Noesis

The Journal of the Mega Society

Number 77
January 1993
EDITORIAL
Rick Rosner
5139 Balboa Blvd #303
Encino CA 91316-3430
(818) 986-9177

Evidently Chris Cole has been covering for me while I putz around. For those of you he's told about my
dad, here's the scoop:
A. He belongs to Kaiser, which is scaly all by itself, since they tend to he cost-conscious and complacent
even about a PING HUGE LUMP in his chest, growing rapidly.
B. After several months of x-raying lump St saying we dunno what it is, somebody decides it's an aortic
aneurysm, which can blow at any time.
C. It's a misdiagnosis, but it gets their asses moving, diagnostically. They find that its a recurrence of
thyroid cancer from 1984. This is not necessarily horrible news, since it tends to be curable.
D. However, months of jacking wound has allowed lump to engulf some of the clavicles & sternum.
Involved area must be excised in an eight-hour operation, which goes well, taking only six hours.
E. However, six week; later, during the post-op iodine scan, it's found that the lump has regrown to it's
pre-op size.
F. The following week, we're told the x-ray was misread. No lump at all. My dad is doing great. We're
optimistic about a complete recovery.

In the middle of this, my best friend, a grad student in biochem who knew what he was doing, took
cyanide.

Save your sympathy. If I had any class, I wouldn't have mentioned this guff at all and would have gotten
Noesb out on Tillie. Thanks for letting me periodically try your patience.

Taking GRE's for credit is going well. Taken four so far, plan on taking seven or eight more. Any of you
could accumulate years of college credit (one year per three-hour GRE!) doing the same thing. Lemme
know if you want to he bored with the specifics.

Just read that Ron Hoeflin is also increasing his dues to S2.00 an issue. But here's my special deal to you,
since it's taken so long to get these issues out. Subscription money received between January 5 and
February 10 will be credited at a cost of S1.60 an issue. After that, it's two bucks per. Please make checks
payable to me, rather than to Noests. Thanks.

Daryl Inman recently had his analogy tests printed in two high-circulation magazines. His Quest Test
appears in this month's Omni (It's the new "Worlds Hardest I.Q. Test"), and his Crypto-Analogles Test
appears in some Canadian mag called MIT.

Robert Hannon and Norman Hale—I've got material of yours to be stuck in the February issue.
 - 10 -
SHORT FORM TEST
QUESTIONS AM) ANSWERS TO DATE So, to sum up, Austin and Searle appear to have been justified
WITH TWO NEW PROBLEMS
in classifying verbs or "illocutionary acts" into just five types.
1. Six squares can be joined edge-to-edge to form a two-dimensional shape. Some of
these shapes can be folded and joined along the squares edges to form complete cubes.
How many different arrangements of six squares can be folded into cubes? (Count
reflections as distinct, but not rotations.) (Rick Rosner)
References

Answer: 20. 1 Jotal Passmore, Recent Philosophers (La Salle, Ill.: Open Court,
1985), p. 21.
2. Eight cubes can be joined face-to-face to form a three-dimensional shape. Some of
these shapes can be folded and Joined (fourth-dimensionally) along the cubes' faces to form 2. L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words, 2d ed., ed. J. 0.
hypercubes. How many different arrangements of eight cubes can be folded to form Unison and Marina SbisirTGkridge: Hhrvard University Press, 1975),
hypercubes? (Again, reflections, but not rotations, are distinct.) (Rick Rosner) pp. 150-151.
3 Jchl R. Searle, Expression and ti2 ning: Studies in the
Hints: I know the answer to the first problem, but the second is brutal. You don't need to be
Theory
able to think in 4D's to solve it, however. Each member of the set of six-square shapes that of Speech Acts (Cartridge: Cartridge University Press, 1979), pp. 12-20.
can be folded into cubes may be transformed into any other member through a series of 90-
degree rotations of its constituent squares around the squares' corners. 180-degree 4 Austin, How to 112. Things with Words, pp. 151 and 155.
allowed.
rotations are not
5 Ibid , p 152. 6 Ibid. 7 Ibid., pp. 151 and 153.
90 180 8 Ibid., pp. 151-152.
9 Searle, Expression and Mhhning, pp. 13-14.
BUT NOT 11 Ibid., pp. 12-13. 12 Ibid., pp. 16-17.
10 Ibid., p. 15.
THIS TO THIS TO THIS
13 Ibid., p. 14.
14 Stephen C. Pepper, Concept and Quality: A World Hypothesis,1967),
Court,
Similarly, each member of the se of eight-cube shapes that can be folded into te sssss cts
Paul Carus Lectures, Series 13, 1961 (La Salle, Ill.: Open
may be transformed into any other member through a series of 90 degree rotations of its P. 17.
constituent cubes around the cubes' edges. Again, 180-degree rotations aren't kosher. Any
15 Ibid., p. 22. 16 Ibid., pp. 6-14 and 28-30.
legal rotation produces a member of the set. All you have to do is find one unfolded
Oxford University
tesseract the rest is Just finding legal rotations in three dimensions. 12R. M. Hare, The Isinptmpe of Morals (Oxford:
Press, 1952), p. 1.
There are as many ugly problems of this type as there are unfolded polyhedra and
hyperpolyhedra. The set of unfolded tetrahedra is trivial, and the set of unfolded octahedra
18 Stephen C. Pepper, Ethics, Century Philosophy Series (New York:
is easy, (Is it equivalent to the set of unfolded cubes? I forget.) as is the set of unfolded Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1960), pp. 2-3.
hypertetrahedra. The sets of unfolded icosohedra and dodecahedra are nasty (but
19 Stephen C. Pepper, The Sources of Value (Berkeley: University of
equivalent?).
California Press, 1970), pp. 103, 105, And 106.
Answer:?
:::::: Willi:::, ::e Grou:d o::::::tion (New York: Russell &
3. 0, 1 ,7, 2, 5, 8, 16,3, 19,6, 14, 9, 9, 17, 11.4, 12, 20, 20, 7, 7, 15, IS, 10, 23, 10,? Russell, 1963), p. 9.
(Eric Eriandson)
, a l i y,
Answer Ill (the number of operations of the famous "3x+1" function to work from n to I)
Andrew J. Reck, The New American Philosophers: An Exploration
in Thought Since World War II (Baton Rouge: Louisiana University Press,
1968), p. 46.
Noma Number 77 January 1993 page 2 aloesis Number 77 January 1993 page 27
 4. 10, 10, 171, 186, 2748, 3258, 43981, 56506, 703710, 974010, 11259375.? (Eric
Will Ex anticipations bear fruit? can be regarded as the central Erlandson)
problem for epistemology by noticing that this question can be reworded
Answer: 16702650 (In hexadecimal, A, A, AS, BA, ABC, CBA, ABCD, DCBA, ABCDE, EDCBA, etc.)
Will Ey knowledge claims (= anticipatory sets) be true (= bear fruit)?,
5. BODY : HOLE :: MAX : ? (Mike Price)
bearing in mind that "epistemology" is just another word for "theory of
Answer STEPHEN (black body radiation: black hole radiation:: Planck: Hawking)
knowledge."
6. You are lost in a half-planar forest, bounded on one side by a linear road. The forest is
What will be the consequences?, my common-sense question for the too dense for you to be able to see the road until you walk right up to it. You know that you
are within one mile of the road, but are unable to determine the direction to it. What is the
fourth phase, seems clearly to represent the key issue for deduction. length of the shortest path that will guarantee your reaching the road? (Dean Inada)

In The Ground of Induction, for example, Donald Williams associates the

Answer. II. 7%. 1- 6.397242237 miles
major premise of a syllogism with induction and the minor premise with
something that is "directly verifiable by perception." 2° Thus, for instance, 7. If An.»- 4.7.1what does 1(x)- ? (Chris Cole)
we might have the following line of argument: Answer fix)- F-71
.r2
Part of syllogism Letter code Verbalization Primary means of knowing this
8. (Rick Rosner)
Major premise Jobs yield money. Induction
An
Minor premise Gn This is a job. Perception
Conclusion C
3 This job yields money. Deduction
So our initial method of getting from Gn to C3 along the fcurth-phase
dimension is by deduction, using the second-phase result, At, as our
major premise and the third-phase result, Gn , as our minor premise. We
can, of course, subsequently verify C3 by direct inspection by noticing
whether the boss actually pays us on payday, but that would be a third- Answer: a heptagon with concave sides and minus its middle.

phase activity again, not a fourth-phase activity, which is purely de- 9. 0,20, 6, 2,5, 4,2, 6,0,? (Jeffrey Wright)

ductive. Answer one quadrillion (smallest nonnegative integer containing each letter of the reverse alphabet)

Finally, Will I be satisfied? expresses the basic issue for 10. Consider the "volume" of an n-dimensional sphere of radius r. For nit, 2, 3 the "spheres" are the
line segment, the circle, and the sphere, and the volumes are 2r, xr2, and 4/310. What is the volume of
aesthetics, as we can see, for example, by noticing that Pepper defined an infinite-dimensional sphere, radius r? (Marshall Fox)

-positive aesthetic value," commonly known as beauty, as "satisfaction

in felt quality."21 (Andrew Reck mentions in his hook, The New American en /C.,"
Answer: 0 (
a a
Philosophers, that "It was Pepper who, more than any thinker of his
generation, made aesthetics and the philosophy of art the technical I l. 95 : 98 :: VENITE : ? (Pomfrit)
22
fields of study they are today.")
Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 26 Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 3
Answer CANTATE
What should I do? seems to express the core problem of ethics.
12. MINCES: EYES PORKIES :7 (Pomfrit)
For example, in The language of Morals R. M. Hare makes the relevant
Answer LIES
observation that
13. 2823 : 5331 :: ELEPHANT:? (Pomfrit)
It would be when, lc:m.4"g all the relevant facts of a situation,
Answer ANTIQUARIAN . . . faced with choices or decisions between alternative courses
of action, between alternative answers to the question 'What shall
14. (Sharp) I do?', that [one] would reveal in what principles of conduct he
really believed.17 [Emphases added.]
This statement links my common-sense question for the first phase to
conduct, and Pepper defines "ethics" as "the study of the criteria of
good and bad conduct," where "conduct" means "voluntary activity."18
HOWEawhat agency or method) should I do it? can be associated
with induction by noting that induction is commonly linked to probability
and by noticing that this canton-sense question can be reworded What method
W Sham
or agency has the greatest probability of success? One also finds that
Pepper associates the anticipatory sets with induction in Chapter 5
of The Sources of Value, where the following three sentences appear:
A docile organism with a strong drive . . . , like hunger or thirst,
when faced with a novel arnri would be at a loss what to do,
if it were not for the instinctive technique of trial-and-error
activity that automatically goes into gear at such a tine . . . .
Answer: ? . . . My view is that the peculiarity of docile behavior is
precisely the lack of a cognitive element in the gap between
15. At each point in the Cartesian plane whose coordinates are both integers, an equilateral triangle is a drive and its goal, and what is learned is the cognitive anticipatory
centered. Each triangle is free to pivot around its center, all triangles are the same size, and no triangles reference that was previously lacking. . . .
overlap. What is the maxinium length of the triangles' sides (and what is the maximum percentage of the The inductive methods of experimental science are essentially
plane's area they can cover)? (Rosner) systematized trial-and-error.19 [Emphases added.]
Answer? Hare we find anticipatory behavior associated with docile behavior in the

16. A goat is tied to • post on the ciretmiferenee of • circular meadow with a diameter of 100 meters.
second sentence, docile behavior linked to trial-and-error behavior in the
Determine the goers "radius of action" when the pasture ground within its reach is exactly one half of the
circle's area.
first sentence, and trial-and-error behavior connected with induction in
the last sentence, which this completes the association between the anti-
Answer 57.9365 square meters
cipatory sets and induction, albeit in a somewhat rourdabout way. In effect,
17. In what order are these signs arranged?
How should I do it? can be construed as a call for anticipatory, docile,
E I S H5
trial-and-error, and hence inductive behavior.

Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 4 Noesis Number 77 lanuaty 1993 page 25
 Pepper lists some thirty categories for selectivism, based loosely
Answer. Number of dots in Morse code.
on this schematization, but his categories have a byzantine complexity
IS. MORE: BOLSHEVIK:: LESS : ^ (Eric Erlandson)
nearly rivaling that of Whitehead's forty-seven categories in Process
19. Given a solid sphere sliced by n planes,
and Reality, a work to which Pepper explicitly compares Concept and a. Find a general expression for the maximum number of undivided volumes.
b. Calculate the number of these volumes which are tetrahedrons, pentahedrons, etc., and the number
Quality.16 I felt that a simpler, more straightforward analysis might of volumes which have • section of the sphere surface as a "side." Do the proportions of numbers of these
various polyhedrons approach limits as n goes to infinity? If so, calculate them. (Glenn Morrison,
be fruitful. extracted front letter later in this issue).
I decided to connect Pepper's same into five segments or phases
PROBLEM ANSWER
and to associate with each phase a common-sense question that expresses
Dear Rick:
the problem specific to that phase. My results were as follows:
Here is my answer to problem 16, page 12, in Noesis 74, about the goat. I get a radius of 57.936 meters.
(1) From D to Al the problem seems to be What should I do?, e.g.,
Yours truly,
given the feeling of hunger, D, what proposed action, Al, might John W. Mathewson

assuage it? [Right! 57.9365 gives you one More digit]

(2) From Al to An the problem seems to be How (12y what agency or method) ANALOGY PARIS
M.N. van der Met
should I do it (e.g., assuage my hunger)?, i.e., what series of Republic of South Africa
October 1990
proposed actions would lead up to the primary action, such as eating,
if that primary action cannot be put into effect immediately? I. VICTORIANISM: HIPPOCRATISM VICTORIA:
2. VICTORIANISM: HIPPOCRATISM COINS:
(3) From An to Gn the problem seems to be Will my anticipations bear 3. NIGHT: DAY :: NOCTURNAL:
4. NIGHT: DAY :: NYCTALOPIA:
fruit?, i.e., will a proposed action, An, yield its corresponding S. STABILISER: ELEVATOR:: FIN:
6. STABILISER: ELEVATOR:: WING:
goal object, Gn? 7. GRAPE: PLUM:: VINEYARD:
S. GRAPE: PLUM :: BRANDY:
(4) From Gn to G1 the problem seems to be What will be the consequences 9. AMERICAN: RUSSIAN :: ASTRONAUT:
10. AMERICAN: RUSSIAN :: RUTHEFtFORDIUM:
i.e., having attained one goal object, such as a job, will the next
II. MALE: FEMALE:: ARRHENOTOKY:
goal object, such as money, materialize? 12. MALE: FEMALE:: DECATHLON:
13. TEA: COFFEE:: THEACEAE :
(5) And from Gi to Q the problem SeetS to be Will I be satisfied?, e.g., 14. TEA: COFFEE:: INFUSION:
15. HUMAN: CATTLE:: CORPSE:
will eating this hamburger satisfy my hunger (or drinking this water 16. HUMAN : CATTLE :: EUNUCH:
17. FEMALE: MALE:: SIREN:
quench my thirst)? If the neat is spoiled (or the water salty), it IS. FEMALE: MALE:: CARYATID:
19. MOON : EARTH:: APOCYNTHION:
might not lead to the satisfaction of one's hunger (or thirst) drive. 20. MOON: EARTH :: SELENIUM:
21. URSA MINOR: CAMS MAJOR:: BEAR:
These cannon-sense questions, rather unexpectedly, turned out to 22. URSA MINOR: CANIS MAJOR:: POLARIS:
23. OFtEENHEART: PROTOPLASM :: RENEGADE
express the central problems for ethics, induction, epistemology, deduction, 24. GREENHEART: PROTOPLASM :: GENERATE
25. BILE: CHOLAGOGUE :: SMELL:
and aesthetics, respectively. Specifically: 26. BILE: CHOLAGOGUE :: SALIVA:

Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 24 Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 5
27.JEW: CATHOLIC:: RABBINICAL: the fact that "It is the act associated with intelligence," which makes
28.JEW: CATHOLIC:: YARMULKE:
29.HYDROLYSIS: ESTERIFICATION EVAPORATION: it probably the most complex structure in the universe, from which we
30.HYDROLYSIS: ESTERIFICATION K -CAPTURE:
31.ITALY: INDIA:: SICILY can learn about simpler structures "by a kind of subtraction." 14 The
32.ITALY: INDIA :: LATIN:
33.TRANSPARENT: DIAPHANOUS:: NEPTLNE: reason a purposive act is associated with intelligence is presumably that
34.TRANSPARENT: DIAPHANOUS:: ACUTIFOLIATE:
35.TOBACCO: NICOTINE:: CINCHONA: intelligence refers to problem-solving ability, and to solve a problem
36.TOBACCO: NICOTINE:: POMEGRANATE:
37.KIP: AT:: KYAT: is to achieve a purpose.
38.ICIP: AT:: LEU:
39.PIG: PORK :: GAME: Pepper had analyzed numerous types of purposive act in his pre-
40.PIG: PORK :: SNAIL:
41.SECTIONAL: COASTLINE 00CY1E: vious bock, The Sources of Value (1958), which was influenced by two
42, SECTIONAL: COASTLINE VACUOLATE
43.BOL: ERO FLAM: earlier works, R. B. Perry's General Theory of Value (1926) and E. C.
44.BOL: ERO :: LAB:
45.TREE: SPOON :: ARBOR:
Tolman's Putposive Behavior in Animals and Men (1949). Those who seek
46.TREE: SPOON :: BONG
a more detailed analysis of purpose should consult these books. But
47.PARIS: COPENHAGEN:: FRANCE:
48.PARIS: COPENHAGEN:: LUTETIUM:
for present purposes we may limit our attention to the following slightly
49.RED: BLUE:: GREEN:
50.RED: BLUE:: ERYTHEMA: modified version of Pepper's schematization of a typical purposive act
51.5169: 120:: 1010000110001:
52.S169: 120:: 1010111: from Chapter 2 of Concept and Quality:15
53.HEAT: WIND :: THERMOMETER:
54.HEAT: WIND:: IGNEOUS: G1 Q
D A1
55.5: 2:: HE:
56.5: 2 :: LOAF: A2 G2
57.2: 5 :: He: G3
58.2: 5:: DOMINO:
A3
59.DOWN: UP:: SNAKE: •• • •. •
60.DOWN: UP :: STRANGE: A
61.4N + 3: 4N + 2 :: 7: n Gn
62.4N + 3: 4N + 2:: ACTINIUM:
63.FROLICSOME: MOORS:: STAGECOACH: This schema has four components: (1) the drive, D, such as thirst or
64.FROLICSOME: MOORS :: SHIGELLA
65.CHILD: ADULT:: IMP: hunger; (2) anticipatory sets, Al through An, such as the anticipation
66.CHILD: ADULT:: RACHMS:
67.LOOK: TOUCH:: VISUAL: that eatingahamburger will satisfy one's hunger: Al, that hamburgers
68.LOOK: TOUCH:: VOYEUR:
69. ANAPAEST: DACTYL :: IAMBUS: can be obtained at a fast-food restaurant: A2, that fast-food restaurants
70. ANAPAEST: DACTYL :: U:
71.CRICK: WATSON :: PENZIAS: require money in exchange for hamburgers: A3, and that money can be ob-
72.CRICK: WATSON :: HERTZSPRUNG:
73. X: X + I:: HARVEST MOON: tained in a variety of ways such as by getting a job: An; (3) Ball
74. X: X + I :: OH M 5:
7S. HYDRA: HERCULES :: MEDUSA: obiects, Gn through Gl, corresponding to each of the anticipatory sets,
76.HYDRA: HERCULES :: CHIMAERA: such as a Job: Gn, money: G3, a fast-food restaurant: G2, and a hamburger:
77.DISCRETE: CONTINUOUS :: CHILIAGON:
78.DISCRETE: CONTINUOUS:: BINOMIAL Gl; and (4) the quiescence of the drive, Q, such as satisfying hunger by
79.FM: Gb:: STOAT:
80.Fet: TERJUBILEE: eating a hamburger or quenching thirst by drinking water.
Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 6 Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 23
 81. GENERAL: SPECIFIC:: GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT:
The "if . . . then" form of these examples suggests that declarations 82. GENERAL: SPECIFIC:: CRYPTARITHM:
83. 22: 9:: LOLLO:
might be classified as deductive in character. 84. 22: 9:: TITANIUM:
85. ARRIVAL: DEPARTURE:: LAND:
Finally, Searle says that his canception of commissives 86. ARRIVAL: DEPARTURE:: RUDIMENT:
87. RUSSIA: SOMALIA:: MOSCOW:
is essentially the same as Austin's, although he questions Austin's 88, RUSSIA: SOMALIA :: OBLAST:
89.1S: WAS:: ANTIMONY:
inclusion of verbs like "shall", "intend", and "favor" in this cate- 90. IS: WAS :: SCHIZOPHRENIA:
91.S102: TiO2 :: SILICON:
gory. He says the purpose of cammissives is "to commit the speaker 92. SiO2: TiO2 ::
93. OHM: MHO :: SEMORDNILAP
. . . to some future course of action."13 I classified Austin's commissive 94. OHM: MHO :: HALF:
95. AEEOUU: EUOUAE CHRTW:
category as inductive and do likewise with Searle's. If one sees,
96. AEEOUU: EUOUAE DKRTYZ:
97. MKS: MTS :: KILOGRAM:
for example, that a certain sort of chess opening or a certain sort of 98. MKS: MIS :: NEWTON:
military strategy generally leads to disaster, one will, if one is 99. APPLE: PEAR:: POMUM:
100. APPLE: PEAR :: CIDER:
prudent, resolve to adopt some other course of action. This is both 101. RIDGE: FURROW:: GYRUS:
102. RIDGE: FURROW:: HORST:
an inductive conclusion or generalization and also, in Searle 's words, 103. 100: 9:: MEDUSA: (INMAN)
104. 100: 9 :: PERCENTILE: (HOEFLJN)
"to commit the speaker . . . to some future course of action." 105. CIS: TRANS :: MALEIC:
106. CIS: TRANS :: OLEIC:
Here is a summary of the foregoing classifications: 107. 12: 21 :: 144:
108. 13: 31 :: 169:
Branches of philosophy Austin's Illocutionary Acts Searle's 109. 930: 969 :: CMXXX:
110.930: 969:: ADAM:
Ethics Exercitives Directives I 1 1. 2: 3:: VENUS:
112. 2: 3 :: RELAPSE:
Induction Corrdssives Commissives 113. CONFESSION: OF SIN: CoNFeSSION:
114. CONFESSION: OF SIN: GOBBLEDYGOOK:
Epistemology Expositives Assertives 115. SOLDIER: SAILOR:: MILES:
116. SOLDIER : SAILOR:: MILES PER HOUR:
Deduction Verdictives Declarations 117. VARICES : VISCERA:: VARDC:
118. VARICES : VISCERA:: ENT10ER:
Aesthetics Behabitives Expressives 119. JOY: SORROW:: LAETITIA:
120. JOY: SORROW:: THALIA:
In order to establish that these five categories are essen-
tially complete, let us next see how they can be correlated with the
structure of a purposive act.
In Concept and Quality (1967) Stephen C. Pepper devised a
metaphysical theory or "world hypothesis" he called "selectivism," based
on the central guiding model or "root metaphor" of a purposive act.
Pepper gave as one of his primary reasons for choosing this root metaphor

Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 22 Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 7
 missives as inductive because espousing or committing oneself to an idea
is tantamount to forming a hypothesis, which is generally an inductive

al d
DOWNEY DATA
P.O. DRAWER SS
McLEAN, VA 22101
process or inactive flash of insight.
Let us turn now to Searle's list of illocutionary acts. He
says that directives "are attempts . . . by the speaker to get the hearer
to do something." Examples given by Searle include "cOmmand" and "beg" .9
(703) 522-0788 It seems plausible to classify directives, then, as ethical.
Rick Rosner Regarding expressives, Searle says that they "express the
Mega Society
5139 Balboa, #303 psychological state specified in the sincerity condition about a state
Encino, CA 91316-3430
October 2, 1992 of affairs specified in the propositional content." Examples Searle
Dear Mr. Rosner: gives are the verbs "congratulate" and "condole".10 Searle's expressives •
Thank you for your telephone call regarding my letter. I am thus seem to correspond to Austin's behabitives and to belong in my
still interested in your organization and I would like the Mega
members to be involved in ay software projects, hopefully to be
awarded by the Federal government. aesthetic category. For to congratulate is to express satisfaction with
Please provide me with the following information; someone, and satisfaction versus dissatisfaction, as mentioned before,
1) membership list, including addresses and telephone numbers; constitute the general focus of aesthetics.
2) a sample newsletter; Concerning assertives, Searle says that their role is "to commit
3) I intend to write to all members requesting a copy of their
resume to find out how each member can contribute to my the speaker . . . to something's being the case, to the truth of the
software projects. If you are a member please send your
resume. expressed propositipn." Examples given include "boast" and "complain".11
I appreciate your prompt response.
In view of their stated connection with the concept of truth, I classify
assertives as epistemological.

