alternative to the limit switches. Their invention
led to a revolution in the field of industrial automation and robotics. Proximity
switches were developed by Wilfried Gehl, Walter Pepperl, and Ludwig Fuchs.
They are used in with process controllers such as PLC and DCS for process
automation

The mechanism involves an emitting electromagnetic field, light or ultrasonic

sound which allows it to look for any unusual activity or change in the field
and finally return the signal. The object being sensed usually depends on the
proximity of the sensor, in simple terminologies, the type of object being
sensed.

Application of Proximity sensor:

 Usage in Smartphones or mobile phones. Smartphones use proximity

sensors to detect any nearby object. ...
 Usage in Parking.
 Usage in Automatic faucet.
 Usage in Automation.
 Usage in Security.
Real-life uses of proximity sensor:

 phones
 recycling plants
 self-driving cars
 anti-aircraft systems
 assembly lines

Advantages:
 It can detect both metallic and nonmetallic targets.
 It has good stability.
 High speed provided.
 High switching rate.
 Work in harsh environmental conditions.
 Low cost and power consumption.
 A capacitive sensor is good in terms of power usage.
 They are useful and can help with many security problems.

Disadvantages:
 They are affected by temperature and humidity.
 Difficulties in designing.
 The operating range may be limited.
 A capacitive proximity sensor is not as accurate to compare to the
inductive sensors.
 It detects only the metallic target.
 They can be easily set off and cause a problem.
 They are expensive than inductive and capacitive sensors.
Infrared sensors:

An infrared (IR) sensor is an electronic device that measures and detects

infrared radiation in its surrounding environment. Infrared radiation was
accidentally discovered by an astronomer named William Herchel in 1800.
While measuring the temperature of each color of light (separated by a
prism), he noticed that the temperature just beyond the red light was highest.
IR is invisible to the human eye, as its wavelength is longer than that of visible
light (though it is still on the same electromagnetic spectrum). Anything that
emits heat (everything that has a temperature above around five degrees
Kelvin) gives off infrared radiation

Application of IR sensor:

 Radiation Thermometers
 Night Vision Devices.
 Infrared Tracking
 Smartphone as remote control.
Advantages:

 It provides secured communication due to line of sight or point-to-

point mode of communication.
 The battery used in infrared devices last for long duration due to lower
power consumption.
 Infrared motion sensors detect motion in daytime and nighttime
reliably.

Disadvantages:

 Infrared waves at high power can damage eyes.

 It supports shorter range and hence it performance degrades with
longer distances.
 It supports lower data rate transmission compare to wired
transmission.
Accelerometer Sensor:

Accelerometers measure linear acceleration. They can be also used for specific
purposes such as inclination and vibration measurement. MEMS
accelerometers embed several useful features for motion and acceleration
detection, including free-fall, wakeup, single/double-tap recognition,
activity/inactivity detection and 6D/4D orientation.

These sensors are used in smartphones, vehicles, aircrafts and other

applications to detect acceleration , orientation of an object, shake, tap, tilt,
motion, positioning and vibration.

Different types of accelerometers include Hall-effect accelerometers,

capacitive accelerometers and piezoelectric accelerometers.

Applications of accelerometer:

 To detect and monitor vibrations in rotating machinery.

 Machinery health monitoring.
 To detect faults in rotator machines.
 In Mobile phone to rotate screen when mobile screen is rotated.
Real-life use of Accelerometers:

 Smartphones
 Cameras
 video game devices
 airplanes
 rockets
 fall detection devices

Advantages:

 It is simple to interface and rugged in design.

 It has high impedance.
 It offers higher sensitivity.
 It has high frequency response.
 It is available at lower cost due to advancement in MEMS technology
 It uses built-in signal conditioning circuit to measure capacitance.

Disadvantages:

 It is sensitive to temperature and operates over limited temperature

range.
 Its efficiency degrades over time.
 It requires external power for its operation.
 The other disadvantages are less longevity and hysteresis error.
 Conclusion

The availability of large number of integrated sensors, actuators and

computational components that are “dirt cheap” will change the way that we
construct service, and monitor systems that interact with the physical world.

We need to take steps today to develop the information technology that these
future systems will be based on.