Introduction to Peace Psychology
Peace psychology is a branch of psychology that studies the conditions, processes, and
outcomes related to peace—understood not just as the absence of violence but as the presence
of conditions that promote well‐being, social justice, and harmonious relationships. It
examines how psychological factors contribute to both conflict and its resolution, and it
informs practices designed to build a more peaceful society.
Chronology of Peace Psychology
Early Influences (Pre-1960s):
Ideas related to human conflict, nonviolence, and reconciliation were discussed by
early theorists and activists. Psychological concepts about empathy and conflict
resolution emerged gradually alongside studies on aggression and war.
Emergence in the 1960s:
The civil rights movements, anti-war protests, and broader social upheavals of the
1960s spurred interest in understanding and preventing violence. During this period,
scholars began to formally examine the psychological roots of conflict and the
potential for nonviolent change.
Development in the 1970s–1980s:
As research in this area grew, peace psychology became more defined as a distinct
field. Researchers developed theories on nonviolence, conflict transformation, and
reconciliation. The establishment of formal groups and divisions (for example, the
American Psychological Association’s Division 48 on Peace Psychology) helped
consolidate the field.
Expansion Since the 1990s:
In recent decades, peace psychology has broadened its focus to address global issues
such as terrorism, environmental conflicts, and post-conflict reconstruction. It now
integrates insights from various disciplines to promote not only the reduction of
violence but also the creation of conditions that support long-term, sustainable peace.
Core Concepts in Peace Psychology
Peace as a Positive Construct:
Rather than viewing peace simply as the absence of war or conflict, peace psychology
defines it as a state characterized by justice, equality, and the flourishing of human
potential.
Conflict Transformation:
This concept involves addressing and changing the underlying social, economic, and
psychological factors that lead to conflict, rather than merely managing its symptoms.
It emphasizes healing relationships and creating conditions for lasting reconciliation.
Nonviolence:
A key tenet is the use of nonviolent methods to resolve disputes. This includes
strategies for effective nonviolent communication, resistance, and intervention that
help reduce aggression and promote understanding.
Empathy and Forgiveness:
Building empathy between conflicting groups and fostering forgiveness are seen as
essential for healing wounds and rebuilding trust after conflict.
Social Justice:
Recognizing that inequities and systemic injustices often underlie conflict, peace
psychology advocates for policies and practices that promote fairness, inclusion, and
equal opportunities.
Intergroup Relations:
Understanding how group identities and dynamics can lead to conflict is central.
Efforts to improve intergroup contact, reduce prejudice, and build shared identities
can play a crucial role in promoting peace.