As for declarations, Searle says that "the successful performance

[of a declaration] brings about the correspondence between the proposi-
GPI) ctAr4-4A
Mark Downey

i tional content and reality, [and] guarantees that the propositional con-
tent corresponds to the world: if I successfully perform the act of
appointing you chairman; then you are chairman; if I successfully perform
the act of nominating you as candidate, then you are a candidate; if I

ommerti3ientErscrohrantininsamming Gay successfully perform the act of declaring a state of war, then war is on;
if I successfully perform the act of marrying you, then you are maryied."12
Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 21
 Austin says that expositives "are difficult to define. They Ill anyone doesn't want their name & number supplied, let me know. Otherwise I'll send Mark Downey a
list in February.--Ed.]

make plain how our utterances fit into the course of an argument or
conversation, how we are using words, or in general, are expository. IN THE NEWS:
THE THREE CUBES
Examples are 'I reply', 'I agree', 'I concede', 'I illustrate', 'I assume',
'I postulate'•"6 I classify expositives as epistemological in character The Artist, the Physicist and the Waterfall
oger Penrose. now a protestor at the university of Oxford. was a 23.
because they appear to concern what we construe the existing situation
R year- old graduate totem when hit encountered the geometric art of
Mauna C. Etcher at a mathematics conference in Amsterdam in 1954.
Since than, the British mathematician and physicist seems to have Oland a
to be. To agree is to agree that something is true, for example, and mysterious. snatanclarnekranscending bond with the late Clutch artist.
Like many mathematicians. Penrose was fascinated by BOW'S playful es•
Plidation of such concepts as symmetry and infirm regress—and his mann
to concede is to concede that something is true. Epistemology is con- Patrice Of perspective and geometry to construct -imposSible- Objects. what
violate the rules of threedimemonal reality. Cutters drawings inspired Pen-
rose to doodle an impassible object of hrs own. a 'tribe( made of three con-
cerned, roughly speaking, with what we can know, i.e., know to be true. joined beams. The (Abu appears straightforward at first, but as one traces
its beams one realises that they—or is it space aself7—must be twisted.
Penrose showed the mbar to his father. Lionel. a Prominent geneticist
Austin says that verdictives "are typified by the giving of Iron' whom Roger inhemed his love of pussies. Lionel responded by sketch-
ing an impossible staorcase. one that seems to ascend but somehow keeps
circling back on Ralf. Together father and son rote a paper describing the
a verdict, as the name implies, by a jury, arbitrator, or umpire. mangle and staircase and sem a to Esther. The paper published in the gntish
Sown of Psychology in 19511. spurred Baler in turn to create two of his
most famous lithographs: liscelOng end Descending, which degas monks
But they need not be final; they may be, for example, an estimate, tramping so and clown a Sityphean staircase. and Waterfall. which dank
forms Rogers mbar into a perpetually flowing circuit of water.
The story resumes three decades later in May 1991. when Penrose at.
reckoning, or appraisal. It is essentially giving a finding as to ended a rflee ng n Copenhagen on quantum physics. There he heard the
OhYSICiSt Asher Peres or Technic:0 University in Israel lecture on hidden-yen-
able theories_ These IheOrstS artemen 10 exibilm cmantuni effect, such as non
something--fact, or value--which is for different reasons hard to be locality—in which pantries emitted by a common source influence one an-
other across vast distances—in classical terms. by invoking undetectable
forces or properties. Peres Proposed that one can unambiguously rule out a
certain about " Austin adds that "Verdictives consist in the delivering broad class of hicldenwanable theories by measuring tne som of a particle
with respect to 33 ditectiont defined by coordinates in three dimensions.
Penrose, who often tries to envision concepts in geomanc terms. asked
of a finding, official or unofficial, upon evidence or reasons. . . Peres if his coordinates corresponded to any interesting polyhedrons. 'He
Just looked at me blankly.- Penrose regalia -So I decided rd draw some on.
totes and see if they made any sense: Sure enough, as Penrose plotted Perest
I construe verdictives as deductive in character, therefore. A "finding' coordinates. a COMOlex polyhedron emerged On the Code. it Consisted Of
three interpenetrating culla, each rotated 90 degrees with Mina to the Oth-
ers. /looked at it: Penrose says. and I thought. 'Cosh. I've seen that some-
is tantamount to a deductive conclusion, for example, while the "evidence where before: - Suddenly he remembered: BOW had Set rust such a polyhti
dron atop the left-hand tower of his waterfall structure. Penrose has written
up his -cunous- finding for a volume of papers to be published in memory
or reasons" for that finding are tantamount to the premises that lead to of the great quantum theorist John Bell. Unfonunately. Penrose cannot send
the paper to Esther. because the artist died 21 years ago.
Penrose did meet Esther once. rn 1962. 1 happened to be dnving in Hol-
that conclusion. 'a -Pisek
land.' he recalls. -sot phoned him up.
and he invited me over for tea: Pee-
r' 71 rose insetted Etcher with a puzzle
Last, Austin says that commissives "are typified by promising or a set of identical polygons that. if 113-
led together properly, could generate
an infinite plane. Etcher later solved
otherwise undertaking; they commit you to doing something, bit include Me purtle—the key was Pipping we,
some PoTAJOns to turn them into mt.
rorsymmetrk counterparts—and in
also declarations or announcements of intention, which are not promises, 1971. rust before he Pied. he drew a
maitre baSed on the Puzzle.
in one rtspea. the encoumer was a
and also rather vague things which we may call espousals, as for example, bit disappointing. 1 thought his house
might have a staircaSe going out the
window or something.- Penrose re-
siding with."8 I initially thought of commissives as ethical in nature, marks. But even/thing was very neat
and omenszed - —ftim Wagon

since they include promises, hit since they also include non-ethical QUANTUM POLYHEDRON adonis a
rower m Pt C. 'schen newton

commitments such as "espousals," I decided instead to classify comp- dm ow

.111 S( t runk SM, Ric

Noesis Number 77 harry 1993 page 20 Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 9
 PRECIS FROM RICHARD W. MAY The relevance of purposive acts is that they pervade virtually
Richard W. May, M.A.
our every waking moment, and even our dreams. We constantly pursue food,
Shelter, clothing, and myriads of other things. It should not be sur-
prising, then, that these purposes, if they have a camion structure,
would leave the inprint of that structure on our language, where per-
ceptive researchers would be able to discern them like paleontologists
unearthing the fossils of dinosaurs. Let us first examine Austin's and
Searle 's results, which will then be connected to the structure of purposes.
BornneartherarifiedregionsofLaputa, then, andoften,above
suburban Boston, during the Year of the Monkey, I am a Piscean, Let us first tackle Austin's list. Austin says that exercitives
cerebrotonic ectomorph, and an ailurophile. Kafka and Munch have
"are the exercising of powers, rights, or influence. Examples are
been my therapists and allies. Ever striving to descend from the
mists and to attain the mythic orientation that is known as having appointing, voting, ordering, urging, advising, warning, Sc." He adds
one's feet upon the earth, I have done occasional consulting and that "It is a decision that something is to be so, as distinct from a
frequent Sisyphean schlepping.
judgment that it is so. . . ."4 Hence, it seems applopLiate to classify

A paper tiger with letters after my name, I have been awarded an this type as predominantly ethical in character. The precise meaning of
MA degree, mirabiledictu, in the humanities by Cal. State, Diplomate "ethics" and the other branches of philosophy will be considered in the
status in ISPE, and a U.S. patent for a board game of possible interest
latter half of this paper, hit for now I ask the reader to simply trust
to aliens. As the author of Autoanthropophagy: the Eucharist of the
Gods, a Seven-level Allegorical Encryption, it is fitting that I am a his own general feeling for these words.
member of Hansa, ISPE, Prometheus, Mega, and the Aleph Nine. As Austin says that by behabitives he has in nand verbs that "have
founder of the Aleph, itself, and the renowned Laputans Manque, I am a
to do with attitudes and social behavior [Austin's emphasis). Examples
biographee in Marquis Who's Who in the World.
are apologizing, congratulating, conmending, condoling, cursing, and
A sleeping dragon, to sleep, per chance, to dream? Most challenging."5 I associate behabitives with aesthetics, which may be
significant tome is the philosophies perennis and the realization of
construed broadly as being concerned with our satisfactions and dis-
the idea of man as an incomplete being who can and should complete his
own evolution by effecting a change in his being and consciousness. satisfactions. To commend, for example, is to express satisfaction,
while to curse is to express dissatisfaction. "Social behavior" is thus
not the key issue here, according to my interpretation, since one can
feel and express satisfaction or dissatisfaction with nature or with
oneself, not just with other members of one's society.

Noests Number ?? January 1993 page 10 Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 19
 WHY AUSTIN AND SEARLE FOUND FIVED TYPES
OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS Glenn Arthur Morrison
706 Brown Av
Evanston, IL 60202
In Recent Philosophers (1985) John Passmore remarks:
Dear Rick:
As matters stand, [Searle] is content to suggest, as against
Austin's view that there are a thousand or so different kinds Thanks for the back issues- great reading. Boredom coefficient is under
of illocutionary acts, that there are but five general categories control again for now. Enclosed is $10 for renewal.
of such acts without trying to deduce--as is, he thinks, ulti- I've come up with what is probably an unoriginal method on scoring IO
mately demanded of him as a philosopher--from the philosophy tests, but I'll take up some space with it anyway:
of mind that there must be just five, no more and no less.'
Suppose that the problems are arranged on the test in increasing order of
The present paper will argue that there is indeed a clear-cut justifica- difficulty. Then weight the scores for the correct answers exponentially
in that order, and weight them also for the proximity of other correct
answers.
tion for maintaining that there are exactly five general categories of
This method essentially determines the maximum difficulty level at which
illocutionary acts. the subject gets a considerable fraction of the problems correct. This
would encourage the test-taker to do only those problems which are around
It should first be noted, however, by way of correcting an error the proper level for that individual. If a weak subject gets lucky with a
harder problem, the proximity factor will reduce its effect on the total
in Passmore's statement, that Austin had in fact come up with five types score. Similarly, careless mistakes on easier problems will have little
effect. The score that one ends up with can be used In place of the simple
raw score as a possibly more accurate indicator.
of illocutionary acts, to which Searle's list was simply an emendation.
I played around with various formulas for the total processed score until
In How to Do Things with Words (1962) Austin remarks that in a concise the following one suggested itself:

dictionary one will find on "the order of" 1,000 verbs (by which he says 41 N. 41
in a footnote he means between 1,000 and 9,999). But on the very next
/HP 4- 2-2t_ k 4 c60 (m) t c(s)
01.1
On olm)
page he goes on to classify these verbs into just five types, which he where k around 1.3 is best, end w - lay
2
calls verdictives, exertitives, commissives, behabitives, and expositives. c(n) = 1 If nth answer correct, 0 if wrong

In 'W Taxoncmy of Illocutionary Acts" in Expression and Meaning p = about 0.2

(1979), Searle reviews Austin's five types, finds them unsatisfactory I have programmed this on the PC, (listing available) and have tried it,
with interesting results, on some of the data Ron provided in a past issue
for the 100 top scorers on the Mega. One testee with a raw score of 44 had
in various respects, and proposes his own list, which he calls assertives, the highest rating, having missed some of the easier problems.

directives, commissives, expressives, and declarations. Searle presents

Here are some skull busters to fool around with:
a rather technical analysis of these five types, but his analysis plays
Given a solid sphere sliced by n planes,
no role in the present analysis, so it will be ignored here.3 la. Find a general expression for the maximum number of undivided volumes.
The gist of the present analysis is to correlate Austin's and b. Calculate the number of these volumes which are tetrahedrons,
pentahedrons, etc, and the number of volumes which have a section of the
Searle '5 lists to five of the traditional branches of philosophy—ethics, sphere surface as a "side". Do the proportions of numbers of these various
polyhedrons approach limits as n goes to infinity? If so, calculate them.
inductive logic, epistemology, deductive logic, and aesthetics. These . Nen& Not 77 Umary peg. I t
2. What word can be humorously defined by deleting a single letter,
creating two words? (More than one answer may exist).
in turn will be correlated with the phases of a purposive act, thereby
establishing the completeness of the list.
Neal: Numbee7jhawey1993 page IS
 ON FREE WILL

By Robert Dick
13 Speer Street
Somerville, NJ 08876
I think that Nooks can serve a very important function: that of airing
Informed speculation, including those ideas that may not be quite ripe, in I see something of a debate is rating in Noesis on the sublect of
that grey area between the orthodox and the unsound, that sore staid free will. I an something of an agnostic on the sublect. but would
journals would be reluctant to touch. like to contribute a few ideas.

Mr. Jefferson had an astonishing insight into setters political. He said First of all, we read that man has no free will, he is kjust : a
that when the day arrives that the people discover they can elect ma chine. According to this reasoning there is no such thing as a
politicians who will plunder the national treasury on their behalf, that mind, there are only brains. This reasoning agrees with Mary Baker
will be the death knell of the republic. I have been pondering why it is Eddy that "there is no life, truth, intelligence.., in matter," and it
that while everyone eeeee to be working harder, the general standard of says matter is all there Is. All is mechanism. Backing this up Is
living is going down. The only answers that make the least bit of sense to Kevin Langdon writing about mental "forces," as though minds are
me are: 1. that resources are finally beginning to run out, relative to mechanisms. I.e. he begs the question.
the population, and 2. that an ever larger proportion of the people are
engaging in non-productive parasitic occupations like law, advertising, The notion that all men are "only" machines is Just as much a
middleman stuff, useless services, trash entertainment, etc. leap of faith as to say that the streets of heaven are paved with
gold. It Is totally unprovable by any conceivable experiment, the
I as pro-choice on abortion, and I think the drug war will have no more actions of split-brain persons notwithstanding. I have written it
success than alcohol prohibition. To paraphrase H. L. Mencken, any idiot before: There is no free will visible in any person as seen from the
can find something to ban. outside. Any action can be explained by non-psychic factors.
We are being blindsided by a form of totalitarianism that we are From the inside free will means that even if my body is enslaved.
unprepared for because it has no name. We are the French generals in 1939 I can will lust as well as any free person. I can make choices. I am
who were preparing for the last war instead of the next. It is not a made in the image and likeness of God, and breathe with His breath.
specific Right or Left that we can point to and say Aha, there he is, Waking good choices is, if I read the Bible aright. the highest and
another Hitler sneaking up on us. If we look at the situation before the most valuable achievement. Making choices is a fundamental experience
revolution in Russia, and in Germany accompanying the rise of the Nazis, which almost anyone can have. How can it be argued away?
what do we see? An outbreak of nihilism, occultism, superstition, a
general breakdown in reason. The signs today are book censorship, seizure Speaking for myself, I usually do not want free will. I want
of property without due process, lawsuits used for intimidation, fidelity to the good, as best I can understand the good. A radical
computerized surveillance of workers in the private sector, "politically free-willer might say that I choose to reaffirm previous choices.
correct" university managements glorifying ignorance, trashing the First often find myself unable to do right, and unable to will to do right.
Amendment along with the ideal of rationality itself, and so on down the Then I usually pray for the ability to will to do right. Often I
list, all of it feeding on a popular culture in a state of terminal don't get it, but then I reflect that hungering and thirsting after
vapidity, and a matching level of public education...whew...Rxit soapbox. the will to do right is in fact hungering and thirsting after
righteousness. and Jesus said that is blessed.

In reply to the "if you're so smart..." category of question, an apt How can a machine be Joyful? How can it live? How can it feel
quotation from chairman H. Ross Perot: "Money makes you stupid" sorry? How can it honor its Creator? Hunan life and its blessings
are simply unintelligible for machines. People who think that they
Answer to Peter Schmies' problem 017: In order of the number of Morse code themselves are only machines must. I say, lead profoundly deficient
dits. (too easy for a radio ham) lives. I wish I could give them the experience of Joy, as, I say, no
machine has ever been Joyful, nor will one ever be so. "What is by?"
- Glenn Arthur Morrison these people may say, "I can explain away the feeling of Joy so that
it is only apparent, not real." So much the worse for them.

Joy can, of course, cone to an end. The proper response to this

event is mourning, which is a process of opening oneself up to new
Joy. Do I choose to mourn, or am I "forced" to mourn? I don't care.
Either way I as blessed, as no !machine ever has or ever will be
blessed.

In sum, doing joy is something no machine can do. I hold this

truth to be self-eviden6 14005 421= a machine. and you. dear
reader aren't either. , , drd,WetHe dust of the ground.
true, but also of the breath of God. "And man became a living soul."
ieetm- DA-4

Noesis Number 77 hamar/ 1993 pop 12

 'Mega Test weighting and analysis. ,ALet4 10,
:t 62=.4.k3ac)
CLS
DEFDBL A-2
DIM 0(48)
The time aperture limit determines 8.8+10-19 Hz as a DIM f(48)
frequency resolution limitation on universal observations at 'order of difficulty:
this stage in the life cycle of the universe, and of course DATA 1,2,3, 42,6,18,29,11,12,5,43,14,10,25,31,39,17,27,28,9,46,40,13,15
The space aperture DATA 38,4,26,32,37,8,44,19,16,45,35,34,24,23,41,47,7,30,33,48,22,21,20,36
this quantity decreases with time.
limitation is 8.8+10"-28 perfeet, or 2.68*10-26 percm. If DO
I take the ratio of these two quantities, (8.8+10-- FOR n = 1 TO 48
19/8.8*10"-28), I arrive at 10 -9 Hz-feet, which is the
complement of 1 foot per nano-second; the speed of light. PRINT n;
DO
The maximum freguency of EMR predicted by this aS = INKE2$
hypothesis is 1.1194+10 36 Hz (3+10 -10 / 2.68+10-26), with LOOP UNTIL a$ K>
a corresponding time (time quantum) of 8.933*10-37 secs.
(1/1.1194*1036 Hz). IF as = "1" THEN
c(n) = 1
If I multiply the 8.8*10-19 Hz with the time quantum, ELSE
I arrive at the counterpart of the HUP which results from c(n) = 0
the FTUP. The product is: 7.861*10"-55; let's call this END IF
constant Kf; the units are Hz-secs, and this quantity might PRINT c(n),
be called the observational uncertainty of any time and NEXT n
space limited observation.
FOR m = 1 TO 48
This seems more fundamental than the HUP and suggests READ d
an experiment to determine the age of the universe. By f(m) = c(d)
independently determining the maximum frequency of EMR, and NEXT m
correcting the age of the universe to correspond to that
frequency. For example, the whole wavelength of this s = 0
maximum frequency, would correspond to 8.8+10"-28 perfect, FOR n = 1 TO 48
at light velocity. This translates to 2.68+10-26 percm or FOR m = 1 TO n
2.68*10-18 PerAngstroms. IF n <> m THEN
The use of this observational constant is illustrated s = s (1.3 n) * f(n) * f(a) * EXP(-.2 * (n - a) 2)
by a few examples. Kf is a dimensionless constant, since Hz- ELSE
$ = s f(n) * 1.08 n
sec = (1/sec)*5ec = 1, this means that I get out what I put END IF
in. Let's plug in the minimum universal freqency (Fumin),
if I divide Fumin by Kf I get Fumax - 1.1194+1036 Hz. If I NEXT a
plug in Tmin and divide by If I get 1.1364*10 ^18, the NEXT n
projected one cycle age of the universe. And so it can be
seen how these quantities are mutual inverses. PRINT LOG(s 1)
RESTORE
LeRoy C. Kottke DO
4784 Dawson Drive b$= INKEY$
Ann Arbor, MI 48103 IF b$ = "q" THEN END
LOOP UNTIL b$ = "a" 'type "a" for another series.
LOOP

tiossis Number 77 January 1993 page 13

Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 16
 ARTICLE FROM LEROY KOTTKE

The FTUP Hypothesis frequencies are associated with shorter times, as

mentioned above, and in the limit, all events (frequencies)
The extraction of meaning from any given context is have about the same probability of occurence as any other
never easy, except in a trivial sense. I have found that, within a single frequency (event) uncertainty envelope. In
as a check on relevance, if I can find ideas that exist in one sense this state of affairs says to me that if I limit
different contexts, but illustrate the same general idea, I my observation time to a very short time, then the
can regard each such contextual transcendence as a metaphor. probability of similar events (frequencies) coexisting, is
Furthermore, I regard the multiplicity of references as a enhanced, and in the same manner, the probability of a
metaphorical set. The import of the meaning is proportional single frequency (unique event) existing alone, is reduced.
to the number of contextually transcendent references. I suspect that this may provide a mathematical structure for
SYCHRONICITX.
I'm thinking specifically about the set which
includes the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, the Fourier The above observations are equally true if the word
Transform of a time-space limited energy pulse, Bohr's "space" is substituted for "time", in this case, the window
"Complementarity" which I believe referred to the same is quite literally a window, an aperture through which I am
characteristic of nature, and, I believe, Godel's theorem, forced to view the outside world; the smaller the window,
which is nothing more than the logico-mathematical the less certain I am of the spatial extent that might
equivalent of H.U.P. There may be others. unambiguously characterize my unknown object. The smaller my
window, the more likely the object I am viewing is NO
My point of reference is the Fourier Transform. specific or definite object. The wider my window, the more
Fundamental to the determination of the precision of a certain I am that it is a specific object. So the
certain frequency, is the inevitable time window which complement of time, it seems is an analog for the NUMBER of
surrounds the observation. I simply don't have the infinity events. The complement of space, in the same way can be
of time available which is required for absolute accuracy in viewed as an analog for the NATURE of events.
this case, and what, after all, in our observations is NOT
enveloped by a finite time window? The universe at large is I have so far dealt with the limits of space and time
only about 18*109 years in time extent. This enforces an separately, and now let's consider other, derived, limits.
upper limit on our observational precision; certainly in One would be velocity. What limits are imposed by a finite
terms of the complement of time known as frequency. If no velocity (say C, the velocity of light.)? First, to come to
single part of the universe is older than 18.10-9 years, grips with units, we consider the space time aspects of
then that imposes the restriction that I cannot expect to light velocity C. C = approximately one foot per nano-
resolve single frequencies (events) with accuracies greater second. From the previous discussion of universal
than roughly 1/18*10-9*86400*365.25 Hz. That's about dimensions as to age, we can now determine size. 18.101
1.76*10A-18 Hz. That's a pretty low frequency error. But years = 5.68*1017 seconds since the BIG BANG. This,
it's inescapable and fundamental and it has nothing to do assuming isotropic expansion at the speed of light, gives us
with instrumentation errors. If the BIG CRUNCH started 10-9 feet/sec * 5.68*1017 sec = 5.68*1026 feet as the
riopt now, then the event known as the life cycle of this radius of the universe. Twice this radius would yield the
universe would be characterized by a frequency of one cycle apparent window width required to encompass all objects
in 2*18*109 years, and it could be said that an equivalent within the universe. Thus 11.36*10"26 feet should suffice
precision of one event per 2*18*109 years, which is about for an outside observer to get a good (unambiguous) look at
8.8*10-19 HI, could be associated with it. The life time our universe. Calculating the MAXIMUM AMBIGUOUS space-time
of the universe would have to extend to eternity so that it interval for an observer Involves using these same numbers
could be said that arbitrary precision could be associated over again.' Recalling that the BIG CRUNCH, if it happened
with it's life cycle. today, would find the universe in approximately this state,
would have to collapse through 5.68*19^26 feet, and could be
The infinite set of related multiple events (harmonic said to have to traverse this distance in about the same
frequencies) associated with an energy pulse do exist time it took to expand to this point. This gives a complete
simultaneously as a complement to the time of the pulse. cycle space of 11.36*10"26 feet. The complementary Fourier
The shorter the time, the more uncertain is the frequency. Transform space is about 1/11.36*1026 = 8.8*10-28 and the
Until, in the limit, I can't be sure that ALL frequencies units are 1/distance in feet; we don't have a word for
(events) aren't present! The more (longer in terms of time) inverse distance, so how about perfeet. This, then, would
I examine something in terms of a given characteristic, the be the window size that it is not necessary to reduce so
less certain I am of that characteristic which is that maximum ambiguity would be preserved; 8.8*10"-28
complementary to it (its frequency) and vice-versa. High perfect.

Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 14 Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 15
 ARTICLE FROM LEROY KOTTKE

The FTUP Hypothesis frequencies are associated with shorter times, as

mentioned above, and in the limit, all events (frequencies)
The extraction of meaning from any given context is have about the same probability of occurence as any other
never easy, except in a trivial sense. I have found that, within a single frequency (event) uncertainty envelope. In
as a check on relevance, if I can find ideas that exist in one sense this state of affairs says to me that if I limit
different contexts, but illustrate the same general idea, I my observation time to a very short time, then the
can regard each such contextual transcendence as a metaphor. probability of similar events (frequencies) coexisting, is
Furthermore, I regard the multiplicity of references as a enhanced, and in the same manner, the probability of a
metaphorical set. The import of the meaning is proportional single frequency (unique event) existing alone, is reduced.
to the number of contextually transcendent references. I suspect that this may provide a mathematical structure for
SYCHRONICITX.
I'm thinking specifically about the set which
includes the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, the Fourier The above observations are equally true if the word
Transform of a time-space limited energy pulse, Bohr's "space" is substituted for "time", in this case, the window
"Complementarity" which I believe referred to the same is quite literally a window, an aperture through which I am
characteristic of nature, and, I believe, Godel's theorem, forced to view the outside world; the smaller the window,
which is nothing more than the logico-mathematical the less certain I am of the spatial extent that might
equivalent of H.U.P. There may be others. unambiguously characterize my unknown object. The smaller my
window, the more likely the object I am viewing is NO
My point of reference is the Fourier Transform. specific or definite object. The wider my window, the more
Fundamental to the determination of the precision of a certain I am that it is a specific object. So the
certain frequency, is the inevitable time window which complement of time, it seems is an analog for the NUMBER of
surrounds the observation. I simply don't have the infinity events. The complement of space, in the same way can be
of time available which is required for absolute accuracy in viewed as an analog for the NATURE of events.
this case, and what, after all, in our observations is NOT
enveloped by a finite time window? The universe at large is I have so far dealt with the limits of space and time
only about 18*109 years in time extent. This enforces an separately, and now let's consider other, derived, limits.
upper limit on our observational precision; certainly in One would be velocity. What limits are imposed by a finite
terms of the complement of time known as frequency. If no velocity (say C, the velocity of light.)? First, to come to
single part of the universe is older than 18.10-9 years, grips with units, we consider the space time aspects of
then that imposes the restriction that I cannot expect to light velocity C. C = approximately one foot per nano-
resolve single frequencies (events) with accuracies greater second. From the previous discussion of universal
than roughly 1/18*10-9*86400*365.25 Hz. That's about dimensions as to age, we can now determine size. 18.101
1.76*10A-18 Hz. That's a pretty low frequency error. But years = 5.68*1017 seconds since the BIG BANG. This,
it's inescapable and fundamental and it has nothing to do assuming isotropic expansion at the speed of light, gives us
with instrumentation errors. If the BIG CRUNCH started 10-9 feet/sec * 5.68*1017 sec = 5.68*1026 feet as the
riopt now, then the event known as the life cycle of this radius of the universe. Twice this radius would yield the
universe would be characterized by a frequency of one cycle apparent window width required to encompass all objects
in 2*18*109 years, and it could be said that an equivalent within the universe. Thus 11.36*10"26 feet should suffice
precision of one event per 2*18*109 years, which is about for an outside observer to get a good (unambiguous) look at
8.8*10-19 HI, could be associated with it. The life time our universe. Calculating the MAXIMUM AMBIGUOUS space-time
of the universe would have to extend to eternity so that it interval for an observer Involves using these same numbers
could be said that arbitrary precision could be associated over again.' Recalling that the BIG CRUNCH, if it happened
with it's life cycle. today, would find the universe in approximately this state,
would have to collapse through 5.68*19^26 feet, and could be
The infinite set of related multiple events (harmonic said to have to traverse this distance in about the same
frequencies) associated with an energy pulse do exist time it took to expand to this point. This gives a complete
simultaneously as a complement to the time of the pulse. cycle space of 11.36*10"26 feet. The complementary Fourier
The shorter the time, the more uncertain is the frequency. Transform space is about 1/11.36*1026 = 8.8*10-28 and the
Until, in the limit, I can't be sure that ALL frequencies units are 1/distance in feet; we don't have a word for
(events) aren't present! The more (longer in terms of time) inverse distance, so how about perfeet. This, then, would
I examine something in terms of a given characteristic, the be the window size that it is not necessary to reduce so
less certain I am of that characteristic which is that maximum ambiguity would be preserved; 8.8*10"-28
complementary to it (its frequency) and vice-versa. High perfect.

Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 14 Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 15
 'Mega Test weighting and analysis. ,ALet4 10,
:t 62=.4.k3ac)
CLS
DEFDBL A-2
DIM 0(48)
The time aperture limit determines 8.8+10-19 Hz as a DIM f(48)
frequency resolution limitation on universal observations at 'order of difficulty:
this stage in the life cycle of the universe, and of course DATA 1,2,3, 42,6,18,29,11,12,5,43,14,10,25,31,39,17,27,28,9,46,40,13,15
The space aperture DATA 38,4,26,32,37,8,44,19,16,45,35,34,24,23,41,47,7,30,33,48,22,21,20,36
this quantity decreases with time.
limitation is 8.8+10"-28 perfeet, or 2.68*10-26 percm. If DO
I take the ratio of these two quantities, (8.8+10-- FOR n = 1 TO 48
19/8.8*10"-28), I arrive at 10 -9 Hz-feet, which is the
complement of 1 foot per nano-second; the speed of light. PRINT n;
DO
The maximum freguency of EMR predicted by this aS = INKE2$
hypothesis is 1.1194+10 36 Hz (3+10 -10 / 2.68+10-26), with LOOP UNTIL a$ K>
a corresponding time (time quantum) of 8.933*10-37 secs.
(1/1.1194*1036 Hz). IF as = "1" THEN
c(n) = 1
If I multiply the 8.8*10-19 Hz with the time quantum, ELSE
I arrive at the counterpart of the HUP which results from c(n) = 0
the FTUP. The product is: 7.861*10"-55; let's call this END IF
constant Kf; the units are Hz-secs, and this quantity might PRINT c(n),
be called the observational uncertainty of any time and NEXT n
space limited observation.
FOR m = 1 TO 48
This seems more fundamental than the HUP and suggests READ d
an experiment to determine the age of the universe. By f(m) = c(d)
independently determining the maximum frequency of EMR, and NEXT m
correcting the age of the universe to correspond to that
frequency. For example, the whole wavelength of this s = 0
maximum frequency, would correspond to 8.8+10"-28 perfect, FOR n = 1 TO 48
at light velocity. This translates to 2.68+10-26 percm or FOR m = 1 TO n
2.68*10-18 PerAngstroms. IF n <> m THEN
The use of this observational constant is illustrated s = s (1.3 n) * f(n) * f(a) * EXP(-.2 * (n - a) 2)
by a few examples. Kf is a dimensionless constant, since Hz- ELSE
$ = s f(n) * 1.08 n
sec = (1/sec)*5ec = 1, this means that I get out what I put END IF
in. Let's plug in the minimum universal freqency (Fumin),
if I divide Fumin by Kf I get Fumax - 1.1194+1036 Hz. If I NEXT a
plug in Tmin and divide by If I get 1.1364*10 ^18, the NEXT n
projected one cycle age of the universe. And so it can be
seen how these quantities are mutual inverses. PRINT LOG(s 1)
RESTORE
LeRoy C. Kottke DO
4784 Dawson Drive b$= INKEY$
Ann Arbor, MI 48103 IF b$ = "q" THEN END
LOOP UNTIL b$ = "a" 'type "a" for another series.
LOOP

tiossis Number 77 January 1993 page 13

Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 16
 ON FREE WILL

By Robert Dick
13 Speer Street
Somerville, NJ 08876
I think that Nooks can serve a very important function: that of airing
Informed speculation, including those ideas that may not be quite ripe, in I see something of a debate is rating in Noesis on the sublect of
that grey area between the orthodox and the unsound, that sore staid free will. I an something of an agnostic on the sublect. but would
journals would be reluctant to touch. like to contribute a few ideas.

Mr. Jefferson had an astonishing insight into setters political. He said First of all, we read that man has no free will, he is kjust : a
that when the day arrives that the people discover they can elect ma chine. According to this reasoning there is no such thing as a
politicians who will plunder the national treasury on their behalf, that mind, there are only brains. This reasoning agrees with Mary Baker
will be the death knell of the republic. I have been pondering why it is Eddy that "there is no life, truth, intelligence.., in matter," and it
that while everyone eeeee to be working harder, the general standard of says matter is all there Is. All is mechanism. Backing this up Is
living is going down. The only answers that make the least bit of sense to Kevin Langdon writing about mental "forces," as though minds are
me are: 1. that resources are finally beginning to run out, relative to mechanisms. I.e. he begs the question.
the population, and 2. that an ever larger proportion of the people are
engaging in non-productive parasitic occupations like law, advertising, The notion that all men are "only" machines is Just as much a
middleman stuff, useless services, trash entertainment, etc. leap of faith as to say that the streets of heaven are paved with
gold. It Is totally unprovable by any conceivable experiment, the
I as pro-choice on abortion, and I think the drug war will have no more actions of split-brain persons notwithstanding. I have written it
success than alcohol prohibition. To paraphrase H. L. Mencken, any idiot before: There is no free will visible in any person as seen from the
can find something to ban. outside. Any action can be explained by non-psychic factors.
We are being blindsided by a form of totalitarianism that we are From the inside free will means that even if my body is enslaved.
unprepared for because it has no name. We are the French generals in 1939 I can will lust as well as any free person. I can make choices. I am
who were preparing for the last war instead of the next. It is not a made in the image and likeness of God, and breathe with His breath.
specific Right or Left that we can point to and say Aha, there he is, Waking good choices is, if I read the Bible aright. the highest and
another Hitler sneaking up on us. If we look at the situation before the most valuable achievement. Making choices is a fundamental experience
revolution in Russia, and in Germany accompanying the rise of the Nazis, which almost anyone can have. How can it be argued away?
what do we see? An outbreak of nihilism, occultism, superstition, a
general breakdown in reason. The signs today are book censorship, seizure Speaking for myself, I usually do not want free will. I want
of property without due process, lawsuits used for intimidation, fidelity to the good, as best I can understand the good. A radical
computerized surveillance of workers in the private sector, "politically free-willer might say that I choose to reaffirm previous choices.
correct" university managements glorifying ignorance, trashing the First often find myself unable to do right, and unable to will to do right.
Amendment along with the ideal of rationality itself, and so on down the Then I usually pray for the ability to will to do right. Often I
list, all of it feeding on a popular culture in a state of terminal don't get it, but then I reflect that hungering and thirsting after
vapidity, and a matching level of public education...whew...Rxit soapbox. the will to do right is in fact hungering and thirsting after
righteousness. and Jesus said that is blessed.

In reply to the "if you're so smart..." category of question, an apt How can a machine be Joyful? How can it live? How can it feel
quotation from chairman H. Ross Perot: "Money makes you stupid" sorry? How can it honor its Creator? Hunan life and its blessings
are simply unintelligible for machines. People who think that they
Answer to Peter Schmies' problem 017: In order of the number of Morse code themselves are only machines must. I say, lead profoundly deficient
dits. (too easy for a radio ham) lives. I wish I could give them the experience of Joy, as, I say, no
machine has ever been Joyful, nor will one ever be so. "What is by?"
- Glenn Arthur Morrison these people may say, "I can explain away the feeling of Joy so that
it is only apparent, not real." So much the worse for them.

Joy can, of course, cone to an end. The proper response to this

event is mourning, which is a process of opening oneself up to new
Joy. Do I choose to mourn, or am I "forced" to mourn? I don't care.
Either way I as blessed, as no !machine ever has or ever will be
blessed.

In sum, doing joy is something no machine can do. I hold this

truth to be self-eviden6 14005 421= a machine. and you. dear
reader aren't either. , , drd,WetHe dust of the ground.
true, but also of the breath of God. "And man became a living soul."
ieetm- DA-4

Noesis Number 77 hamar/ 1993 pop 12

 WHY AUSTIN AND SEARLE FOUND FIVED TYPES
OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS Glenn Arthur Morrison
706 Brown Av
Evanston, IL 60202
In Recent Philosophers (1985) John Passmore remarks:
Dear Rick:
As matters stand, [Searle] is content to suggest, as against
Austin's view that there are a thousand or so different kinds Thanks for the back issues- great reading. Boredom coefficient is under
of illocutionary acts, that there are but five general categories control again for now. Enclosed is $10 for renewal.
of such acts without trying to deduce--as is, he thinks, ulti- I've come up with what is probably an unoriginal method on scoring IO
mately demanded of him as a philosopher--from the philosophy tests, but I'll take up some space with it anyway:
of mind that there must be just five, no more and no less.'
Suppose that the problems are arranged on the test in increasing order of
The present paper will argue that there is indeed a clear-cut justifica- difficulty. Then weight the scores for the correct answers exponentially
in that order, and weight them also for the proximity of other correct
answers.
tion for maintaining that there are exactly five general categories of
This method essentially determines the maximum difficulty level at which
illocutionary acts. the subject gets a considerable fraction of the problems correct. This
would encourage the test-taker to do only those problems which are around
It should first be noted, however, by way of correcting an error the proper level for that individual. If a weak subject gets lucky with a
harder problem, the proximity factor will reduce its effect on the total
in Passmore's statement, that Austin had in fact come up with five types score. Similarly, careless mistakes on easier problems will have little
effect. The score that one ends up with can be used In place of the simple
raw score as a possibly more accurate indicator.
of illocutionary acts, to which Searle's list was simply an emendation.
I played around with various formulas for the total processed score until
In How to Do Things with Words (1962) Austin remarks that in a concise the following one suggested itself:

dictionary one will find on "the order of" 1,000 verbs (by which he says 41 N. 41
in a footnote he means between 1,000 and 9,999). But on the very next
/HP 4- 2-2t_ k 4 c60 (m) t c(s)
01.1
On olm)
page he goes on to classify these verbs into just five types, which he where k around 1.3 is best, end w - lay
2
calls verdictives, exertitives, commissives, behabitives, and expositives. c(n) = 1 If nth answer correct, 0 if wrong

In 'W Taxoncmy of Illocutionary Acts" in Expression and Meaning p = about 0.2

(1979), Searle reviews Austin's five types, finds them unsatisfactory I have programmed this on the PC, (listing available) and have tried it,
with interesting results, on some of the data Ron provided in a past issue
for the 100 top scorers on the Mega. One testee with a raw score of 44 had
in various respects, and proposes his own list, which he calls assertives, the highest rating, having missed some of the easier problems.

directives, commissives, expressives, and declarations. Searle presents

Here are some skull busters to fool around with:
a rather technical analysis of these five types, but his analysis plays
Given a solid sphere sliced by n planes,
no role in the present analysis, so it will be ignored here.3 la. Find a general expression for the maximum number of undivided volumes.
The gist of the present analysis is to correlate Austin's and b. Calculate the number of these volumes which are tetrahedrons,
pentahedrons, etc, and the number of volumes which have a section of the
Searle '5 lists to five of the traditional branches of philosophy—ethics, sphere surface as a "side". Do the proportions of numbers of these various
polyhedrons approach limits as n goes to infinity? If so, calculate them.
inductive logic, epistemology, deductive logic, and aesthetics. These . Nen& Not 77 Umary peg. I t
2. What word can be humorously defined by deleting a single letter,
creating two words? (More than one answer may exist).
in turn will be correlated with the phases of a purposive act, thereby
establishing the completeness of the list.
Neal: Numbee7jhawey1993 page IS
 PRECIS FROM RICHARD W. MAY The relevance of purposive acts is that they pervade virtually
Richard W. May, M.A.
our every waking moment, and even our dreams. We constantly pursue food,
Shelter, clothing, and myriads of other things. It should not be sur-
prising, then, that these purposes, if they have a camion structure,
would leave the inprint of that structure on our language, where per-
ceptive researchers would be able to discern them like paleontologists
unearthing the fossils of dinosaurs. Let us first examine Austin's and
Searle 's results, which will then be connected to the structure of purposes.
BornneartherarifiedregionsofLaputa, then, andoften,above
suburban Boston, during the Year of the Monkey, I am a Piscean, Let us first tackle Austin's list. Austin says that exercitives
cerebrotonic ectomorph, and an ailurophile. Kafka and Munch have
"are the exercising of powers, rights, or influence. Examples are
been my therapists and allies. Ever striving to descend from the
mists and to attain the mythic orientation that is known as having appointing, voting, ordering, urging, advising, warning, Sc." He adds
one's feet upon the earth, I have done occasional consulting and that "It is a decision that something is to be so, as distinct from a
frequent Sisyphean schlepping.
judgment that it is so. . . ."4 Hence, it seems applopLiate to classify

A paper tiger with letters after my name, I have been awarded an this type as predominantly ethical in character. The precise meaning of
MA degree, mirabiledictu, in the humanities by Cal. State, Diplomate "ethics" and the other branches of philosophy will be considered in the
status in ISPE, and a U.S. patent for a board game of possible interest
latter half of this paper, hit for now I ask the reader to simply trust
to aliens. As the author of Autoanthropophagy: the Eucharist of the
Gods, a Seven-level Allegorical Encryption, it is fitting that I am a his own general feeling for these words.
member of Hansa, ISPE, Prometheus, Mega, and the Aleph Nine. As Austin says that by behabitives he has in nand verbs that "have
founder of the Aleph, itself, and the renowned Laputans Manque, I am a
to do with attitudes and social behavior [Austin's emphasis). Examples
biographee in Marquis Who's Who in the World.
are apologizing, congratulating, conmending, condoling, cursing, and
A sleeping dragon, to sleep, per chance, to dream? Most challenging."5 I associate behabitives with aesthetics, which may be
significant tome is the philosophies perennis and the realization of
construed broadly as being concerned with our satisfactions and dis-
the idea of man as an incomplete being who can and should complete his
own evolution by effecting a change in his being and consciousness. satisfactions. To commend, for example, is to express satisfaction,
while to curse is to express dissatisfaction. "Social behavior" is thus
not the key issue here, according to my interpretation, since one can
feel and express satisfaction or dissatisfaction with nature or with
oneself, not just with other members of one's society.

Noests Number ?? January 1993 page 10 Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 19
 Austin says that expositives "are difficult to define. They Ill anyone doesn't want their name & number supplied, let me know. Otherwise I'll send Mark Downey a
list in February.--Ed.]

make plain how our utterances fit into the course of an argument or
conversation, how we are using words, or in general, are expository. IN THE NEWS:
THE THREE CUBES
Examples are 'I reply', 'I agree', 'I concede', 'I illustrate', 'I assume',
'I postulate'•"6 I classify expositives as epistemological in character The Artist, the Physicist and the Waterfall
oger Penrose. now a protestor at the university of Oxford. was a 23.
because they appear to concern what we construe the existing situation
R year- old graduate totem when hit encountered the geometric art of
Mauna C. Etcher at a mathematics conference in Amsterdam in 1954.
Since than, the British mathematician and physicist seems to have Oland a
to be. To agree is to agree that something is true, for example, and mysterious. snatanclarnekranscending bond with the late Clutch artist.
Like many mathematicians. Penrose was fascinated by BOW'S playful es•
Plidation of such concepts as symmetry and infirm regress—and his mann
to concede is to concede that something is true. Epistemology is con- Patrice Of perspective and geometry to construct -imposSible- Objects. what
violate the rules of threedimemonal reality. Cutters drawings inspired Pen-
rose to doodle an impassible object of hrs own. a 'tribe( made of three con-
cerned, roughly speaking, with what we can know, i.e., know to be true. joined beams. The (Abu appears straightforward at first, but as one traces
its beams one realises that they—or is it space aself7—must be twisted.
Penrose showed the mbar to his father. Lionel. a Prominent geneticist
Austin says that verdictives "are typified by the giving of Iron' whom Roger inhemed his love of pussies. Lionel responded by sketch-
ing an impossible staorcase. one that seems to ascend but somehow keeps
circling back on Ralf. Together father and son rote a paper describing the
a verdict, as the name implies, by a jury, arbitrator, or umpire. mangle and staircase and sem a to Esther. The paper published in the gntish
Sown of Psychology in 19511. spurred Baler in turn to create two of his
most famous lithographs: liscelOng end Descending, which degas monks
But they need not be final; they may be, for example, an estimate, tramping so and clown a Sityphean staircase. and Waterfall. which dank
forms Rogers mbar into a perpetually flowing circuit of water.
The story resumes three decades later in May 1991. when Penrose at.
reckoning, or appraisal. It is essentially giving a finding as to ended a rflee ng n Copenhagen on quantum physics. There he heard the
OhYSICiSt Asher Peres or Technic:0 University in Israel lecture on hidden-yen-
able theories_ These IheOrstS artemen 10 exibilm cmantuni effect, such as non
something--fact, or value--which is for different reasons hard to be locality—in which pantries emitted by a common source influence one an-
other across vast distances—in classical terms. by invoking undetectable
forces or properties. Peres Proposed that one can unambiguously rule out a
certain about " Austin adds that "Verdictives consist in the delivering broad class of hicldenwanable theories by measuring tne som of a particle
with respect to 33 ditectiont defined by coordinates in three dimensions.
Penrose, who often tries to envision concepts in geomanc terms. asked
of a finding, official or unofficial, upon evidence or reasons. . . Peres if his coordinates corresponded to any interesting polyhedrons. 'He
Just looked at me blankly.- Penrose regalia -So I decided rd draw some on.
totes and see if they made any sense: Sure enough, as Penrose plotted Perest
I construe verdictives as deductive in character, therefore. A "finding' coordinates. a COMOlex polyhedron emerged On the Code. it Consisted Of
three interpenetrating culla, each rotated 90 degrees with Mina to the Oth-
ers. /looked at it: Penrose says. and I thought. 'Cosh. I've seen that some-
is tantamount to a deductive conclusion, for example, while the "evidence where before: - Suddenly he remembered: BOW had Set rust such a polyhti
dron atop the left-hand tower of his waterfall structure. Penrose has written
up his -cunous- finding for a volume of papers to be published in memory
or reasons" for that finding are tantamount to the premises that lead to of the great quantum theorist John Bell. Unfonunately. Penrose cannot send
the paper to Esther. because the artist died 21 years ago.
Penrose did meet Esther once. rn 1962. 1 happened to be dnving in Hol-
that conclusion. 'a -Pisek
land.' he recalls. -sot phoned him up.
and he invited me over for tea: Pee-
r' 71 rose insetted Etcher with a puzzle
Last, Austin says that commissives "are typified by promising or a set of identical polygons that. if 113-
led together properly, could generate
an infinite plane. Etcher later solved
otherwise undertaking; they commit you to doing something, bit include Me purtle—the key was Pipping we,
some PoTAJOns to turn them into mt.
rorsymmetrk counterparts—and in
also declarations or announcements of intention, which are not promises, 1971. rust before he Pied. he drew a
maitre baSed on the Puzzle.
in one rtspea. the encoumer was a
and also rather vague things which we may call espousals, as for example, bit disappointing. 1 thought his house
might have a staircaSe going out the
window or something.- Penrose re-
siding with."8 I initially thought of commissives as ethical in nature, marks. But even/thing was very neat
and omenszed - —ftim Wagon

since they include promises, hit since they also include non-ethical QUANTUM POLYHEDRON adonis a
rower m Pt C. 'schen newton

commitments such as "espousals," I decided instead to classify comp- dm ow

.111 S( t runk SM, Ric

Noesis Number 77 harry 1993 page 20 Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 9
 missives as inductive because espousing or committing oneself to an idea
is tantamount to forming a hypothesis, which is generally an inductive

al d
DOWNEY DATA
P.O. DRAWER SS
McLEAN, VA 22101
process or inactive flash of insight.
Let us turn now to Searle's list of illocutionary acts. He
says that directives "are attempts . . . by the speaker to get the hearer
to do something." Examples given by Searle include "cOmmand" and "beg" .9
(703) 522-0788 It seems plausible to classify directives, then, as ethical.
Rick Rosner Regarding expressives, Searle says that they "express the
Mega Society
5139 Balboa, #303 psychological state specified in the sincerity condition about a state
Encino, CA 91316-3430
October 2, 1992 of affairs specified in the propositional content." Examples Searle
Dear Mr. Rosner: gives are the verbs "congratulate" and "condole".10 Searle's expressives •
Thank you for your telephone call regarding my letter. I am thus seem to correspond to Austin's behabitives and to belong in my
still interested in your organization and I would like the Mega
members to be involved in ay software projects, hopefully to be
awarded by the Federal government. aesthetic category. For to congratulate is to express satisfaction with
Please provide me with the following information; someone, and satisfaction versus dissatisfaction, as mentioned before,
1) membership list, including addresses and telephone numbers; constitute the general focus of aesthetics.
2) a sample newsletter; Concerning assertives, Searle says that their role is "to commit
3) I intend to write to all members requesting a copy of their
resume to find out how each member can contribute to my the speaker . . . to something's being the case, to the truth of the
software projects. If you are a member please send your
resume. expressed propositipn." Examples given include "boast" and "complain".11
I appreciate your prompt response.
In view of their stated connection with the concept of truth, I classify
assertives as epistemological.

As for declarations, Searle says that "the successful performance

[of a declaration] brings about the correspondence between the proposi-
GPI) ctAr4-4A
Mark Downey

i tional content and reality, [and] guarantees that the propositional con-
tent corresponds to the world: if I successfully perform the act of
appointing you chairman; then you are chairman; if I successfully perform
the act of nominating you as candidate, then you are a candidate; if I

ommerti3ientErscrohrantininsamming Gay successfully perform the act of declaring a state of war, then war is on;
if I successfully perform the act of marrying you, then you are maryied."12
Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 21
 81. GENERAL: SPECIFIC:: GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT:
The "if . . . then" form of these examples suggests that declarations 82. GENERAL: SPECIFIC:: CRYPTARITHM:
83. 22: 9:: LOLLO:
might be classified as deductive in character. 84. 22: 9:: TITANIUM:
85. ARRIVAL: DEPARTURE:: LAND:
Finally, Searle says that his canception of commissives 86. ARRIVAL: DEPARTURE:: RUDIMENT:
87. RUSSIA: SOMALIA:: MOSCOW:
is essentially the same as Austin's, although he questions Austin's 88, RUSSIA: SOMALIA :: OBLAST:
89.1S: WAS:: ANTIMONY:
inclusion of verbs like "shall", "intend", and "favor" in this cate- 90. IS: WAS :: SCHIZOPHRENIA:
91.S102: TiO2 :: SILICON:
gory. He says the purpose of cammissives is "to commit the speaker 92. SiO2: TiO2 ::
93. OHM: MHO :: SEMORDNILAP
. . . to some future course of action."13 I classified Austin's commissive 94. OHM: MHO :: HALF:
95. AEEOUU: EUOUAE CHRTW:
category as inductive and do likewise with Searle's. If one sees,
96. AEEOUU: EUOUAE DKRTYZ:
97. MKS: MTS :: KILOGRAM:
for example, that a certain sort of chess opening or a certain sort of 98. MKS: MIS :: NEWTON:
military strategy generally leads to disaster, one will, if one is 99. APPLE: PEAR:: POMUM:
100. APPLE: PEAR :: CIDER:
prudent, resolve to adopt some other course of action. This is both 101. RIDGE: FURROW:: GYRUS:
102. RIDGE: FURROW:: HORST:
an inductive conclusion or generalization and also, in Searle 's words, 103. 100: 9:: MEDUSA: (INMAN)
104. 100: 9 :: PERCENTILE: (HOEFLJN)
"to commit the speaker . . . to some future course of action." 105. CIS: TRANS :: MALEIC:
106. CIS: TRANS :: OLEIC:
Here is a summary of the foregoing classifications: 107. 12: 21 :: 144:
108. 13: 31 :: 169:
Branches of philosophy Austin's Illocutionary Acts Searle's 109. 930: 969 :: CMXXX:
110.930: 969:: ADAM:
Ethics Exercitives Directives I 1 1. 2: 3:: VENUS:
112. 2: 3 :: RELAPSE:
Induction Corrdssives Commissives 113. CONFESSION: OF SIN: CoNFeSSION:
114. CONFESSION: OF SIN: GOBBLEDYGOOK:
Epistemology Expositives Assertives 115. SOLDIER: SAILOR:: MILES:
116. SOLDIER : SAILOR:: MILES PER HOUR:
Deduction Verdictives Declarations 117. VARICES : VISCERA:: VARDC:
118. VARICES : VISCERA:: ENT10ER:
Aesthetics Behabitives Expressives 119. JOY: SORROW:: LAETITIA:
120. JOY: SORROW:: THALIA:
In order to establish that these five categories are essen-
tially complete, let us next see how they can be correlated with the
structure of a purposive act.
In Concept and Quality (1967) Stephen C. Pepper devised a
metaphysical theory or "world hypothesis" he called "selectivism," based
on the central guiding model or "root metaphor" of a purposive act.
Pepper gave as one of his primary reasons for choosing this root metaphor

Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 22 Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 7
27.JEW: CATHOLIC:: RABBINICAL: the fact that "It is the act associated with intelligence," which makes
28.JEW: CATHOLIC:: YARMULKE:
29.HYDROLYSIS: ESTERIFICATION EVAPORATION: it probably the most complex structure in the universe, from which we
30.HYDROLYSIS: ESTERIFICATION K -CAPTURE:
31.ITALY: INDIA:: SICILY can learn about simpler structures "by a kind of subtraction." 14 The
32.ITALY: INDIA :: LATIN:
33.TRANSPARENT: DIAPHANOUS:: NEPTLNE: reason a purposive act is associated with intelligence is presumably that
34.TRANSPARENT: DIAPHANOUS:: ACUTIFOLIATE:
35.TOBACCO: NICOTINE:: CINCHONA: intelligence refers to problem-solving ability, and to solve a problem
36.TOBACCO: NICOTINE:: POMEGRANATE:
37.KIP: AT:: KYAT: is to achieve a purpose.
38.ICIP: AT:: LEU:
39.PIG: PORK :: GAME: Pepper had analyzed numerous types of purposive act in his pre-
40.PIG: PORK :: SNAIL:
41.SECTIONAL: COASTLINE 00CY1E: vious bock, The Sources of Value (1958), which was influenced by two
42, SECTIONAL: COASTLINE VACUOLATE
43.BOL: ERO FLAM: earlier works, R. B. Perry's General Theory of Value (1926) and E. C.
44.BOL: ERO :: LAB:
45.TREE: SPOON :: ARBOR:
Tolman's Putposive Behavior in Animals and Men (1949). Those who seek
46.TREE: SPOON :: BONG
a more detailed analysis of purpose should consult these books. But
47.PARIS: COPENHAGEN:: FRANCE:
48.PARIS: COPENHAGEN:: LUTETIUM:
for present purposes we may limit our attention to the following slightly
49.RED: BLUE:: GREEN:
50.RED: BLUE:: ERYTHEMA: modified version of Pepper's schematization of a typical purposive act
51.5169: 120:: 1010000110001:
52.S169: 120:: 1010111: from Chapter 2 of Concept and Quality:15
53.HEAT: WIND :: THERMOMETER:
54.HEAT: WIND:: IGNEOUS: G1 Q
D A1
55.5: 2:: HE:
56.5: 2 :: LOAF: A2 G2
57.2: 5 :: He: G3
58.2: 5:: DOMINO:
A3
59.DOWN: UP:: SNAKE: •• • •. •
60.DOWN: UP :: STRANGE: A
61.4N + 3: 4N + 2 :: 7: n Gn
62.4N + 3: 4N + 2:: ACTINIUM:
63.FROLICSOME: MOORS:: STAGECOACH: This schema has four components: (1) the drive, D, such as thirst or
64.FROLICSOME: MOORS :: SHIGELLA
65.CHILD: ADULT:: IMP: hunger; (2) anticipatory sets, Al through An, such as the anticipation
66.CHILD: ADULT:: RACHMS:
67.LOOK: TOUCH:: VISUAL: that eatingahamburger will satisfy one's hunger: Al, that hamburgers
68.LOOK: TOUCH:: VOYEUR:
69. ANAPAEST: DACTYL :: IAMBUS: can be obtained at a fast-food restaurant: A2, that fast-food restaurants
70. ANAPAEST: DACTYL :: U:
71.CRICK: WATSON :: PENZIAS: require money in exchange for hamburgers: A3, and that money can be ob-
72.CRICK: WATSON :: HERTZSPRUNG:
73. X: X + I:: HARVEST MOON: tained in a variety of ways such as by getting a job: An; (3) Ball
74. X: X + I :: OH M 5:
7S. HYDRA: HERCULES :: MEDUSA: obiects, Gn through Gl, corresponding to each of the anticipatory sets,
76.HYDRA: HERCULES :: CHIMAERA: such as a Job: Gn, money: G3, a fast-food restaurant: G2, and a hamburger:
77.DISCRETE: CONTINUOUS :: CHILIAGON:
78.DISCRETE: CONTINUOUS:: BINOMIAL Gl; and (4) the quiescence of the drive, Q, such as satisfying hunger by
79.FM: Gb:: STOAT:
80.Fet: TERJUBILEE: eating a hamburger or quenching thirst by drinking water.
Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 6 Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 23
 Pepper lists some thirty categories for selectivism, based loosely
Answer. Number of dots in Morse code.
on this schematization, but his categories have a byzantine complexity
IS. MORE: BOLSHEVIK:: LESS : ^ (Eric Erlandson)
nearly rivaling that of Whitehead's forty-seven categories in Process
19. Given a solid sphere sliced by n planes,
and Reality, a work to which Pepper explicitly compares Concept and a. Find a general expression for the maximum number of undivided volumes.
b. Calculate the number of these volumes which are tetrahedrons, pentahedrons, etc., and the number
Quality.16 I felt that a simpler, more straightforward analysis might of volumes which have • section of the sphere surface as a "side." Do the proportions of numbers of these
various polyhedrons approach limits as n goes to infinity? If so, calculate them. (Glenn Morrison,
be fruitful. extracted front letter later in this issue).
I decided to connect Pepper's same into five segments or phases
PROBLEM ANSWER
and to associate with each phase a common-sense question that expresses
Dear Rick:
the problem specific to that phase. My results were as follows:
Here is my answer to problem 16, page 12, in Noesis 74, about the goat. I get a radius of 57.936 meters.
(1) From D to Al the problem seems to be What should I do?, e.g.,
Yours truly,
given the feeling of hunger, D, what proposed action, Al, might John W. Mathewson

assuage it? [Right! 57.9365 gives you one More digit]

(2) From Al to An the problem seems to be How (12y what agency or method) ANALOGY PARIS
M.N. van der Met
should I do it (e.g., assuage my hunger)?, i.e., what series of Republic of South Africa
October 1990
proposed actions would lead up to the primary action, such as eating,
if that primary action cannot be put into effect immediately? I. VICTORIANISM: HIPPOCRATISM VICTORIA:
2. VICTORIANISM: HIPPOCRATISM COINS:
(3) From An to Gn the problem seems to be Will my anticipations bear 3. NIGHT: DAY :: NOCTURNAL:
4. NIGHT: DAY :: NYCTALOPIA:
fruit?, i.e., will a proposed action, An, yield its corresponding S. STABILISER: ELEVATOR:: FIN:
6. STABILISER: ELEVATOR:: WING:
goal object, Gn? 7. GRAPE: PLUM:: VINEYARD:
S. GRAPE: PLUM :: BRANDY:
(4) From Gn to G1 the problem seems to be What will be the consequences 9. AMERICAN: RUSSIAN :: ASTRONAUT:
10. AMERICAN: RUSSIAN :: RUTHEFtFORDIUM:
i.e., having attained one goal object, such as a job, will the next
II. MALE: FEMALE:: ARRHENOTOKY:
goal object, such as money, materialize? 12. MALE: FEMALE:: DECATHLON:
13. TEA: COFFEE:: THEACEAE :
(5) And from Gi to Q the problem SeetS to be Will I be satisfied?, e.g., 14. TEA: COFFEE:: INFUSION:
15. HUMAN: CATTLE:: CORPSE:
will eating this hamburger satisfy my hunger (or drinking this water 16. HUMAN : CATTLE :: EUNUCH:
17. FEMALE: MALE:: SIREN:
quench my thirst)? If the neat is spoiled (or the water salty), it IS. FEMALE: MALE:: CARYATID:
19. MOON : EARTH:: APOCYNTHION:
might not lead to the satisfaction of one's hunger (or thirst) drive. 20. MOON: EARTH :: SELENIUM:
21. URSA MINOR: CAMS MAJOR:: BEAR:
These cannon-sense questions, rather unexpectedly, turned out to 22. URSA MINOR: CANIS MAJOR:: POLARIS:
23. OFtEENHEART: PROTOPLASM :: RENEGADE
express the central problems for ethics, induction, epistemology, deduction, 24. GREENHEART: PROTOPLASM :: GENERATE
25. BILE: CHOLAGOGUE :: SMELL:
and aesthetics, respectively. Specifically: 26. BILE: CHOLAGOGUE :: SALIVA:

Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 24 Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 5
Answer CANTATE
What should I do? seems to express the core problem of ethics.
12. MINCES: EYES PORKIES :7 (Pomfrit)
For example, in The language of Morals R. M. Hare makes the relevant
Answer LIES
observation that
13. 2823 : 5331 :: ELEPHANT:? (Pomfrit)
It would be when, lc:m.4"g all the relevant facts of a situation,
Answer ANTIQUARIAN . . . faced with choices or decisions between alternative courses
of action, between alternative answers to the question 'What shall
14. (Sharp) I do?', that [one] would reveal in what principles of conduct he
really believed.17 [Emphases added.]
This statement links my common-sense question for the first phase to
conduct, and Pepper defines "ethics" as "the study of the criteria of
good and bad conduct," where "conduct" means "voluntary activity."18
HOWEawhat agency or method) should I do it? can be associated
with induction by noting that induction is commonly linked to probability
and by noticing that this canton-sense question can be reworded What method
W Sham
or agency has the greatest probability of success? One also finds that
Pepper associates the anticipatory sets with induction in Chapter 5
of The Sources of Value, where the following three sentences appear:
A docile organism with a strong drive . . . , like hunger or thirst,
when faced with a novel arnri would be at a loss what to do,
if it were not for the instinctive technique of trial-and-error
activity that automatically goes into gear at such a tine . . . .
Answer: ? . . . My view is that the peculiarity of docile behavior is
precisely the lack of a cognitive element in the gap between
15. At each point in the Cartesian plane whose coordinates are both integers, an equilateral triangle is a drive and its goal, and what is learned is the cognitive anticipatory
centered. Each triangle is free to pivot around its center, all triangles are the same size, and no triangles reference that was previously lacking. . . .
overlap. What is the maxinium length of the triangles' sides (and what is the maximum percentage of the The inductive methods of experimental science are essentially
plane's area they can cover)? (Rosner) systematized trial-and-error.19 [Emphases added.]
Answer? Hare we find anticipatory behavior associated with docile behavior in the

16. A goat is tied to • post on the ciretmiferenee of • circular meadow with a diameter of 100 meters.
second sentence, docile behavior linked to trial-and-error behavior in the
Determine the goers "radius of action" when the pasture ground within its reach is exactly one half of the
circle's area.
first sentence, and trial-and-error behavior connected with induction in
the last sentence, which this completes the association between the anti-
Answer 57.9365 square meters
cipatory sets and induction, albeit in a somewhat rourdabout way. In effect,
17. In what order are these signs arranged?
How should I do it? can be construed as a call for anticipatory, docile,
E I S H5
trial-and-error, and hence inductive behavior.

Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 4 Noesis Number 77 lanuaty 1993 page 25
 4. 10, 10, 171, 186, 2748, 3258, 43981, 56506, 703710, 974010, 11259375.? (Eric
Will Ex anticipations bear fruit? can be regarded as the central Erlandson)
problem for epistemology by noticing that this question can be reworded
Answer: 16702650 (In hexadecimal, A, A, AS, BA, ABC, CBA, ABCD, DCBA, ABCDE, EDCBA, etc.)
Will Ey knowledge claims (= anticipatory sets) be true (= bear fruit)?,
5. BODY : HOLE :: MAX : ? (Mike Price)
bearing in mind that "epistemology" is just another word for "theory of
Answer STEPHEN (black body radiation: black hole radiation:: Planck: Hawking)
knowledge."
6. You are lost in a half-planar forest, bounded on one side by a linear road. The forest is
What will be the consequences?, my common-sense question for the too dense for you to be able to see the road until you walk right up to it. You know that you
are within one mile of the road, but are unable to determine the direction to it. What is the
fourth phase, seems clearly to represent the key issue for deduction. length of the shortest path that will guarantee your reaching the road? (Dean Inada)

In The Ground of Induction, for example, Donald Williams associates the

Answer. II. 7%. 1- 6.397242237 miles
major premise of a syllogism with induction and the minor premise with
something that is "directly verifiable by perception." 2° Thus, for instance, 7. If An.»- 4.7.1what does 1(x)- ? (Chris Cole)
we might have the following line of argument: Answer fix)- F-71
.r2
Part of syllogism Letter code Verbalization Primary means of knowing this
8. (Rick Rosner)
Major premise Jobs yield money. Induction
An
Minor premise Gn This is a job. Perception
Conclusion C
3 This job yields money. Deduction
So our initial method of getting from Gn to C3 along the fcurth-phase
dimension is by deduction, using the second-phase result, At, as our
major premise and the third-phase result, Gn , as our minor premise. We
can, of course, subsequently verify C3 by direct inspection by noticing
whether the boss actually pays us on payday, but that would be a third- Answer: a heptagon with concave sides and minus its middle.

phase activity again, not a fourth-phase activity, which is purely de- 9. 0,20, 6, 2,5, 4,2, 6,0,? (Jeffrey Wright)

ductive. Answer one quadrillion (smallest nonnegative integer containing each letter of the reverse alphabet)

Finally, Will I be satisfied? expresses the basic issue for 10. Consider the "volume" of an n-dimensional sphere of radius r. For nit, 2, 3 the "spheres" are the
line segment, the circle, and the sphere, and the volumes are 2r, xr2, and 4/310. What is the volume of
aesthetics, as we can see, for example, by noticing that Pepper defined an infinite-dimensional sphere, radius r? (Marshall Fox)

-positive aesthetic value," commonly known as beauty, as "satisfaction

in felt quality."21 (Andrew Reck mentions in his hook, The New American en /C.,"
Answer: 0 (
a a
Philosophers, that "It was Pepper who, more than any thinker of his
generation, made aesthetics and the philosophy of art the technical I l. 95 : 98 :: VENITE : ? (Pomfrit)
22
fields of study they are today.")
Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 26 Noesis Number 77 January 1993 page 3
 - 10 -
SHORT FORM TEST
QUESTIONS AM) ANSWERS TO DATE So, to sum up, Austin and Searle appear to have been justified
WITH TWO NEW PROBLEMS
in classifying verbs or "illocutionary acts" into just five types.
1. Six squares can be joined edge-to-edge to form a two-dimensional shape. Some of
these shapes can be folded and joined along the squares edges to form complete cubes.
How many different arrangements of six squares can be folded into cubes? (Count
reflections as distinct, but not rotations.) (Rick Rosner)
References

Answer: 20. 1 Jotal Passmore, Recent Philosophers (La Salle, Ill.: Open Court,
1985), p. 21.
2. Eight cubes can be joined face-to-face to form a three-dimensional shape. Some of
these shapes can be folded and Joined (fourth-dimensionally) along the cubes' faces to form 2. L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words, 2d ed., ed. J. 0.
hypercubes. How many different arrangements of eight cubes can be folded to form Unison and Marina SbisirTGkridge: Hhrvard University Press, 1975),
hypercubes? (Again, reflections, but not rotations, are distinct.) (Rick Rosner) pp. 150-151.
3 Jchl R. Searle, Expression and ti2 ning: Studies in the
Hints: I know the answer to the first problem, but the second is brutal. You don't need to be
Theory
able to think in 4D's to solve it, however. Each member of the set of six-square shapes that of Speech Acts (Cartridge: Cartridge University Press, 1979), pp. 12-20.
can be folded into cubes may be transformed into any other member through a series of 90-
degree rotations of its constituent squares around the squares' corners. 180-degree 4 Austin, How to 112. Things with Words, pp. 151 and 155.
allowed.
rotations are not
5 Ibid , p 152. 6 Ibid. 7 Ibid., pp. 151 and 153.
90 180 8 Ibid., pp. 151-152.
9 Searle, Expression and Mhhning, pp. 13-14.
BUT NOT 11 Ibid., pp. 12-13. 12 Ibid., pp. 16-17.
10 Ibid., p. 15.
THIS TO THIS TO THIS
13 Ibid., p. 14.
14 Stephen C. Pepper, Concept and Quality: A World Hypothesis,1967),
Court,
Similarly, each member of the se of eight-cube shapes that can be folded into te sssss cts
Paul Carus Lectures, Series 13, 1961 (La Salle, Ill.: Open
may be transformed into any other member through a series of 90 degree rotations of its P. 17.
constituent cubes around the cubes' edges. Again, 180-degree rotations aren't kosher. Any
15 Ibid., p. 22. 16 Ibid., pp. 6-14 and 28-30.
legal rotation produces a member of the set. All you have to do is find one unfolded
Oxford University
tesseract the rest is Just finding legal rotations in three dimensions. 12R. M. Hare, The Isinptmpe of Morals (Oxford:
Press, 1952), p. 1.
There are as many ugly problems of this type as there are unfolded polyhedra and
hyperpolyhedra. The set of unfolded tetrahedra is trivial, and the set of unfolded octahedra
18 Stephen C. Pepper, Ethics, Century Philosophy Series (New York:
is easy, (Is it equivalent to the set of unfolded cubes? I forget.) as is the set of unfolded Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1960), pp. 2-3.
hypertetrahedra. The sets of unfolded icosohedra and dodecahedra are nasty (but
19 Stephen C. Pepper, The Sources of Value (Berkeley: University of
equivalent?).
California Press, 1970), pp. 103, 105, And 106.
Answer:?
:::::: Willi:::, ::e Grou:d o::::::tion (New York: Russell &
3. 0, 1 ,7, 2, 5, 8, 16,3, 19,6, 14, 9, 9, 17, 11.4, 12, 20, 20, 7, 7, 15, IS, 10, 23, 10,? Russell, 1963), p. 9.
(Eric Eriandson)
, a l i y,
Answer Ill (the number of operations of the famous "3x+1" function to work from n to I)
Andrew J. Reck, The New American Philosophers: An Exploration
in Thought Since World War II (Baton Rouge: Louisiana University Press,
1968), p. 46.
Noma Number 77 January 1993 page 2 aloesis Number 77 January 1993 page 27